Bird¡¦s nest is the saliva from the Colloclia that have a lot of mucin and sialic acid. However the sialic acid is an important intermediate of influenza virus infection. In 2006, Guo et al was confirmed the Inhibitory effect of bird¡¦s nest extract on influenza virus infection. But the anti-virus component has not been isolated and purified. First, the bird's nest used in this study was proved to be a pure bird¡¦s nest by SDS-PAGE, sialic acid content and protein content. Qualification analysis by SDS-PAGE showed sample possessed three bands at about 50 kDa, 100 kDa and 150 kDa, by Warren assay showed sample possessed a sialic acid content about 10% of dry weight, by Kjeldahl method showed sample possessed a protein content about 50% of dry weight, and by fluorescence analysis in 365 nm showed sample emitted a blue-white light. According to the criteria on previous studies, the sample was considered to be a real and pure bird¡¦s nest. Subsequently, the sample was applied to pronase digestion and then separated by Bio-gel P2 for size exclusion chromatography. All fractions were performed carbohydrate analysis including sialic acid. In lectin blotting, Maackia amurensis agglutinin (MAA) lectin can interact with the fraction that suggest the structure of sialic acid is sialic acid-2,3 galactose in bird¡¦s nest. And carbohydrate membrane array to demonstrate the influenza virus of H5N1 and H1N1 can bind the fractions that suggest the antivirus effect of bird¡¦s nest. These fractions will be further analyzed by neutralization assay to study their antivirus effects in vitro.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-17T13:30:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RhudsonHenriqueSantosFerreiraDaCruz_TESE.pdf: 16062303 bytes, checksum: 7dc390e502c31be3ece0a11ff7bcc13b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-20T11:41:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RhudsonHenriqueSantosFerreiraDaCruz_TESE.pdf: 16062303 bytes, checksum: 7dc390e502c31be3ece0a11ff7bcc13b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T11:41:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RhudsonHenriqueSantosFerreiraDaCruz_TESE.pdf: 16062303 bytes, checksum: 7dc390e502c31be3ece0a11ff7bcc13b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O g?nero Cyathus Haller foi estabelecido em 1768, por?m estudos taxon?micos aprofundados envolvendo o grupo s? ocorreram ? partir de 1844. Nos anos seguintes foram propostas altera??es na classifica??o infragen?rica de Cyathus baseando-se principalmente na morfologia. Lloyd, em 1906, distribuiu as esp?cies em cinco grupos, e em 1975 Brodie ampliou para sete grupos. Com o avan?o dos estudos filogen?ticos, as classifica??es morfol?gicas foram testadas e uma nova subdivis?o em tr?s grupos foi proposta por Zhao e colaboradores, em 2007. Tendo como base as caracter?sticas morfol?gicas utilizadas nas duas ?ltimas classifica??es, ? not?vel a presen?a de caracteres morfol?gicos amb?guos e mal delimitados, o que torna a identifica??o em n?vel de esp?cie muitas vezes duvidosa. Assim, esta tese se prop?s a compreender as rela??es filogen?ticas dos fungos do g?nero Cyathus, e como estas rela??es refletem na caracteriza??o taxon?mica, atrav?s de an?lises morfol?gicas e moleculares abrangendo a maior parte das esp?cies tipo do grupo. Os esp?cimes analisados procedem de empr?stimo de cole??es de fungos nacionais (JPB, URM, UESC e UFRNFungos) e internacionais (BBH, BPI, PH, DAOM, K, MA-Fungi, PC e TNS). As an?lises morfol?gicas e moleculares foram realizadas no Brasil e no Jap?o: a morfologia seguiu a metodologia padr?o para o grupo, e a an?lise molecular foi realizada com base em protocolos dispon?veis na literatura ou indicados pelos fabricantes dos reagentes, com etapas adaptadas para o g?nero Cyathus, incluindo o desenho de primers espec?ficos. Novos caracteres morfol?gicos informativos foram definidos a partir da redescri??o de 50 tipos e 4 outras esp?cies. Todas as 81 esp?cies com nome em uso corrente foram discutidas. Pranchas de imagens, lista de nomes inv?lidos e lista de sin?nimos tamb?m s?o apresentadas. As an?lises filogen?ticas utilizando M?xima Parcim?nia e Bayesiana inclu?ram 36 esp?cies, sendo 25 delas enquadradas em alguma categoria de tipo nomenclatural. O monofiletismo de Cyathus foi confirmado com suporte m?ximo em ambos os testes, e os grupos infragen?ricos da ?ltima classifica??o baseada em dados moleculares se mantiveram inalterados, entretanto o clado striatum apresentou segrega??o em cinco grupos e dois subgrupos. A organiza??o filogen?tica est? suportada com base em caracteres morfol?gicos, e s?o apresentadas diagnoses para cada um dos agrupamentos bem como uma chave dicot?mica para a separa??o infragen?rica. / The genus Cyathus Haller was established in 1768, but in-depth taxonomic studies with the group only occurred after 1844. In the following years changes in the infrageneric classification of Cyathus were proposed, based mainly on morphology. In 1906 Lloyd distributed the species into five groups, and in 1975 Brodie expanded to seven groups. With the advances of phylogenetic studies, the morphological classifications were tested and a new subdividion into three groups was proposed by Zhao and collaborators in 2007. Based on the morphological characteristics used in the last two classifications, is remarkable the presence of ambiguous and poorly delimited morphological characters, which makes identification at species level often doubtful. Thus, this PhD thesis aimed to understand the phylogenetic relationships of the fungi in the genus Cyathus and how these relations reflect in the taxonomic characterization, through morphological and molecular analyzes covering most of the type species of the group. The specimens analyzed come from national (JPB, URM, UESC and UFRN-Fungos) and international fungal collections (BBH, BPI, PH, DAOM, K, MA-Fungi, PC and TNS). Morphological and molecular analyzes were performed in Brazil and Japan: the morphology followed the standard methodology for the group, and the molecular analysis was performed based on protocols available in the literature or indicated by the reagent manufacturers, with steps adapted for the genus Cyathus, including the design of specific primers. New informational morphological characters were defined from the description of 50 types and 4 other species. All 81 species with name in current use were discussed. Figure plates, list of invalid names and list of synonyms are also presented. The phylogenetic analyzes using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian included 36 species, 25 of them being classified in some nomenclatural type category. The monophyletism of Cyathus was confirmed with maximum support in both tests, and the infrageneric groups of the last classification based on molecular data were unchanged, however the clade striatum showed segregation into five groups and two subgroups. All the phylogenetic organization is supported based on morphological characters and diagnoses are presented for each clusters as well as a dichotomous key for the infrageneric separation.

A King Dyed Pink is Doomed to Die is a poetry collection concerned with cruelties waged against queer people—how even the most seemingly innocuous habits of cishet society proliferate a vast catalog of ongoing violence, from microaggressions to murder. Disrupting the accompanying complicity of silence (mine and others') involves not only invoking a propulsive "I" lyric (at once playful and elegiac, confessional and enraged, horny and ashamed) but also creating an unabashed mess of formal modes (theater, journalism, surrealism, visuality, 21st century technology) that, unlike heteronormativity, refuses tidy categorization. Death haunts these poems, whether it be a pigeon fatally dyed pink for a gender reveal party or a queer brutally murdered in a small Virginia town months before I moved there. As I metabolize the grief, rage, and despair resulting from past and current injustices, I turn to tender futurity: in this violent world, how can we—queers and accomplices—still cultivate pleasure and love? / Master of Fine Arts / A King Dyed Pink is Doomed to Die is a poetry collection that reckons with violence waged against queer people. How do even the most seemingly innocuous hetero habits perpetuate cruelty, whether it be big or small? At once horny and rageful, silly and elegiac, these poems draw from theater, journalism, surrealism, visuality, modern technology, and other modes to disrupt a culture of binaries and tidy categorizations. The specter of death haunts this book as much the tragedy of two actual ones: a pigeon fatally dyed pink for a gender reveal party and a queer brutally murdered in Blacksburg, Virginia, months before I moved there. Even as I reckon with nasty realities, I invoke tenderness in my hopes for the future: in this violent world, how can we—queers and accomplices—cultivate pleasure and love?