Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-17T12:47:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao plinio em pdf.pdf: 641234 bytes, checksum: d4bb74480675f59d2f0875e7836a76e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-08-21T17:46:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao plinio em pdf.pdf: 641234 bytes, checksum: d4bb74480675f59d2f0875e7836a76e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-21T17:46:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao plinio em pdf.pdf: 641234 bytes, checksum: d4bb74480675f59d2f0875e7836a76e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O camarão Litopenaeus vannamei é o mais cultivado em sistemas super-intensivos em meio a flocos microbianos (BFT) e sem renovação de água. Nestes sistemas de bioflocos a tendência natural é que ocorra a diminuição do material carbonático ao longo do cultivo, devido aos processos de nitrificação que reduzem a alcalinidade na forma de carbonatos e bicarbonatos. Além disso, o pH pode diminuir devido a redução da alcalinidade e ao acúmulo de dióxido de carbono dissolvido, proveniente da respiração. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de hidróxido de cálcio, carbonato e bicarbonato de sódio na qualidade de água do cultivo do L. vannamei em sistema BFT. Para tal, 600 juvenis (6g) foram estocados em 12 tanques com 150L de volume útil (ρ=333/m³). Os camarões foram alimentados duas vezes por dia, com ração comercial (Guabi®) seguindo tabela de alimentação por 60 dias de experimento. Foram avaliados quatro tratamentos com três repetições cada: T1- Na2CO3 (correção do pH acima de 7,5); T2- Ca(OH)2 (correção da alcalinidade acima de 100mg/L de CaCO3 e pH acima de 7,5); T3- NaHCO3 (correção da alcalinidade acima de 100 mg/L de CaCO3 ); e T4- Controle (sem correção do pH e alcalinidade). Para correção de pH, alcalinidade e ambos, foi utilizado carbonato de sódio 0,06 g/L, bicarbonato de sódio 0,20 g/L e cal hidratada 0,15 g/L, respectivamente. Os resultados dos parâmetros físicos, químicos, biológicos apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos. Os animais do controle mostraram desempenho zootécnico inferior (p<0,05) aos demais tratamentos. As aplicações de carbonato de sódio (Na2CO3) e bicarbonato de sódio (NaHCO3) resultaram em condições favoráveis de qualidade de água para o crescimento dos bioflocos e dos camarões cultivados, no entanto os custos destes compostos os tornam pouco atrativos para aplicação em escala comercial. Já a cal hidratada apresentou a melhor relação custo-benefício. Por fim, este estudo torna claro que os níveis de alcalinidade e pH decrescem ao longo do cultivo e que os níveis de CO2 dissolvido se incrementam em sistemas super-intensivos, com bioflocos, sem renovação de água. Além disso, a qualidade da água de cultivo e o desempenho zootécnico dos camarões são afetados negativamente quando os níveis de alcalinidade permanecem por longos períodos abaixo de 100 mg CaCO3/L e o pH abaixo de 7. Portanto, é necessária a correção da alcalinidade e do pH através da aplicação de materiais carbonáticos ou hidróxido de cálcio. / The white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is the most reared in super-intensive biofloc systems (BFT) and without water renewal. In BFT systems there is a natural tendency to decrease of carbonate material (carbonates and bicarbonates) along the rearing due to nitrification that consumes alkalinity. In addition, the pH may be decreased due to reduction of alkalinity and increase of dissolved carbon dioxide. This study was to evaluated the influence of pH and alkalinity in the rearing of L. vannamei without water renewal. The experiment was carried out using 600 juveniles (6 g) stocked in 12 tanks of 150L, for a final stocking density of 333 m-³). Shrimp were fed twice daily with commercial feed (Guabi ®) following feeding table for 60 days of experiment. There were four treatments with three replicates each: T1 – Na2CO3 (pH correction above 7.5), T2 – Ca(OH)2 (pH correction above 7.5 and alkalinity above 100 mg / L CaCO3), T3- NaHCO3 (correction of the alkalinity above 100 mg / L CaCO3) and T4 - Control (without correction of pH and alkalinity). For pH correction, alkalinity and both, it was used sodium carbonate 0.06 g / L, sodium bicarbonate 0.20 g / L hydrated lime and 0.15 g / L, respectively. It were detected significant differences (p <0.05) of the physical, chemical, biological among treatments. In the Control shrimps showed lower growth performance (p <0.05) than shrimps of other treatments. The applications of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) improve water quality for development of bioflocs and performance shrimps. However, costs of these compounds make them unattractive for commercial scale application. Since hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) showed the most cost-effective. Finally, this study clarify that the results obtained in the treatment control levels of alkalinity and pH decrease during the rearing, and that CO2 levels would be increased in super-intensive systems, with bioflocs without water renewal. In addition, water quality and growth performance of shrimp are adversely affected when the levels of alkalinity remain for long periods under 100 mg CaCO3/L and pH below 7. Therefore, it is necessary to correct the alkalinity and pH through the application of carbonate materials or calcium hydroxide.

<p> A novel mathematical model has been developed for biofilms and bioflocs. The model is based on the use of the effectiveness factor and the effect of cell density is included. The key assumption in the model is that cell density decreases in proportion to the substrate concentration within the biofilm or biofloc, reflecting lower rates of cellular metabolism. The equations given by the model were solved numerically for three types of reaction kinetics: Monod, Andrews (substrate inhibition), and multiple-Monod (twolimiting substrates), as well as for two geometries: a slab, as a representation of a biofilm and a sphere, as a representation of a biofloc. The simulations indicate that a decrease of the cell density in the biofilm and biofloc results in a decline of the effectiveness factor. Furthermore, the analytical solutions and approximate analytical versions of the effectiveness factor for the biofilm in two cell growth models: Monod and Andrews, have been derived. The effectiveness factors derived analytically are in agreement with those calculated numerically, and the approximate analytical versions are valid for the Thiele modulus greater than five. This new model was tested using operational data available in the literature, by including the effectiveness factor as a part of the design equations for an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. </p> <p> For any biologically mediated transformation, it is critical to uniquely identify the parameters associated with microbial growth models. In this study, it is proved that the parameters of the integrated Andrews model are identifiable if the experimental data does not contain any random noise based on a criterion proposed by Beck and Arnold [1977]. When noise is present, the parameters may or may not be identifiable, depending on noise levels. A new approach has been developed based on the calculation of dimensionless sensitivity coefficients. Plotting these coefficients provides straightforward visualization of parameter identification. This method was used for quantitative evaluation of the noise level that can be associated with measurements, while still allowing parameter identification. It was demonstrated that an indirect cause of the parameter nonidentification of the integrated Andrews model is the linearization of the Andrews model at a low or high substrate concentration. Robinson [1985] obtained a similar result with the Monod model. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Epioblasma capsaeformis, commonly named the oyster mussel, once occupied thousands of miles of stream reaches, but has now been reduced in range to small, isolated populations in a few river reaches. Due to this significant decline in population numbers, a study was conducted to develop a diet for propagating this endangered species under captive conditions. Oyster mussel juveniles were collected from several sites on the Clinch River and sacrificed for gut content and biochemical composition analyses in summer. Feces and pseudofeces from live river-collected juveniles were examined seasonally for algae, detritus, and bacteria to qualitatively determine diet of specimens. Two feeding trials also were conducted in this study to evaluate effect of diet (commercial and non-commercial diets), on growth and survival of oyster mussel juveniles. From examination of gut contents, fecal and pseudofecal samples, it was apparent that algae and a significant amount of detritus (~90%) composed wild juvenile diets. E. capsaeformis juveniles (1-3 y of age) could have fed on particles up to 20 µm in size and seemed they were mostly ingesting particles within the 1.5-12 µm size range. Protein content of sacrificed juveniles ranged from 313 to 884 mg/g and was highly variable. Glycogen content ranged from 49-171 mg/g. Caloric content of four juveniles ranged from 2,935.10 to 4,287.94 cal/g, providing a preliminary baseline range for future energetic studies on freshwater mussels. Growth was significantly higher in those juveniles fed the triple concentration algae-mix (62,076 cells/ml) than all other diets tested in trial 1. Results of both feeding trials indicated that survival of juvenile oyster mussels was enhanced when fed an algal diet supplemented by bioflocs. / Master of Science