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Obesity, through a persistent positive energy and fat balance is of major public health significance due to its detrimental health, social and financial costs. Increasing physical activity levels through recreational exercise and decreasing energy intake have been implicated with obesity prevention. However, the addition of exercise to normally sedentary routines will only prevent positive energy balance if it is not tracked b a compensatory response in energy intake and non-exercise physical activity [also termed non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)]. The current series of studies set out to examine the quantitative and temporal relationship between exercise and energy balance with specific reference to appetite, energy intake and NEAT. These studies were designed using similar methodologies that could be compared and related to existing studies. The results showed that in younger motivated individuals, moderate-high intensity mandatory exercise increased daily energy expenditure leading to a marked negative energy balance. However for periods of up to two weeks, analysis of temporal trends revealed evidence of compensatory changes to re-establish energy balance (re-equilibrium phase). This re-equilibrium was a result of not only increases in energy intake, but also (and to a greater extent) decreases in NEAT. Inter-individual variability in the extent of compensation was evident and independent of age, sex, BMI and restraint status. Decreases in physical activity did not lead to a compensatory reduction in energy intake and lead to a marked positive energy balance. Using an exercise intervention, in line with government guidelines, in a group venerable to becoming obese showed that body mass was largely unaffected since overall energy expenditure was not significantly elevated, primarily due to a lack of motivation to reach the required exercise prescription. The results have public health significance in the formation of policy to increase physical activity in the population.

Title printed with error on title page: "Bioenergietics of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)" / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-143). / Microfiche. / xii, 143 leaves, bound 29 cm

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine, 2000. / Bibliography: leaves 363-421.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wyoming, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 17, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-127).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1985. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-89). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Caleosins were originally described as one of the two major protein components of storage lipid bodies in the seeds of higher plants, the other being oleosins. In contrast with oleosins, caleosins have a single calcium-binding EF-hand domain plus several potential phosphorylation sites and have been hypothesised as playing a role in lipid-body formation and possibly mobilisation in seeds. In Arabidopsis, there are six functional caleosin genes, two of which encode seed-specific proteins while the other isoforms are expressed in a variety of vegetative and reproductive tissues. More recently, seed caleosins have been shown to have a peroxygenase activity but the function of this was uncertain. This study describes the characterisation of a specific membrane-bound caleosin isoform, termed Clo-3 in Arabidopsis and Brassica spp, that appears to be present in all plant tissues and is responsive to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that similar caleosin-like genes/proteins are present in all vascular plants, as well as in nonvascular plants such as mosses, and even in single-celled algae. Intriguingly, caleosin-like genes are also present in the genomes of most fungi described to date, with the surprising exception of the yeasts. In order to understand the function of caleosins in plants, a detailed structural and functional analysis of this novel class of protein is reported here. Biochemical studies demonstrate that the Clo-3 isoform binds calcium (one atom per molecule), can be phosphorylated most likely, by a casein kinase 2 (CK2) protein kinase, and has putative peroxygenase activity. In addition to biochemical data, microscopy analysis shows that Clo-3 may be located both on the endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplastid envelope membranes. specifically the chloroplast envelope. Biochemical evidence of cell membrane localisation is also presented. Protease digestion experiments show that the membrane bound Clo-3 has a Type I transmembrane orientation, where its N-terminal domain faces the lumen of microsomes while the C-terminal is on the cytosolic face. Such an orientation is common for receptors or proteins that may be activated by signalling molecules. The Clo-3 gene and its encoded protein are each upregulated by salt and drought stresses and by abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. Reverse genetics using RNAi knockdown mutants demonstrate specific transcription factors involved in regulating Clo-3 during different stresses. Peroxygenase activities of Clo-3 enriched microsomes were higher following salt stress. Although the data is representative of potentially many peroxygenases, it does provide indirect evidence that Clo-3 abundance increases and/or catalytic activity is induced during stress. The study also presents evidence of the response of Clo-3 to biotic stress and related signalling molecules. Arabidopsis Clo-3 is highly responsive to the phytohormone salicylic acid, to the salicylic acid synthetic analogue DCINA, the biotic signalling molecule hydrogen peroxide, and to infection by the common fungal pathogen of Brassicas, Leptosphaeria maculans (Phoma), while experiments utilising the non-expressor of pathogenesis related protein 1 (npr1) knockout mutant plant demonstrates Clo-3 response to salicylic acid (SA) is chiefly via npr1 translocation to the nucleus. The type of peroxygenase epitomised by Clo-3 is similar to those involved in the formation of epoxy alcohols from fatty acid hydroperoxides. The latter are a class of oxylipins that are seen in fungal infection, and also play a role in various aspects of fungal spore development including sporulation and a role in cuticle synthesis. As such, Clo-3 in Arabidopsis and possibly similar caleosins in other species might play roles in oxylipin signalling pathways that are involved in a protective role during both biotic and abiotic stress responses.