O estado de Rondonia possui hoje o 8° maior rebanho bovino do pais. Essa caracteristica o torna urn estado essencialmente pecuarista, muito embora ja se perceba um avanco na atividade agricola. Em termos de impacto ambiental, a pecuaria é extremamente agressiva, pois nas praticas antigas de manejo do gado era comum a conversdo direta da floresta em pastagem e consecutivas queimas nos primeiros anos para a limpeza da biomassa remanescente da floresta. Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar possiveis alteracOes na biogeoquimica das aguas do rio Urupd mediante esse cenario de contraste entre areas que preservam as caracteristicas naturais e areas corn elevado grau de perturbacao. Corn este intuito, foram realizadas amostragens em seis pontos ao longo do rio Urupd, de forma a termos um gradativo cendrio de perturbacdo no use do solo. 0 primeiro ponto refere-se ao setor da nascente, e é o mais preservado da bacia, corn praticamente 100% de suas caracteristicas naturais, ao passo que o Ultimo, que abrange toda a bacia de drenagem, mantem aproximadamente 51% de floresta. Para essas unidades de drenagens foram analisadas as concentraeOes de ions maiores (Nat, Kt, Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO3\", CY e SO42), de carbono organic° dissolvido (COD), e a razao isotOpica do carbono inorganic° dissolvido (613C do CID). Em geral, os resultados mostraram que, apesar da quantidade de pastagem aumentar de uma unidade de drenagem para outra, e as concentracCies de ions dissolvidos aumentarem consideravelmente, as diferencas nas concentracOes apresentam melhor relacdo coin a distribuicao da Capacidade Efetiva de Troca de Cations, caracteristica inerente dos solos. Portanto, em termos das concentracOes de ions maiores, apesar do extenso desmatamento, ndo ha indicios de que os processos naturais tenham sido suplantados por antropogenicos como principais fatores determinantes da dinamica neste sistema. Contudo, a distribuicdo espacial e temporal das concentraceies de carbono organic° dissolvido demonstram que o aumento do percentual de pastagens relaciona-se corn concentracOes significativamente maiores desta forma de C nas aguas do canal principal. A composicao isot6pica (613C) do carbono inorganic° dissolvido demonstrou que, nos setores mais a juzante da bacia do rio Urupd, a quimica das aguas e predominantemente determinada por processos de intemperismo de rochas carbonatadas / The state of Rondonia has the 8th largest cow herd of the country. This characteristic makes it a state where cattle raising dominates the landscape, although other agricultural uses are becoming noticeable. In terms of environmental impacts cattle raising is extremely aggressive, since early practices were based on slash and burn techniques. This study intends to evaluate changes in the biogeochemistry of the Urupá river waters in such a scenario of remaining pristine areas and heavily impacted ones. In order to understand that, 6 sampling stations were established along the river, at different degrees of land use changes. The first station refers to the headwaters and is the most pristine reach, with almost 100% of its original vegetation, whereas the the last corresponds to the whole basin and has only 51% or remaining forests. The waters where analyzed for the concentrations of major ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO3-, Cl- e SO42-), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the isotopic composition (?13C) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Generally, the results show that, although the percentages of pasture and major ion concentrations increase significantly along the basin, the latter relates better with a natural characteristic of the soils, which is the effective cation exchange capacity. Consequently, in terms of the ionic concentration of these waters, even with the extensive deforestation observed in the basin, it is not possible to conclude that anthropogenic processes have overcome natural ones as main forces driving the dynamics of this system. However spatial and temporal DOC distributions show that pastures are directly related to increases of this form of C in these waters. DIC isotopic composition (?13C) shows that the chemistry of the Urupá river lower reaches is controlled by the weathering of carbonate rocks

Existe uma preocupação mundial com as mudanças climáticas causadas pelo aumento da concentração de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e consequente acréscimo na temperatura média da superfície terrestre. A queima de combustíveis fósseis é a maior causadora do aquecimento global e responsável por danos à saúde humana. É notável o esforço global em diversificar a matriz mundial de combustíveis líquidos, priorizando a substituição de fontes fósseis por renováveis. Tal substituição reforça a necessidade de avaliações de todas as emissões de GEE na cadeia produtiva da cana-de-açúcar. O Brasil é o maior produtor de etanol proveniente de cana-de-açúcar. Um importante co-produto deste processo produtivo é a vinhaça, sendo produzida em elevadas quantidades e constituída por uma expressiva carga orgânica. Esta é comumente aplicada ao solo por fertirrigação. Apesar de atuar beneficamente no solo, pouco se sabe sobre a capacidade deste co-produto de aumentar as emissões de GEE no solo. Assim, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação da vinhaça nas emissões de N2O e CH4 e na comunidade de bactérias desnitrificantes e metanogênicas do solo. As amostragens de GEE e solo foram em áreas de cana sem queima a partir da aplicação de doses vinhaça (0, 150, 300 e 450 m3 ha-1). O delineamento experimental realizado foi em cinco blocos casualizados, totalizando 25 câmaras de coleta de gases do efeito estufa. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em quatro períodos de amostragem após aplicação de vinhaça (0, 7, 15 e 30 dias), em dois anos consecutivos. Foram analisados os GEE, N2O e CH4, além da abundancia de genes por meio da técnica de qPCR. A fertirrigação via aplicação de vinhaça no solo, nos dois anos, proporcionou aumento nas emissões de N-N2O, principalmente nos primeiros dias após a aplicação. Contudo os fluxos de C-CH4 oscilaram indicando a capacidade do solo de servir ora como fonte ora como sumidouro deste GEE. Os fatores de emissão obtidos para aplicação de N na forma de vinhaça, dose de 300 m3 ha-1, foram de 0,08% para o primeiro ano e 0,07% para o segundo ano. A partir da técnica de qPCR, a abundância dos genes indicou que a introdução deste resíduo ao solo pode aumentar significativamente o total de bactérias no solo e a atividade do gene nosZ, contudo o mesmo não ocorre com o potencial de desnitrificação biológica (gene nirK) e nem com o gene mcrA (redução de CH4). Os resultados demonstram que a aplicação da vinhaça no solo influencia as emissões de GEE, assim como a comunidade microbiana do solo / There is a global concern with climate change caused by increased concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) and consequent increase in the average temperature of the Earth surface. Fossil fuels burning is the major cause of global warming and it is responsible for damages to human health. Remarkable global efforts in diversifying liquid fuels have been attempted, giving priority to the replacement of fossil fuels to renewables. Such substitution reinforces the need of an evaluation of all GHG emissions in the production chain of sugarcane. Brazil is the largest producer of ethanol with source from sugarcane. An important co-product of the production process is vinasse, which is being produced in large quantities comprising a significant organic load. This is commonly applied over the ground by fertigation. Despite being good for the soil, little is known about the ability of this co-product of increasing GHG emissions. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of vinasse in the emissions of N2O and CH4 and in the soil community of denitrifying and methanogenic bacteria. Sampling of GHG and soil were performed in areas of sugarcane without burning with the application of different vinasse doses (0, 150, 300 and 450 m3 ha-1). The experiment was conducted in five blocks, totaling 25 collection chambers of greenhouse gases. Soil samples were collected in four sampling periods after application of vinasse (0, 7, 15 and 30 days), in two consecutive years. We analyzed the GHG, N2O and CH4, and the abundance of genes by qPCR technique. The fertigation via vinasse application on the ground in two years provided an increase in emissions of N-N2O, especially in the first couple of days after application. However the flow of C-CH4 was variable indicating the ability of the soil to serve either as source or as sink of this GHG. The emission factor obtained for N application in the form of vinasse dose of 300 m3 ha-1 was 0.08% for the first year and 0.07% for the second year. By qPCR technique, the abundance of the genes indicated that the use of this residue to the soil can significantly increase the amount of bacteria in the soil and nosZ gene activity. However it does not occur with the potential for biological denitrification (nirK gene) or with the gene mcrA (reduction of CH4). These results demonstrate that the application of vinasse in the soil influences GHG emissions as well as the soil microbial community

Pollutants follow various subsurface and surface water pathways from sources within a catchment to its outlet and may cause detrimental effects on downstream water quality and ecosystems. Along their different transport pathways through a catchment, pollutants may be attenuated subject to different physical and biogeochemical processes. In this thesis, physical process effects on such catchment-scale pollutant transport and attenuation, resulting coastal pollutant loading and its efficient abatement are investigated. For this purpose, pollutant transport-attenuation is modeled both generically using a Lagrangian Stochastic Advective-Reactive (LaSAR) approach and site specifically for the Swedish Norrström basin using the GIS-based dynamic nitrogen transport-attenuation model POLFLOW. Furthermore, the role of such modeling for catchment-scale pollutant abatement is also investigated by use of economic optimization modeling. Results indicate that appropriate characterization of catchment-scale solute transport and attenuation processes requires accurate quantification of the specific solute pathways from different sources in a catchment, through the subsurface and surface water systems of the catchment, to the catchment outlet. The various physical processes that act on solute transported along these pathways may be quantified appropriately by use of relevant solute travel time distributions for each water subsystem that the pathways cross through the catchment. Such distributions capture the physical solute travel time variability from source to catchment outlet and its effects on reactive pollutant transport. Results of this thesis show specifically that neglect of such physical solute travel time variability in large-scale models of nitrogen transport and attenuation in catchments may yield misleading model estimates of nitrogen attenuation rates. Results for nitrogen abatement optimization in catchments further indicate that inefficient solutions for coastal nitrogen load reduction may result from simplifying physical transport assumptions made in different catchment-scale nitrogen transport-attenuation models. Modeling of possible future nitrogen management scenarios show also that slow nitrogen transport and reversible mass transfer processes in the subsurface water systems of catchments may greatly delay and temporally redistribute coastal nitrogen load effects of inland nitrogen source abatement over decades or much longer. Achievement of the national Swedish environmental objective to reduce the anthropogenic coastal nitrogen loading by 30% may therefore require up to a 40% reduction of both point sources, for achieving a fast coastal load response, and diffuse sources, for maintaining the coastal load reduction also in the long term. / QC 20100908

The concentrations of trace elements in 30 Saanich Peninsula agricultural soil samples were determined by acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). A comparison of the results obtained to a 1995 BC Ministry of Environment data indicated that As, Cu, Mo, Sb, Se and Sn concentrations had increased whereas the concentrations of Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn had decreased. The principal sources of the trace elements were anthropogenic sources including fertilizer and manure application, weathering of rocks and atmospheric deposition. The concentrations changes were largely influenced by the individual properties of the elements, soil texture, soil organic matter and clay content. The mobility of the trace elements in the soils was mainly controlled by clay content and followed the order Cd> B >Mo> Cr> V> Zn> Se> Co> Cr> As> Ba> Sb> Mn> Ag, Be, Hg, Ni, Pb.

A quasi-two dimensional model for the southern Vancouver Island shelf was developed with the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) to study coupling of the carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles in a summer wind-driven upwelling region. The physical model is coupled to an ecosystem module that includes a simple representation of a sediment layer and considers non-fixed C:N ratios for detritus and dissolved organic matter (i.e., explicitly modelled pools of carbon and nitrogen for those variables). The model accounts for denitrification within the sediments as well as within the water column when oxygen concentrations are low (below 5 mmol-O2 m-3). The objective is to identify the dominant processes controlling the cycles, their coupling, and their sensitivity to changes in environmental forcing. Results demonstrate how low oxygen and low pH events are tightly coupled in the coastal study region, especially through local ecosystem processes. In particular, exchange with the sediments plays a dominant role in consuming oxygen from and releasing inorganic carbon to the bottom waters on the shelf. Two key features distinguish the southern Vancouver Island shelf from other coastal regions in the California Current System and protect inner shelf waters from severe hypoxia and corrosive (i.e., undersaturated in aragonite) conditions. First, the greater width of the shelf reduces the penetration of subsurface offshore high-carbon and low-oxygen waters into shallower waters; and second, the relatively fresh Vancouver Island Coastal Current (VICC) brings oxygen-rich and carbon-poor waters to the bottom layer over the inner shelf. Sensitivity experiments show that carbon and oxygen cycles on the southern Vancouver Island shelf may be significantly affected by an altered upwelling season, a shallower offshore Oxygen Minimum Zone, a warmer ocean, and a carbon-enriched environment. Combinations of these scenarios suggest a potential increasing risk for the development of coastal hypoxia and corrosive conditions in the future. Further sensitivity simulations indicate that sedimentary denitrification provides an additional coupling between the carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles. Total alkalinity generated by sediment denitrification has the potential to buffer anthropogenic ocean acidification. However, this alkalinity effect over the Vancouver Island shelf in late spring and summer simulations is small compared with studies for other locations at annual scales. Longer time scales need to be examined in this region to confirm whether the role of alkalinity generation in the sediments is significant. In conclusion, this dissertation not only demonstrates the coupled nature of biogeochemical cycles in the coastal ocean, but also the importance of this coupling as we try to estimate how coastal ecosystems will respond to human modifications of shelf waters and the climate.

Existe uma preocupação mundial com as mudanças climáticas causadas pelo aumento da concentração de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) e consequente acréscimo na temperatura média da superfície terrestre. A queima de combustíveis fósseis é a maior causadora do aquecimento global e responsável por danos à saúde humana. É notável o esforço global em diversificar a matriz mundial de combustíveis líquidos, priorizando a substituição de fontes fósseis por renováveis. Tal substituição reforça a necessidade de avaliações de todas as emissões de GEE na cadeia produtiva da cana-de-açúcar. O Brasil é o maior produtor de etanol proveniente de cana-de-açúcar. Um importante co-produto deste processo produtivo é a vinhaça, sendo produzida em elevadas quantidades e constituída por uma expressiva carga orgânica. Esta é comumente aplicada ao solo por fertirrigação. Apesar de atuar beneficamente no solo, pouco se sabe sobre a capacidade deste co-produto de aumentar as emissões de GEE no solo. Assim, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação da vinhaça nas emissões de N2O e CH4 e na comunidade de bactérias desnitrificantes e metanogênicas do solo. As amostragens de GEE e solo foram em áreas de cana sem queima a partir da aplicação de doses vinhaça (0, 150, 300 e 450 m3 ha-1). O delineamento experimental realizado foi em cinco blocos casualizados, totalizando 25 câmaras de coleta de gases do efeito estufa. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em quatro períodos de amostragem após aplicação de vinhaça (0, 7, 15 e 30 dias), em dois anos consecutivos. Foram analisados os GEE, N2O e CH4, além da abundancia de genes por meio da técnica de qPCR. A fertirrigação via aplicação de vinhaça no solo, nos dois anos, proporcionou aumento nas emissões de N-N2O, principalmente nos primeiros dias após a aplicação. Contudo os fluxos de C-CH4 oscilaram indicando a capacidade do solo de servir ora como fonte ora como sumidouro deste GEE. Os fatores de emissão obtidos para aplicação de N na forma de vinhaça, dose de 300 m3 ha-1, foram de 0,08% para o primeiro ano e 0,07% para o segundo ano. A partir da técnica de qPCR, a abundância dos genes indicou que a introdução deste resíduo ao solo pode aumentar significativamente o total de bactérias no solo e a atividade do gene nosZ, contudo o mesmo não ocorre com o potencial de desnitrificação biológica (gene nirK) e nem com o gene mcrA (redução de CH4). Os resultados demonstram que a aplicação da vinhaça no solo influencia as emissões de GEE, assim como a comunidade microbiana do solo / There is a global concern with climate change caused by increased concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) and consequent increase in the average temperature of the Earth surface. Fossil fuels burning is the major cause of global warming and it is responsible for damages to human health. Remarkable global efforts in diversifying liquid fuels have been attempted, giving priority to the replacement of fossil fuels to renewables. Such substitution reinforces the need of an evaluation of all GHG emissions in the production chain of sugarcane. Brazil is the largest producer of ethanol with source from sugarcane. An important co-product of the production process is vinasse, which is being produced in large quantities comprising a significant organic load. This is commonly applied over the ground by fertigation. Despite being good for the soil, little is known about the ability of this co-product of increasing GHG emissions. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of vinasse in the emissions of N2O and CH4 and in the soil community of denitrifying and methanogenic bacteria. Sampling of GHG and soil were performed in areas of sugarcane without burning with the application of different vinasse doses (0, 150, 300 and 450 m3 ha-1). The experiment was conducted in five blocks, totaling 25 collection chambers of greenhouse gases. Soil samples were collected in four sampling periods after application of vinasse (0, 7, 15 and 30 days), in two consecutive years. We analyzed the GHG, N2O and CH4, and the abundance of genes by qPCR technique. The fertigation via vinasse application on the ground in two years provided an increase in emissions of N-N2O, especially in the first couple of days after application. However the flow of C-CH4 was variable indicating the ability of the soil to serve either as source or as sink of this GHG. The emission factor obtained for N application in the form of vinasse dose of 300 m3 ha-1 was 0.08% for the first year and 0.07% for the second year. By qPCR technique, the abundance of the genes indicated that the use of this residue to the soil can significantly increase the amount of bacteria in the soil and nosZ gene activity. However it does not occur with the potential for biological denitrification (nirK gene) or with the gene mcrA (reduction of CH4). These results demonstrate that the application of vinasse in the soil influences GHG emissions as well as the soil microbial community

Les communautés microbiennes benthiques participent activement au recyclage de la matière organique et de fait au fonctionnement biogéochimique des écosystèmes lacustres. Ces communautés comportent de nombreux phyla mais leur diversité fonctionnelle est encore incomplètement connue. Ce travail vise à appréhender les modifications de structure et d'abondance des gènes fonctionnels en lien avec la distribution spatiale verticale (liée au gradient d'oxydoréduction), la variabilité spatiale horizontale (zone côtière vs pélagique) et la dynamique saisonnière liée au brassage de la colonne d'eau (ré-oxygénation des interfaces benthiques), de même que l'identification de la diversité des méthanotrophes et des méthanogènes.Pour cette étude, des carottes sédimentaires ont été prélevées sur un transect zone côtière – zone pélagique, à différentes dates au cours d'un cycle annuel. Chaque carotte sédimentaire a été analysée dans la verticalité entre l'interface eau-sédiment et 20 cm. Les communautés microbiennes participant au cycle du méthane ont été ciblées par 2 gènes de fonction et étudiées en termes de structure, de diversité et d'abondance; par ailleurs, des marqueurs phylogénétiques ont été utilisés pour caractériser les communautés bactériennes et archéennes totales.Les résultats de l'étude spatiale montrent que, si à l'échelle locale (station d'échantillonnage) une relative homogénéité des communautés microbiennes (totales et fonctionnelles) est observée, des variabilités fortes sont détectées d'une part à l'échelle des transects horizontaux en lien avec des changements de conditions environnementales et d'autre part dans la verticalité des sédiments sous l'effet des conditions d'oxydoréduction. La communauté bactérienne étant la plus affectée dans la verticalité, avec des changements de structure entre toutes les strates étudiées. Dans cette même étude, une analyse comparative de la structure des communautés (totales et fonctionelles) a démontré que l'analyse d'échantillons individuels permettait d'obtenir un plus grand nombre d'OTU que l'analyse des mêmes échantillons regroupés en pools.Les résultats de l'étude de la dynamique temporelle des communautés méthanogènes et méthanotrophes révèlent des changements de structure et abondance, principalement à l'interface eau - sédiment en lien avec la dynamique d'oxygénation du lac. Quant à l'analyse de la diversité, elle montre une dominance des Methanomicrobiales (Methanoregula principalement) pour les méthanogènes, mais les Methanosarcinales (Methanosarcina) et les Methanobacteriales (Methanobacterium) ont également été identifiés. Pour les méthanotrophes, la diversité est dominée par Methylobacter en zone profonde et par Methylococcus en zone côtière, les méthanotrophes de Type II (Methylosinus et Methylocystis) ont aussi été identifiés.L'ensemble de ces travaux souligne l'importance de prendre en compte, à la fois la variabilité spatiale (horizontale et verticale) et la variabilité temporelle, des communautés méthanogènes et méthanotrophes lors de l'étude de ces communautés. Les changements quant à leurs structures et leurs abondances sont des paramètres non négligeables pour comprendre les processus impliqués dans le cycle du méthane. / Benthic microbial communities are actively involved in organic matter recycling and fact biogeochemical functioning of lake ecosystems. These communities comprise many phyla but their functional diversity is still incompletely known. This study is focused on the benthic microbial communities involved in the methane cycle in lacsutrine suystems. We aimed understanding the structural and abundance changes of functional genes related to the vertical distribution (redox gradient in sediment), the horizontal variability (coastal vs. pelagic benthic zone) and seasonal dynamics related to mixing of the water column (re-oxygenation of benthic interface). The composition of methanotrophic and methanogenic communities was characterized by sequencing analyses.For this study, sedimentary cores were sampled along a transect from coastal to pelagic zone, at different times during an annual cycle. In addition, each sediment core was analyzed in its verticality from the water-sediment interface to 20 cm depth. Microbial communities involved in the cycle of methane (methanogenesis and methanotrophy) were targeted by 2 functional genes (mcrA and pmoA). Furthermore, phylogenetic markers were used to characterize the total bacterial and archaeal communities. These communities are studied in terms of structure (genotyping), diversity (sequencing) and abundance (qPCR, DNA) of their functional genes.The results of the study showed that, on a spatial scale, a low heterogeneity was detected for a given sampling station in terms of structure of microbial communities (total and functional), however, a high variability was detected both at an horizontal scale along a transect (costal vs. pelagic zone), due to contrasted environmental conditions, and at a vertical scale (upper to deeper layers in the core) under the effect of redox conditions. The bacterial community being the most affected in the verticality, with structural changes among all strata studied. In the same study, a comparative analysis of the structure (for all of the communities), between pooled samples and individual samples, demonstrated that the analysis of individual samples provided a greater number of OTU for the majority of microbial communities.Moreover the study of the temporal dynamic of methanogen and methanotroph communities revealed changes in the structure and abundance, mainly at the water - sediment interface, according to the oxygenation levels that varied through time. The analysis of diversity showed a dominance of Methanomicrobiales (Methanoregula mainly) for methanogens, but Methanosarcinales (Methanosarcina) and Methanobacteriales (Methanobacterium) were also identified. The methanotrophs' community was dominated by Methylobacter on deeper stations and by Methylococcus in coastal station. Type II methanotrophs (Methylosinus and Methylocystis) were also identified.This work highlights the importance of taking into account both the spatial variability (horizontal and vertical) and the temporal variability of methanogen and methanotroph communities. Changes on their structures and abundances are significant parameters for understanding the processes involved in the methane cycle.

Orientador: Enrique Ortega Rodriguez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T20:19:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Watanabe_MarcosDjunBarbosa_D.pdf: 12354355 bytes, checksum: 2217565ceb1d984dcb8ad72e314a9171 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os sistemas de produção agrícola ocupam extensas áreas inseridas em bacias hidrográficas as quais, por sua vez, têm sua sustentabilidade afetada pela interferência de tais sistemas em seus ciclos biogeoquímicos. Apesar da importância do suprimento de energia e alimentos para a sociedade, outros bens e serviços são também fundamentais para o seu bem-estar. É o caso da água, que é um fator de produção para a indústria e agricultura, e também essencial para a manutenção dos domicílios e do comércio em áreas urbanas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho pretende estudar de que maneira sistemas produtores de energia e alimentos afetam aqueles produtores de água na bacia do Taquarizinho. Este estudo construiu um modelo determinístico para simular e realizar a valoração dos fluxos hidrológicos em áreas ocupadas por agricultura, pastagens e mata nativa. O foco da pesquisa foi a comparação, ao longo do tempo, do valor monetário dos fluxos gerados por diferentes tipos de uso da terra (USD ha-1ano-1) para diferentes cenários de ocupação da bacia: Cerrado, sistema agroflorestal (SAF), agricultura convencional, agricultura de plantio direto, pastagem com manejo e pastagem sem manejo. A metodologia empregada utiliza o conceito de emergia para a valoração de serviços ambientais (e de áreas agrícolas), a qual atribui valor aos mesmos em equivalentes de dólar baseando-se na relação entre a energia dos inputs e o fluxo de massa de água para cada uma das entradas geradas pelo mesmo sistema. Além disto, vinculou-se o modelo hidrológico aos principais processos de sequestro e emissão de carbono na bacia, a fim de entender como o ciclo do carbono é afetado pelo ciclo hidrológico e quais os valores monetários relacionados a tais fluxos biogeoquímicos vinculados à captura de carbono na biomassa, na liteira e no solo. Os resultados do modelo denominado hidro-carbono revelam que há uma hierarquia em relação à prestação de serviços hidrológicos e do carbono, a qual é relacionada aos seguintes cenários, de maneira decrescente: Cerrado, sistema agroflorestal, pastagem com manejo, agricultura de plantio direto, pastagem sem manejo e agricultura convencional. Entende-se que os resultados monetários obtidos podem ser úteis para dar suporte aos mecanismos de compensação à proteção de sistemas produtores de água e carbono em bacias hidrográficas / Abstract: Agricultural production systems occupy large areas in river basins whose sustainability is affected by human interference on its biogeochemical cycles. Although food and energy production are important to human well-being, other goods and services are also fundamental to society. Water, for instance, is a production factor for industrial and agricultural sectors, and is also essential to household consumption placed in rural and urban areas. Thus, this research project studied how food and energy production systems affect the ecosystem services of water production and net carbon sequestration in Taquarizinho watershed. In order to do so, a deterministic model was used to simulate hydrological and carbon flows in areas occupied by agricultural activities, pastures and native vegetation. The model compares values of water and carbon-related ecosystem services (USD ha-1yr-1) over time under different land-use scenarios in Taquarizinho watershed: native savanna, agroforestry, conventional cropping system, no-tillage cropping system, degraded pastures and improved pasture management. The methodology used is in accordance to the emergy concept which makes possible ecosystem services valuation based on the ratio of energy inputs and mass outputs leaving the river basin. In the model, we coupled hydrological and carbon processes in order to understand how carbon cycle is affected by changes in land-use and hydrological processes. Results shown that there is an hierarchy related to water and carbon services provision, which is related to the following scenarios, in descending order: native savanna, agroforestry, improved pasture management, no-tillage cropping system, degraded pasture, and conventional cropping system. The results in this thesis may be useful to support public policy oriented to compensation mechanisms aimed at enhancing water and carbon-related ecosystem services at river basin level / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

De nombreux sols forestiers français sont acides et pauvres en éléments nutritifs et les forêts françaises font face aujourd'hui à des pressions extérieures croissantes. Ces nouvelles contraintes sont d'ordre nutritionnel et/ou sylvicole et/ou climatique et risquent d'impacter la durabilité des écosystèmes forestiers à faible fertilité minérale. Il est donc très important de comprendre et quantifier les processus qui régissent les cycles des éléments nutritifs dans ces écosystèmes afin de prédire au mieux leurs évolutions possibles face à de telles contraintes et ainsi aider les gestionnaires forestiers à prendre des décisions réfléchies pour assurer leur durabilité. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de comprendre le cycle du calcium et du magnésium dans un écosystème forestier productif bien que croissant sur un sol très faiblement pourvu en Ca et Mg. Pour cela, nous avons établi dans un peuplement de hêtre âgé de 35 ans des bilans de flux « entrées-sorties » basés sur des mesures classiques de pools et flux entre 2003 et 2008. Puis une expérience de multi-traçage isotopique (2H, 15N, 26Mg et 44Ca) a ensuite été conduite: les traceurs ont été apportés à la surface du sol en avril 2010 sous forme soluble et leur progression a été suivie dans l'écosystème jusqu'en mars 2012. Les résultats ont mis en évidence le rôle primordial que joue la matière organique dans les cycles du Mg et du Ca, en leur conférant notamment un caractère très conservatif. Le 26Mg et le 44Ca apportés ont été captés dans la fine couche de litière au sol puis lentement libérés. Dans les horizons minéraux, la matière organique du sol, qui semble contribuer à la plus grande part de CEC du sol, a fortement contribué à ralentir la migration du Mg et du Ca à travers le sol. Par rapport au Mg, le calcium apporté a été plus intensément retenu dans la litière, et moins intensément lixivié à travers le sol en raison de sa plus grande affinité pour la matière organique. Malgré les flux préférentiels d'eau mis en évidence par le traçage au 2H, aucune perte par drainage de 26Mg ou 44Ca n'a été mesurée. Deux années après l'apport, il restait dans la litière 8% du 26Mg et 33% du 44Ca apportés tandis que, respectivement, 52% et 46% ont été retrouvés dans les 10 premiers cm du sol. Les traceurs, rapidement absorbés par les racines fines ont migré dans l'arbre à des vitesses très différentes: les feuilles étaient enrichies en 15N dès le mois suivant l'apport des traceurs, tandis que seuls de très faibles enrichissements en 26Mg (mais pas de 44Ca) ont été mesurés dans la canopée en 2012. Le bilan en 2012 montre les arbres ont absorbé 27% de 26Mg et 20% de 44Ca et qu'ils sont majoritairement concentrés dans les tissus de la base du tronc. L'utilisation de traceurs isotopiques a permis de mettre en évidence la lenteur de la redistribution de Mg et encore plus de Ca dans l'écosystème, d'une part de la litière vers les sols et d'autre part des racines vers les canopées. Ce comportement est attribué à l'affinité de ces ions pour les charges carboxyliques portées par la matière organique. Enfin, la dilution isotopique mesurée dans les différents compartiments de l'écosystème à l'issue de deux années a permis de calculer des bilans et ainsi de valider les pertes de Mg calculées par l'approche classique de « bilan de fertilité minérale ». En revanche, les pertes de Ca calculées par cette même approche ont été mises en défaut, démontrant la contribution d'une source externe (absorption par les feuilles, altération…) ou interne (mobilisation du stock des tissus ligneux), non prise en compte dans l'approche classique. L'ensemble de ces travaux souligne l'intérêt de l'approche « traçage isotopique » en complément des approches conventionnelles afin d'étudier la fertilité minérale des écosystèmes forestiers. / Many forest soils in France are acid and nutrient poor. French forests endure today increased external constraints which may be nutritional and/or silvicultural and/or climatic. These constraints may strongly impact the sustainability of nutrient-poor ecosystems. It is thus important to understand and quantify the processes which govern nutrient cycling in these ecosystems to better predict soil fertility changes and help forest managers make sound decisions to sustain these ecosystems.The main objective of this thesis was to study magnesium and calcium cycles in a productive forest ecosystem with low available magnesium and calcium pools in the soils. For this purpose, in a 35-year-old beech stand, we computed input-output nutrient budgets between 2003 and 2008 using conventional approaches to measure nutrient pools and fluxes. A multi-isotopic (2H, 15N, 26Mg et 44Ca) tracing experiment was then carried out in the same plot: tracers were sprayed on the forest floor in April 2010 as soluble salts, tracer transfer was then monitored in the whole ecosystem until March 2012 (litter-layer, exchangeable pools, soil solutions, above-ground biomass…).The results evidenced the predominant role of organic matter in the very conservative cycling of Mg and Ca in this nutrient-poor soil. Indeed, the applied 26Mg and 44Ca were very rapidly retained in the fine litter-layer by ion-exchange processes. In the soil profile, most of the CEC was probably due to soil organic matter which played an important role in the retention of Mg and Ca in the soil. Compared to magnesium, calcium was more strongly retained in the litter layer and transferred more slowly in the soil profile because of the higher affinity of calcium for organic CEC. Despite preferential water flow evidenced by the water tracing experiment (2H), no leaching of 26Mg or 44Ca was observed during the study period. Two years after the application of tracers, 8% of applied 26Mg and 33% of applied 44Ca was still retained in the litter layer while, respectively, 52% and 46% of applied tracers were found in the first 10cm of the soil profile. Tracers were rapidly absorbed by the fine roots but were transferred from the roots to the canopy at very different velocities: leaves were enriched in 15N one month after the application of tracers while only very small 26Mg enrichments and not 44Ca were observed in the canopy in 2012. Tracer budgets in 2012 showed that trees absorbed 27% of 26Mg and 20% of 44Caand that tracers were mainly concentrated at the base of the bole. The use of isotope tracers evidenced the slow distribution of magnesium and the slower distribution of calcium in the ecosystem, on the one hand from the litter pool to the soil profile and on the other hand from the roots to the canopy. This behavior was attributed to the affinity of the cations for organic matter functional groups such as carboxyl groups.Finally the isotopic dilution technique of the applied tracers measured in the different ecosystem compartments after two years of monitoring enabled us to validate the Mg losses computed by nutrient budgets. However, Ca depletion suggested by nutrient budgets were proven to be nil thus evidencing the contribution of an external (foliar absorption, weathering) and/or internal (mobilization of nutrients stored in ligneous tissues) sources which are currently not taken into account in conventional approaches.Overall the results of the in situ ecosystem scale multi-isotopic tracing experiment show the added value of the “isotopic tracing” approach to study nutrient pools and fluxes in forest ecosystems in addition to conventional approaches.

Le silicium (Si) sous forme dissoute (DSi) est indispensable à la croissance des diatomées, (microalgues) qui sont un élément clé des réseaux trophiques aquatiques terrestres et océaniques et qui jouent un rôle majeur dans le cycle global du carbone.<p>La construction d’un modèle global du cycle de Si le long du continuum aquatique continent-océan a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance de la zone de transition fleuve-mer pour le transfert du silicium continental vers les océans. Ce transfert est influencé par les diatomées planctoniques qui fixent le DSi et, en sédimentant, retiennent une partie du silicium continental dans les sédiments des estuaires.<p>Les modifications des flux de Si continentaux par les diatomées planctoniques dans les estuaires ont été clarifiées par :<p>1) des expériences sur l’écophysiologie d’une diatomée d’eau douce euryhaline (Cyclotella meneghiniana) particulièrement peu affectée par l’augmentation de salinité subi par le plancton lors de son transport des fleuves à la mer,<p>2) l’étude de la dissolution de la silice biogénique (bSiO2) qui constitue la coque externe des diatomées, et notamment l’effet de la salinité et des bactéries sur ce processus de recyclage du DSi,<p>3) la reconstitution du mélange des eaux et des diatomées dans un estuaire par l’expérimentation (3 espèces de diatomées dans un gradient salin artificiel) et par la construction et l’utilisation d’un modèle de Si dans la zone de mélange estuarienne.<p>Les résultats soulignent notamment l’importance des variations de salinité, de la turbidité de l’eau, de la nature des diatomées de rivière (sténohalines versus euryhalines) et de la viabilité des cellules sur les transformations et la rétention du silicium dans la zone de transition fleuve-mer. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished