<p>Semi-analytical models for remote sensing of water quality parameters need to be parameterized with specific inherent optical properties. In this thesis, data on specific inherent optical properties of Swedish lakes and coastal waters is presented. Also, the problems of measuring in situ spectral backscattering are addressed. It is shown how measured specific inherent optical properties are used to parameterize semi-analytical bio-optical models. The models are then used to produce large synthetic data sets based on the distribution of water quality parameters, and from these data sets, band ratio or single band ratio algorithms for remote estimation of water quality parameters are constructed. A similar model was also used to calculate under water PAR from measured water quality parameters.</p><p>The specific inherent optical properties of Swedish lakes and coastal waters are very similar to earlier reported data from the oceanic environment. However, different relations of the water quality parameters will affect the inherent optical properties absorption and backscattering. The absorption spectra are dominated by yellow substance with terrestrial origin. Phytoplankton absorption is low, and account in general only for about 10 % of the total absorption in regions where phytoplankton pigments are active. The spectral backscattering is dominated by suspended particulate inorganic matter. Phytoplankton backscattering is almost negligible, except in cases where the phytoplankton community is dominated by highly scattering cyanobacteria. Experiences from remote sensing campaigns and modeling shows that remote chlorophyll estimation is most effective at longer wavelengths, where the absorption of yellow substance is low. However, modeling also predicts that large uncertainties have to be expected in the estimation of chlorophyll, both from variation in the specific phytoplankton absorption and from influences of other optically active water quality parameters.</p>

Semi-analytical models for remote sensing of water quality parameters need to be parameterized with specific inherent optical properties. In this thesis, data on specific inherent optical properties of Swedish lakes and coastal waters is presented. Also, the problems of measuring in situ spectral backscattering are addressed. It is shown how measured specific inherent optical properties are used to parameterize semi-analytical bio-optical models. The models are then used to produce large synthetic data sets based on the distribution of water quality parameters, and from these data sets, band ratio or single band ratio algorithms for remote estimation of water quality parameters are constructed. A similar model was also used to calculate under water PAR from measured water quality parameters. The specific inherent optical properties of Swedish lakes and coastal waters are very similar to earlier reported data from the oceanic environment. However, different relations of the water quality parameters will affect the inherent optical properties absorption and backscattering. The absorption spectra are dominated by yellow substance with terrestrial origin. Phytoplankton absorption is low, and account in general only for about 10 % of the total absorption in regions where phytoplankton pigments are active. The spectral backscattering is dominated by suspended particulate inorganic matter. Phytoplankton backscattering is almost negligible, except in cases where the phytoplankton community is dominated by highly scattering cyanobacteria. Experiences from remote sensing campaigns and modeling shows that remote chlorophyll estimation is most effective at longer wavelengths, where the absorption of yellow substance is low. However, modeling also predicts that large uncertainties have to be expected in the estimation of chlorophyll, both from variation in the specific phytoplankton absorption and from influences of other optically active water quality parameters.

Submitted by Ana Carolina Campos Gomes (carol.campos01@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-20T17:35:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCarolina.pdf: 2801427 bytes, checksum: 1809e31f1376c275f1b3a1c9eca5cf6f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-04-20T19:06:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_acc_me_prud.pdf: 2801427 bytes, checksum: 1809e31f1376c275f1b3a1c9eca5cf6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T19:06:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gomes_acc_me_prud.pdf: 2801427 bytes, checksum: 1809e31f1376c275f1b3a1c9eca5cf6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estimar as profundidades da zona eufótica (Zeu) e do disco de Secchi (ZSD) a partir do coeficiente de atenuação da luz (kd) utilizando dados do sensor Operational Land Imager (OLI)/Landsat-8 no reservatório de Bariri. Como importantes parâmetros de medida da claridade da água, kd, Zeu e ZSD são afetados pelas substâncias opticamente significativas (SOS). A caracterização óptica do reservatório foi realizada a partir de duas campanhas de campo realizadas no período seco, aqui nomeadas como BAR1 (agosto/2016) e BAR2 (junho/2017), que contaram com análises das propriedades ópticas inerentes (POIs), das SOS e da coleta de dados radiométricos para o cálculo da reflectância de sensoriamento remoto (Rsr). A localização do reservatório de Bariri como o segundo do Sistema de Reservatórios em Cascata (SRC) do Rio Tietê promove a heterogeneidade dos seus níveis de eutrofização na direção montante-jusante além de caracterizá-lo como altamente produtivo. As campanhas de campo foram marcadas por uma significativa diferença nos valores de concentração de clorofila-a ([Chl-a]) que apresentou variação média entre 7,99 e 119,76 μg L-1 com os maiores valores em BAR1, com decréscimo das SOS em BAR2 em relação a BAR1 e predomínio de material particulado orgânico (MPO) nas duas campanhas de campo; a turbidez variou entre 5,72 e 16,60 NTU. A absorção por matéria orgânica colorida dissolvida (aCDOM) foi predominante nas duas campanhas de campo, sendo mais expressiva em BAR2. Para as estimativas de kd, nove modelos empíricos e três modelos semi-analíticos baseados em dados radiométricos como razões entre as bandas azul/verde e azul/vermelho do sensor OLI/Landsat-8 e baseados em [Chl-a] foram avaliados. Considerando a propriedade óptica aparente (POA) do kd, um modelo semi-analítico baseado em POIs e na distribuição angular da luz apresentou os menores erros (erro médio percentual absoluto – MAPE) de 40% em relação aos modelos empíricos de [Chl-a] com 60% e de 80% para os modelos empíricos baseados em razões de bandas. A partir das estimativas de kd, modelos de estimativa de Zeu e ZSD foram avaliados. Para as estimativas de Zeu, cinco modelos empíricos, baseados na relação entre o coeficiente de atenuação da luz da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa [kd(PAR)] e de kd em 490 nm [kd(490)], e um modelo semi-analítico, baseado na equação de transferência radiativa, foram considerados; para as estimativas de ZSD, um modelo semi-analítico foi testado. Os resultados obtidos foram melhores para um modelo empírico (erro percentual absoluto – ε) de Zeu com 16% em relação ao modelo semi-analítico (ε 30%) e os erros nas estimativas de ZSD foram de 57%. Os erros nas estimativas de kd revelaram que a acurácia dos modelos empíricos foi comprometida devido à influência por CDOM e que o modelo semi-analítico, por considerar a natureza óptica de kd como uma POA, apresentou os melhores resultados. As estimativas de ZSD também foram afetadas pelas características ópticas de Bariri, não apresentando correlação com a matéria orgânica em BAR2, marcado pelo decréscimo de [Chl-a] e aumento dos valores de aCDOM. Zeu mostrou melhores resultados a partir de um modelo empírico calibrado com dados ópticos semelhantes aos do reservatório de Bariri em comparação ao modelo semi-analítico, desenvolvido para abranger as variações bio-ópticas sazonais e regionais. kd, Zeu e ZSD foram espacializados a partir de imagens do sensor OLI/Landsat-8 permitindo a avaliação espaçotemporal desses parâmetros que apresentaram um padrão sazonal quando analisados em relação aos dados de precipitação. kd apresentou variação entre 0,89 e 5,60 m-1 para o período analisado (2016) e Zeu e ZSD apresentaram variação entre 0,30 e 7,60 m e entre 0,32 e 2,95 m, respectivamente, para o período de 2014-2016. Pode-se concluir então, que apesar das estimativas de kd, Zeu e ZSD terem sido afetadas pela influência de CDOM no reservatório de Bariri, o esquema semi-analítico foi capaz de estimar kd com menor erro e permitiu as estimativas de Zeu e ZSD. / The objective of this present work was estimate the euphotic zone (Zeu) and Secchi disk (ZSD) depths from the light attenuation coefficient (kd) using the Operational Land Imager (OLI)/Landsat-8 data in Bariri reservoir. The kd, Zeu and ZSD are important water clarity parameters and are influenced by the optically significant substances (OSS). The optical characterization was carried out with data collected in two field campaigns in the dry period, here called BAR1 (august/2016) and BAR2 (june/2017), that included analysis of the inherent optical properties (IOPs), of the OSS and radiometric data to calculate the remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). The location of Bariri reservoir as the second of the Cascading Reservoir System (CRS) of Tietê River promotes the heterogeneity of the eutrophication levels from upstream to downstream besides characterizes the reservoir as highly productive. The field campaigns presented a significant difference in chlorophyll-a concentrations ([Chl-a]) with mean variation between 7.99 and 119.76 μg L-1 with the highest values in BAR1, with reduce of the OSS in BAR2 in relation to BAR1 and predominance of organic particulate matter (OPM) in both field campaigns and variation in turbidity from 5.72 to 16.60 NTU. The absorption of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was dominant in both field campaigns and more expressive in BAR2. For the kd estimates, nine empirical models and three semi-analytical models based on radiometric data such as ratios of blue-green and blue-red bands of (OLI)/Landsat 8 sensor and based on [Chl-a] were evaluated. Considering the apparent optical property (AOP) of kd, a semi-analytical model based on IOPs and the light angular distribution presented the lowest errors (mean absolute percentage error – MAPE) of 40% in relation to the empirical models of [Chl-a] with 60% and of 80% for the empirical models based on the band ratios. Through the kd estimates, models to derive Zeu and ZSD were evaluated. For the Zeu estimates, five empirical models were considered based on the relation between the attenuation coefficient of the photosynthetically active radiation [kd(PAR)] and the kd at 490 nm [kd(490)], and one semi-analytical model, based on the radiative transfer equation; for the ZSD estimates, one semi-analytical model was tested. The empirical model of Zeu showed the better results with the (unbiased absolute percentage error – ε) 16% in relation to the semi-analytical model (ε 30%) and the estimates errors of ZSD were 57%. The errors in kd estimates revealed that the accuracy of the empirical models was affected by the CDOM influence in Bariri reservoir and the semi-analytical model presented a better performance when considering the optical nature of kd as an AOP. The ZSD estimates were also affected by the optical characteristics of Bariri with no correlation to the SPM in BAR2, where the [Chl-a] decreased and the aCDOM increased. Zeu showed better results from an empirical model calibrated with similar optical data to Bariri reservoir in relation to the semi-analytical model developed to be applied in a wide range of bio-optical seasonal and regional variations. The kd, Zeu and ZSD were spatially distributed through OLI/Landsat-8 images allowing the temporal-spatial assessment of theses parameters, which presented a seasonal pattern when analyzed in relation to rainfall data. kd presented variation from 0.89 to 5.60 m-1 to the analyzed period (2016) and Zeu and ZSD presented variations between 0.30 and 7.60 m and between 0.32 and 2.95 m, respectively, for 2014-2016 period. It can be concluded, therefore, that despite of the CDOM have affected the kd, Zeu and ZSD retrievals in Bariri reservoir, the semi-analytical scheme was able to estimate kd with lowest error and enable the Zeu and ZSD estimates. / CNPq: 131737/2016-3 / FAPESP: 2012/19821-1 e 2015/21586-9

L'objectif était d'utiliser le cytomètre en flux (Cytosense, CytoBuoy b.v., NL) afin de comprendre l'influence des paramètres structurels et morphologiques des cellules phytoplanctoniques sur la rétrodiffusion. Nous avons analysé les propriétés optiques des cellules sur différentes phases de croissance. Une expérience en microcosme a été réalisée sur deux espèces (Thalassiosira pseudonana et Chlamydomonas Concordia) durant 20 jours. Les efficacités de diffusion avant et de côté de Thalassiosira pseudonana étaient respectivement 2,2 et 1,6 fois plus importantes que celles de Chlamydomonas Concordia. Les variations intra- et inter-espèces ont été expliquées par des simulations théoriques et des mesures in situ (biogéochimiques et observations au microscope à balayage électronique). Les mesures in situ ont permis d'obtenur des informations sur la structure des cellules (e.g. épaisseur de la frustule). L'efficacité de diffusion avant est impactée par l'agrégation et la taille des cellules. L'indice de réfraction réel du chloroplaste est un paramètre clé pouvant expliquer les variations de l'efficacité de côté. À l'avenir, nous recommandons d'utiliser un modèle à deux couches (cytoplasmes-chloroplaste) pour simuler les propriétés optiques des cellules phytoplanctoniques. Une analyse de la relation entre la concentration en carbone organique particulaire (POC) et le coefficient de rétrodiffusion a été effectuée. Des relations linéaires fortes ont été observées uniquement durant la phase exponentielle. Une reconstruction du coefficient de rétrodiffusion a permis de mettre en évidence que le POC était d'origine phytoplanctonique pour une espèce et d'origine bactérienne pour l'autre. / The objective was to use the flow cytometer (Cytosense, CityBuoy B.V., NL) to understand the influence of structural and morphological parameters of phytoplankton cells on the backscattering. We have analyzed the optical properties of the cells over different growth phases. A microcosm experiment was performed on two species (Thalassiosira pseudonana and Chlamydomonas Concordia) during 20 days. The forward and sideward efficiencies of Thalassiosira pseudonana were, respectively, 2.2 and 1.6 times higher than the efficiencies Chlamydomonas Concordia. The inter- and intra-species variations were explained by theoretical simulations and in situ measurements (biogeochemical and observations from scanning electron microscope). In situ measurements were used to obtain informations about the cell structure (e.g. thickness of the frustule). The forward efficiency was impacted by the aggregation and the cell size. The real refractive index of the chloroplast is a key parameter that could explain variations of the sideward efficiency. In the future, we recommend to use a two-layered sphere model (cytoplasm-chloroplast) to simulate the optical properties of phytoplankton cells. An analysis of the relationship between the particulate organic carbon concentration (POC) and the backscattering coefficient was performed. Strong linear relationships were observed only during the exponential phase. A reconstruction of the backscattering coefficient permitted to highlight that the POC was from phytoplankton cells origin for a species and bacterial origin for the other one.

Submitted by SARAH CRISTINA ARAUJO MARTINS null (sarahca.martins@gmail.com) on 2017-08-27T12:54:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_MartinsSarah.pdf: 3974138 bytes, checksum: 73a1c2c28d4a0cbbde72b9e8a49211ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-29T17:18:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_sca_me_prud.pdf: 3974138 bytes, checksum: 73a1c2c28d4a0cbbde72b9e8a49211ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-29T17:18:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_sca_me_prud.pdf: 3974138 bytes, checksum: 73a1c2c28d4a0cbbde72b9e8a49211ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A matéria orgânica dissolvida (DOM) é a componente da água que pode ser usada como indicativo de sua qualidade, pois possui duas fontes: uma alóctone, relacionada com descargas de material terrestre, estando vinculada aos ácidos húmicos, e outra autóctone, associada às descargas fluviais ou produção própria do corpo hídrico estudado, estando relacionada aos ácidos fúlvicos. A matéria orgânica dissolvida colorida (CDOM) é a fração colorida da DOM, que pode ser usada como proxy para a observação desta última em águas interiores. O reservatório hidrelétrico de Funil (FHR) foi o corpo hídrico escolhido como área de estudo deste trabalho. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi identificar e avaliar as mudanças no coeficiente de absorção da CDOM (aCDOM) na superfície da água ao longo do tempo (1995 – 2010), bem como entender a sua relação com mudanças no uso e cobertura da terra (LULC) na bacia de contribuição do FHR. Para alcançar tal objetivo foram realizados: (i) o mapeamento histórico de LULC (1995 – 2010, com 5 anos de intervalo) para detecção de mudanças; (ii) o estudo de um conjunto de modelos bio-ópticos baseados na literatura, bem como de um novo modelo empírico desenvolvido para estimar aCDOM via reflectância simulada (Rrs_simulated) para o sensor Thematic Mapper (TM); (iii) a distribuição espaço-temporal do aCDOM por meio da aplicação de um modelo bio-óptico em imagens TM/Landsat-5 de 1995 a 2010, e (iv) a análise das fontes possíveis de CDOM/DOM , assim como do comportamento/distribuição do aCDOM no FHR ao longo do tempo. Assim, o primeiro estudo desenvolvido nesta pesquisa foi o da parametrização do algoritmo maquinas de vetores de suporte (SVM) de acordo com as características da área de estudo para classificação supervisionada de LULC na bacia de contribuição do FHR. A detecção de mudança da classificação obtida para LULC demonstrou que a parametrização proposta para o SVM tornou o algoritmo capaz de diferenciar classes grandes e contínuas, classes estreitas e alongadas, além de áreas não contínuas e pequenas localizadas dentro de outra classe maior. A classificação obtida para o SVM apresentou boa avaliação estatística, com acurácia geral entre 86% e 96% para toda a série temporal, acurácia do produtor de 90%, acurácia do usuário maior do que 86% e índice Kappa entre 86% e 91%. Ainda, foi observado que o LULC desenvolvido na área de estudo se manteve relativamente estável ao longo da série histórica analisada. O segundo estudo realizado proporcionou o desenvolvimento de um modelo empírico em um comprimento de onda (485 nm) e uma razão de bandas (B4/B1) alternativos para estimativa de aCDOM via Rra_simulated para o TM/Landsat-5 (RMSE = 7%, Nash = 0.91). Este modelo também pôde identificar mesmo pequenas variações nos valores de reflectância via dados orbitais, assim como pode diferenciar variações sutis no aCDOM. Ainda, foram identificados dois padrões de comportamento da CDOM para o FHR: um associado ao LULC e à ocorrência de chuva/lixiviação, bem como outro relacionado à Clorofila-a (Chl-a) em situações de floração de algas. Os referidos estudos que compõe esta pesquisa foram padronizados como artigos científicos para a confecção deste documento. O primeiro estudo, sobre a parametrização do SVM, foi publicado na revista Modelling Earth Systems Environment – Springer (DOI 10.1007/s40808-016-0190-y). O segundo estudo, sobre a distribuição histórica do aCDOM está na etapa de revisão para futura submissão. / The dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a water compound related to water quality, since it has two sources: one allochthonous, related to terrestrial discharges that can be linked to humic acids, and another autochthonous, associated with river input and itself production, so related to or fulvic acids. The colored dissolved organic carbon (CDOM) is the colored fraction of DOM that could be used as a proxy for its occurrence in inland waters. The Funil hydroelectric reservoir (FHR) was chosen as the study site for this work. In this context, the general aim of this research was to identify and to evaluate the changes in CDOM absorption coefficient (aCDOM) at the water surface over time (1995 – 2010), and to understand its relationship with land cover land use (LULC) changes in FHR watershed. For match this goal, (i) a LULC historical mapping (1995 – 2010, with 5 years of interval) was made to change detection, (ii) a bio-optical model set and a new model were studied in order to estimate aCDOM from simulated reflectance (Rrs_simulated) for Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor, (iii) a aCDOM spatial and temporal distribution was obtained by applying a bio-optical model in TM/Landsat-5 imagery from 1995 to 2010, and (iv) the possible CDOM/DOM sources in FHR were found, as well aCDOM historical behavior/distribution over time was analysed. Thus, the first study was the support vector machine algorithm (SVM) parameterization according to study area characteristics to LULC supervised classification in FHR watershed. The obtained LULC change detection analysis demonstrates that the proposed SVM parameterization made the algorithm able to differentiate large and continuous classes, lengthy and thin areas, and non-continuous small areas located inside wide classes. The obtained classification had great statistics with overall accuracy among 86% and 98% over the time series, the producer accuracy of 90%, the user accuracy higher than 86%, and the Kappa statistics ranged from 86% to 91%. In addition, no significant changes in LULC were identified in the study site over all time series. The second study provides a bio-optical model at alternatives wavelength (485 nm) and a band ratio (B4/B1) for aCDOM estimation using simulated Rrs for TM/Landsat-5 (RMSE = 7%, Nash = 0.91). This model could identify even small variations in reflectance values from orbital data, as well as differentiate even slight alterations in aCDOM. Two significantly different aCDOM behaviors were also identified for FHR: one associated with LULC and rainfall/runoff occurrence, and other correlated to Chlorophyll-a high concentrations (Chl-a) in algal blooms situations. The referred studies that compose this research ware standardized as academic articles in this document. The first study, about SVM parameterization, was published yet in Modeling Earth Systems Environment – Springer (DOI 10.1007/s40808-016-0190-y). The second study, about aCDOM historical distribution is in the revision step to future submission.