Elevated CO2 concentration influences the anatomical, physiological and morphological characteristics of plants, both directly and indirectly. The aim of this thesis was to determine the effect of increased atmospheric CO2 concentration on growth of European beech (Fagus sylvatica). The experiment was carried out from autumn 2005 on environmental work place Bílý Křiž in Beskydy and established in artificial conditions (A-ambient - natural air concentration of CO2 - 385 ppm, E-elevated - 700 ppm, C-control - open control area). Two-year old seedlings of beech and three years old spruces seedlings have been planted in a triangular spacing in lamellar biospheres in a total of 96 individuals. The study is focused on biomass production of beech in different types of mixed cultures together with Norway spruce (P-pure - monoculture, I-Individual -- individual mixing, G-group -- group mixing). In mid August 2013 has begun destruction of beeches, which was completed in September 2013. Aboveground parts were dividend in to group consisting of branches and trunk and roots were subjected to destructive analysis later. Separate parts of the trees were dried in the oven for 48 hours at 80 °C and subsequently 2 hours at 105 °C and then were weighed to determine the biomass. After eight years of experiment, cultivation of spruce and beech in lamellar biospheres, there were no signifiant differences in total biomass of trees between varieties A and E. However, it showed significant influence of CO2 on the biomass of individual organs (leaves, branches, trunks and roots, including stumps ) as well as trees grown in a single mixed culture (I). When comparing the total biomass in the spheres, sphere E showed average total biomass of an individual tree about 27 % higher, in mixed G variety 25 % lower and in the P mixing 147 % higher than mixed I in the sphere A. Biomass production of roots without identification of mixing factor increased by 60 % in the E variety. Most significant difference in belowground biomass was detected in variety of mixing I. In the E sphere was 200 % more belowground biomass compared to sphere A. These preliminary results show that total biomass of beech was higher in sphere E than in the sphere A. Differences in total biomass , however, can be caused by mixing and correspond to the concentration of CO2.

This diploma thesis is focused on winter rape growth and development modeling by DSSAT software. The date of flowering, date of maturity, yields, above ground biomass dynamics and LAI dynamics were used for parameterization and consequent validation of the selected model. The data from field trials conducted by Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture (ÚKZÚZ) within Lednice station (period from 1999 to 2006) and Domanínek station (period from 1999 to 2011) were used for simulations. Moreover data from field trials conducted by Mendel University in Brno within Domanínek station (period from 2012 to 2014) were used for winter rape modeling. This experiment consisted of eight variants with different sowing dates, nitrogen fertilization amounts and two cultivars. The dataset for DSSAT model testing was prepared based on above mentioned experiments. Despite the first attempt to simulate winter rape growth and development in Central Europe by DSSAT model, interesting results were achieved. Although some deviations between observed and simulated parameters appeared, the model was able to mimic characteristic crop growth dynamics. One of the main shortcomings is that model is not able to simulate necrosis of leaves within winter period. On the other hand, the model was able to reproduce the effect of different climatic conditions within included locations (i.e. later onset of observed phenophases within cooler station with higher elevation etc.) and the parameters were estimated with higher accuracy at Domanínek station.

Karlíková Sabina. Biogas and its status in regional development. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel university, 2014 The thesis focuses on analyzing the biogas status in regional development. It primarily provides information about sustainable development, renewable energy, biomass, but attention is mainly devoted to biogas. The practical part presents the situation in Germany, Sweden and Denmark in terms of production and biogas usage, as well as the legislative framework. The result is a comparison of these three states, which, together with the analysis of the concrete situation in the Czech Republic, is the basis for the creation of a model of good practice for Czech Republic.

The aim of this thesis is to get acquainted with the problems of biological and energetic use of compost. Emphasis is placed on the technology and features of the energy compost, which is intended for combustion, gasification or pyrolysis. The work presents characteristic properties and composition of solid biofuels. There are characterized pollutants, including hazardous properties. There are also mentioned legislative conditions, particularly in the area of emission limits and fuel quality in terms of air protection. Further, a description of the main design features of a small grate combustion plants. The second part of the thesis contains a comprehensive analysis (elemental, stoichiometric, heat emission and economic) of selected samples of solid biofuels. Based on the analysis, the samples were evaluated and assessed whether they comply with emission standards and fuel quality requirements in terms of legislation. Analyzed fuels have been characterized and it has been proposed the use of appropriate energy for small combustion facilities.

The theme of this thesis is to assess the current state of biogas business in selected parts of southern Bohemia and the possibilities for its further development. Further processed economy on the example of a selected company and undertake structured interviews with operators of biogas plants. The first research part handles the issue of biomass, biogas, their preparation - what all have to be careful before and during construction, the legislation itsef and its implementation. In the second part analyzes the economics of selected company, which operates the biogas plant. Everything is monitored from the beginning of construction in 2012 until 2016. Each year are evaluated both financially and in terms of input material consumed. The last section is devoted to the questionnaire controlled interview with executives of three companies that operate biogas plant. The questionnaire consists of three parts - before the construction, during the implementation of biogas plants and biogas into the future of business.

The main aim of this thesis is to evaluate the biological status of species populations of agriculturally important fish species in the district Svitava 5 and the evaluation of the evidence in the district's ten-year series. Ichthyological surveys were carried out in autumn 2015, on 20th and 21st November. At various locations were determined basic physicochemical parameters of the water and found topographical data. Catches were made by using electrical units. All fish were returned gently back to the territory after finding plastic signs. In all localities have been detected 3 fish species from two families. The total abundance ranged from 899 to 3634 ks.ha-1 and the biomass from 58.7 to 250.6 kg per ha -1. Big drop in the number of caught individuals was recorded at grayling, when it reduce the number of catches from 21 ks.ha -1 to 1 ks.ha -1 in the ten-year series.

No description available.

Ingeniero Civil Químico / El presente trabajo de título tiene como objetivo estudiar la prefactibilidad técnico-económica para la instalación de biorrefinería para la producción de etanol y co-productos a partir de rastrojos de maíz en la Región de O Higgins. Dentro de este estudio, se incluye el diseño de una planta de bioetanol y análisis técnico y económico de cuatro co-productos (levadura, lignina, energía y xilitol). El consumo de energía ha aumentado en un 92% entre el año 1973 y el 2012, donde el 41% de ésta proviene de fuentes derivadas del petróleo. Esto ha generado una serie de problemas ambientales y energéticos. Las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) por las actividades humanas ha acelerado el cambio climático del planeta, incrementando la temperatura global en 0,83°C entre 1880 hasta el año 2012. Esto puede generar un aumento en eventos climáticos extremos. Dado este escenario, en París, 198 países, entre éstos Chile, aprobaron unos acuerdos dentro del marco de la 21ª Conferencia sobre el Cambio Climático (COP21), cuyo objetivo es mitigar los efectos del cambio climático. Conforme a esto, una de las vías para enfrentar el cambio climático es buscar otras fuentes de energía. Entre estas fuentes, se encuentran los biocombustibles, entre ellas el bioetanol. En Chile, el cultivo de maíz es uno de los más importantes, donde la región de O Higgins posee el 40% de la superficie cultivada. Estos cultivos generan un gran volumen de residuos lignocelulósicos, compuestos por lignina, celulosa y hemicelulosa. Este material puede ser reintegrado al suelo, alimento de animales o quemado. Otra alternativa, es fermentar los azúcares del rastrojo de maíz para producir bioetanol. Para ello, es necesario romper la estructura de la lignocelulosa para acceder a los azúcares, por lo que la biomasa debe pasar por un proceso de pretratamiento. Para ello, se diseñó un proceso capaz de producir 1.573 [m3/año] de bioetanol con 99% de pureza a partir de 9.450 [ton] de rastrojos de maíz, equivalente a 700[ha] de cultivo, con un rendimiento de 2.256 [Letanol/ha] (167 [Letanol/tonrastrojo]). Para este proceso se optó por un pretratamiento por explosión a vapor y por una sacarificación y fermentación simultáneas (SSF). El horizonte de tiempo para este proyecto es de 10 años a una tasa de descuento de un 10%. La inversión requerida para la instalación de la planta es de MUS$6.257. El precio estimado del bioetanol es de US$0,93 (CL$652). Si la inversión no cuenta con un financiamiento (fondos concursables, créditos), el proyecto no es rentable (Van= -US$4.769.788; TIR=-5 %). Si es completamente financiado, su VAN es de US$1.016.732 con una TIR de un 20%, por lo que sería rentable si el proyecto financiado al menos en un 84%. En el análisis de los co-productos, se analizó la producción de levadura, lignina, energía y xilitol. Y con la generación de energía se produce ceniza, la cual también puede tener valor económico. Finalmente la opción más conveniente es producir energía con lignina, vender la ceniza resultante de la combustión, y producir xilitol. Finalmente, se concluye que la planta sólo es rentable si es financiada y el mayor VAN lo obtiene si se instalan las plantas de levadura, lignina (y generación de energía) y xilitol, siendo éste de US$3.365.037, con una TIR de un 37%.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniera Forestal / La región central de Chile se caracteriza por presentar un clima mediterráneo, de estacionalidad muy marcada, donde el 90% de las precipitaciones se concentran en invierno, y los veranos son secos y con altas temperaturas, lo cual genera una limitación para las actividades de plantación con especies nativas con fines de restauración y compensación forestal, ya que el riego se vuelve necesario en los primeros años para asegurar el desarrollo y sobrevivencia de las plantas. Con el objetivo de evaluar las respuestas morfofisiológicas en una plantación con especies del bosque esclerófilo bajo diferentes dosis de riego, se desarrolló un estudio en una forestación con plantas de quillay y maitén de dos años de edad, donde las plantas fueron sometidas a dos tratamientos de riego, riego con 10 litros una vez al mes y riego de 20 litros distribuidos en dos riegos de 10 litros cada 15 días, durante el periodo estival de 2015. A través del estado hídrico de los individuos, el crecimiento en diámetro y longitud, la acumulación de biomasa total y por componente, y la sobrevivencia de las plantas según especies y dosis de riego fue evaluado.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de: Ingeniero en Recursos Naturales Renovables / Chile necesita diversificar su matriz energética por razones geopolíticas y ambientales. Los cultivos energéticos constituyen una opción para revalorizar suelos fiscales y marginales, e impulsar una industria energética, económica y ambientalmente sostenible. Las especies nativas chañar (Geoffroea decorticans [Gill. ex Hook. et Arn.] Burk.) y madi (Madia sativa Mol.) pueden ser utilizadas como cultivos energéticos para la generación de biocombustibles de segunda generación. La presente investigación tiene como propósito principal identificar las áreas con potencial para el establecimiento de las especies chañar y madi, con fines bioenergéticos en Chile. La identificación se realizó según el concepto de zonificación agroecologíca, que de acuerdo con los criterios FAO, define zonas en base a combinaciones de variables climáticas, y edáficas que caracterizan a cada especie, utilizando sistemas de información geográfica (SIG). Los rangos y criterios de adaptabilidad identificados se evaluaron en base a una escala de clasificación que da cuenta de zonas con diferentes grados de adaptabilidad y zonas con distintos niveles de restricción climática, que consideró una regla de decisión integrada al modelo de evaluación de tierras, identificando áreas potenciales de establecimiento clasificada en aptitudes óptimas, aptas y marginales de adaptación. Los terrenos identificados con potencial aptitud agroecológica para el establecimiento de la especie chañar se cuantificaron en 7.900.728ha, terrenos dispuestos desde la Región de Arica y Parinacota hasta la Región de Valparaíso, de estos 1.236.641ha se clasificaron con aptitud óptima, 6.438.778ha con aptitud apta y 225.309ha con aptitud marginal. La III Región de Atacama presentó la mayor superficie con potencial para el establecimiento de chañar con 1.564.555ha equivalentes al 20,7% de la superficie regional. La aptitud productiva para la especie chañar se estimó en 87.033kg ms ha-1 para todo el área con aptitud agroecológica, donde la Región de Tarapacá presentó la mayor producción media estimada en 15.736kg ms ha-1. Los terrenos identificados con potencial para el establecimiento de la especie madi se cuantificaron en 7.240.451ha dispuestas desde la Región de Atacama hasta la Región de Los Lagos, de estos 4.815.900ha se clasificaron con aptitud óptima, 1.852.062ha con aptitud apta y 572.489ha con aptitud marginal. La IV Región de Coquimbo presentó la mayor superficie con potencial para el establecimiento de madi con 1.268.048ha equivalentes al 31,3% de la superficie regional. La aptitud productiva para la especie madi se estimó en 12.758kg ms ha-1 para todo el área con aptitud agroecológica, donde la Región del Maule presentó la mayor producción media estimada en 1.612kg ms ha-1. La investigación concluyó que la zonificación agroecológica para las especies chañar y madi representan una aproximación confiable para el desarrollo, principalmente, de estas especies con fines bioenergéticos, en las regiones de Coquimbo y El Maule. / Chile needs to diversify its energy matrix for geopolitical and environmental reasons. Energy crops are an option to revalue tax marginal land, and promote an energy, economic and environmentally sustainable industry. Native species chañar (Geoffroea decorticans [Gill. Ex Hook. Et Arn.] Burk.) and madi (Madia sativa Mol.) can be used as energy crops for the generation of second generation biofuels. This research has as main purpose to identify areas with potential for establishment of species and madi chañar, bioenergy purposes in Chile. Identification was performed according to the concept of agro-ecological zoning, which according to FAO criteria define zones based on combinations of climatic and soil variables, that characterize each species, using geographic information systems (GIS). Ranges and adaptability criteria identified were evaluated based on a rating scale that accounts for areas with different degrees adaptability and areas with different levels climate restriction, which considered a decision rule to integrated land evaluation model, identifying potential areas of property classified under optimal, fit and marginal adaptation. The sites identified with potential agroecological potential for the establishment of the chañar were quantified in 7.900.728ha, disposed from the Arica and Parinacota region to Valparaiso region, 1.236.641ha of these were classified with optimal land, 6.438.778ha Fit land and 225.309ha marginal land. The Atacama region had the highest surface potential for establishing chañar with 1.564.555ha equivalent to 20,7% of the regional area. The productive capacity of the chañar species was estimated at 87.033kg ms ha-1) for all agroecological potential area where the Tarapacá region had the highest average production estimated at 15.736 kg ms ha-1. The potential sites identified for the establishment of the madi species were quantified 7.240.451ha disposed from the Atacama region to the Los Lagos region, 4.815.900ha classified optimal land, 1.852.062ha Fit and 572.489ha with marginal. The Coquimbo region had the highest surface potential for the establishment of madi with 1.268.048ha equivalent to 31,3% of the regional area. The productive capacity for madi species was estimated at 12.758kg ms ha-1 for all agroecological potential area where the Maule region had the highest average production estimated at 1.612kg ms ha-1. The investigation concluded that agroecological zoning of madi and chañar species represent a reliable development for cultivable species for bioenergy purposes where the most reliable regions for cultivation are Coquimbo and Maule approach.