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This work consists of four separate chapters. Although they are seemingly different projects, they have a common feature - the application of organometallic chemistry. 1. Lusianthridin and denbinobin, the phenanthrene derivatives, can be found in plants of the family Orchidaceae. They exhibit cytostatic activity against cancer of human lung and ovarian and against promyelocytic leukemia. Therefore, new synthetic methods for these substances may be applied in research and development of new bioactive compounds. I prepared 9,10- disubstituted phenanthrenes through reactions of biphenylene with alkynes, which were catalyzed by iridium complexes. Phenanthridine derivatives are found naturally in the group benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids. The most famous of these include sanguinarine and chelerythrine. Sanguinarine selectively induces apoptosis (planned cell death) of human cancer cells and, therefore, is investigated as a potential antitumor agent. Chelerythrine selectively inhibits protein kinase C, leading again to apoptosis. I have studied reactions of biphenylene with nitriles catalyzed by rhodium complexes that have not been described yet. By this, I prepared a series of 6-substituted phenanthridines. 2. Carboranes are artificially prepared organic compounds of boron, which are not represented in...

Understanding the fundamental electronic properties of materials is a key step to develop innovations in many fields of technology. For example, this has allowed to design molecular based devices like organic field effect transistors, organic solar cells and molecular switches. In this thesis, the properties of advanced functional materials, in particular metal-organic molecules and molecular building blocks of 2D materials, are investigated by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT), the GW approximation (GWA) and the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE), also in conjunction with experimental studies. The main focus is on calculations aiming to understand spectroscopic results. In detail, the molecular architectures of lutetium-bis-phthalocyanine (LuPc2) on clean and hydrogenated vicinal Si(100)2×1, and of the biphenylene molecule on Cu(111) were analysed by means of X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy; DFT calculations were performed to obtain insights into the atomic and electronic structures. Furthermore, detailed information about the electronic states of the gas phase iron phthalocyanine (FePc) and of the gas phase biphenylene molecule were obtained through XPS and NEXAFS spectroscopy. I have studied by means of DFT, multiplet and GWA calculations the electronic correlation effects in these systems. Also the optical, electronic and excitonic properties of a hypothetical 2D material based on the biphenylene molecule were investigated by GWA and BSE calculations. Monolayers of metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) on Au(111) and of FePc on Au(111) and Cu(100)c(2×2)-2N/Cu(111) with and without pyridine modifier were studied by XPS and final state calculations. A multiplet approach to compute L-edges employing the hybridizations function, known from dynamical mean field theory, was proposed and applied to transition metal oxides.

Orientador: Ricardo Paupitz Barbosa dos Santos / Resumo: Neste trabalho, tivemos como objetivo obter a dispersão de fônons de materiais bidimensionais, por meio de simulações de dinâmica molecular clássica, a fim de examinar propriedades mecânicas e elásticas, como a velocidade do som, módulo volumétrico, módulo de cisalhamento, coeficiente de Poisson e módulo de Young. Apresentamos as principais características da ferramenta utilizada na investigação, o método de dinâmica molecular clássica. Abordamos o Algoritmo Velocity Verlet, empregado para a integração das equações de movimento; o Ensemble estatístico, utilizado para realizar as simulações; o termostato de Nosé-Hoover, responsável por regular a temperatura do sistema; e os potenciais que descrevem as interações atômicas. Utilizamos potenciais reativos, sendo eles Tersoff, Tersoff-2010, AIREBO e ReaxFF. As simulações computacionais foram realizadas através do software LAMMPS. Além disso, discorreremos sobre a dinâmica de rede, a obtenção das curvas de dispersão a partir da construção da matriz dinâmica, por meio da matriz dos coeficientes de rigidez baseado nos deslocamentos dos átomos. Os materiais de baixa dimensionalidade investigados nesta dissertação são derivados do carbono como o grafeno, grafeno bifenileno – BPC e nanotubos. As propriedades vibracionais e elásticas calculadas, para o grafeno foram comparadas com resultados experimentais para o grafite no plano e resultados de simulações de dinâmica molecular. O grafeno bifenileno e os nanotubos de carbono foram compara... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work, we aimed to obtain the phonon dispersion of two-dimensional materials by classical molecular dynamics simulations, in order to explore mechanical and elastical properties, such as velocity of sound, volumetric modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, and Young's modulus. We present the main features of the tool used in the research, the classical molecular dynamics method. We approach the Velocity Verlet Algorithm, used for the integration of the equations of motion; the statistical Ensemble, used to perform the simulations; Nosé-Hoover’s thermostat, responsible for regulate the system temperature; and the potentials that describe the atomic interactions. We used reactive potentials, being Tersoff, Tersoff-2010, AIREBO and ReaxFF. The computational simulations were performed through LAMMPS software. In addition, we will discuss lattice dynamics, the obtaining the dispersion curves from the dynamic matrix construction, through the matrix of stiffness coefficients based on the displacements of the atoms. The low-dimensional materials investigated in this dissertation are derived from carbon such as graphene, graphene biphenylene - BPC and nanotubes. The calculated vibrational and elastical properties for graphene were compared with experimental results for graphite in-plane and results of molecular dynamics simulations. Graphene biphenylene and carbon nanotubes were compared with graphene values. The other materials, biphenylene nanotubes, were compared with carbo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit ont eu pour but d’étudier le « couplage aryne », une technique de synthèse qui produit des biaryles sans l’intervention de métaux de transition, grâce à la réaction entre deux intermédiaires réactionnels générés in situ : un aryllithien nucléophile et un aryne électrophile. Les travaux réalisés ont consisté en l’optimisation de la version diastéréosélective du couplage, ensuite appliquée à la synthèse formelle de la (-)-stéganacine. Dans un second temps, les premières études sur la version énantiosélective du couplage ont été réalisées, en introduisant des ligands chiraux à la réaction et en évaluant l’influence de différents paramètres réactionnels. Les premiers excès énantiomériques ont ainsi été obtenus, parfois accompagnés de la formation de divers sous-produits, parmi lesquels des dérivés de biphénylène. Devant l’intérêt que représentent ces composés, une partie des travaux a été consacrée à leur synthèse par dimérisation des arynes. / This work consisted in the study of the “aryne coupling”, a transition-metal free process to access biaryl moieties, which involves the reaction between two in situ generated intermediates: a nucleophilic aryllithium derivative and an electrophilic aryne. This work resided in the optimization of the atropoenantioselective version of the aryne coupling and its application to the formal synthesis of (-)-steganacin. We then moved to the atropoenantioselective version of the reaction, by introducing chiral ligands in the reaction mixture, which aim was to coordinate the aryllithium species and to transfer their chiral information to the biaryl axis. After optimization of various reaction parameters, some enantiomeric excesses were obtained as well as various side products in some cases, among which biphenylene derivatives. According to the potential applications of these compounds, another part of this work was dedicated to their synthesis by means of aryne dimerization reactions.

In this licentiate thesis, organic molecules, namely Cobalt Phthalocyanine (CoPc) and Biphenylene, have been studied by means of synchrotron radiation-based spectroscopic methods (Photoemission Spectroscopy (PES) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) in combination with Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Paper I is a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of electronic structure of CoPc. addressing the atomic character of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and the electronic configuration of the molecular ground state. Both these aspects are still under discussion since different experimental and theoretical studies have given controversial results. Previous works have indicated the CoPc ground state to either be described by the 2A1g or 2Eg, or by a mix of the two electronic configurations. Regrading the debated the atomic character of the HOMO of CoPc, it has been suggested to be either metal 3d-like and localized on the central Co atom or originating in the organic ligand of the molecule. In this thesis the valence photoemission results for CoPc in gas phase and as adsorbed films on Au(111) together with the DFT simulations, consistently indicate that the HOMO is derived only by the organic ligand, with mainly contribution from the carbon atoms with no metal character. Moreover, the good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results, confirms that the ground state of CoPc is correctly described by the 2A1g configuration. In Paper II, PES and XAS have been used to investigate the occupied and empty density of states of biphenylene films of different thicknesses, deposited onto a Cu(111) crystal. The results have been compared to previous gas phase spectra and single molecule Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to get insights into the possible modification of the molecular electronic structure in the film induced by the adsorption on a surface. Furthermore, XAS measurements allowed the characterizion of the variation of the molecular arrangement with the film thickness and helped to clarify the substrate-molecule interaction.

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