No description available.

No description available.

A fetus’ in utero environment has a profound effect on the individual’s development in postnatal life. Research has suggested that intrauterine growth restricted children have a less robust response to vaccination. Studies have confirmed similar results in animal models; however, the effect of low birth weight on clinical disease expression is unclear. This research aims to determine if pigs from low birth weight litters have increased severity of disease after experimental infection with influenza A virus (IAV) when compared to their counterparts from high birth weight litters, thus clarifying the effect of litter birth weight on disease expression. Pilot trials were conducted to determine the appropriate dose of virus to use and the optimal days post inoculation for necropsy to use for the main trial. The results indicated that the main trial should use an inoculation dose of 1 x 107 plaque forming units of IAV and the time of necropsy should be 48 hours post inoculation. In the main trial, male piglets (n=68) from parity one or two sows were identified at farrowing as coming from high or low birth weight litters. At four weeks of age, intratracheal IAV inoculation was performed (day 0) and pigs were euthanized at 48 hours post inoculation. Clinical signs were assessed prior to euthanasia. After euthanasia macroscopic and microscopic lesion severity were assessed, along with immunohistochemical staining intensity of IAV in lung tissue. SearchLight Chemiluminescent Array Technology was used to measure the concentration of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Interferon alpha was measured using fluorescent microsphere immunoassay. Fifty Percent Tissue Culture Infective Dose was used to measure influenza viral titers in lung tissue. The study found no differences in clinical scores or cytokine concentration between pigs from high and low birth weight litters. Gross, histopathological and immunohistochemical scores were significantly higher in piglets from high birth weight litters and viral titers trended higher in these piglets. These findings indicate that pathologic disease scores in piglets experimentally inoculated with IAV are more severe in piglets from high birth weight litters.

No description available.

No description available.

To investigate the relation between amniotic fluid (amf) constituents and human fetal growth and birth weight (b.wt), amf was collected from 395 pregnant women undergoing routine amniocentesis at 14--16 weeks' gestation at the Royal Victoria (RVH), Jewish General (JGH), and St. Mary's (SMH) Hospitals. The fluid was analyzed for total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHBA), and lactate. Maternal and neonatal data were collected from a questionnaire at the time of recruitment and from medical charts post-delivery. The mean b.wt in our population was 3409 +/- 552g. Birth weight differed significantly by infant gender, maternal height (ht), and prepregnancy weight (wt), as determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Of the amf constituents measured, glucose showed strong evidence of being a potential predictor of b.wt, such that for each mmol/L increase in amf glucose a 119.4g increase in b.wt was observed. Lactate showed a similar but weaker tendency toward predictive value. Ongoing research is currently being done to further examine the role of human amf constituents in predicting b.wt, the goal being to develop a predictive model that would aid in preparing for and preventing aberrations in fetal growth.

The objectives of the study were to measure the concentrations of albumin, transferrin, IgG and uric acid in 2nd trimester amniotic fluid (AF) and to establish if these concentrations were associated with infant birth outcomes. / Amniotic fluid samples (n=230) were collected from mothers undergoing routine amniocentesis (12-20 wk). Maternal characteristics like height, pre-pregnancy weight, age, smoking status, parity and infant gender, birth weight and gestational age were collected from questionnaires and obstetrical medical chart review. AF samples were analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). / The results showed that the 2nd trimester AF uric acid was a significant predictor of infant birth weight (grams) and transferrin was negatively associated with gestational age in term infants.

Typescript. / Bibliography: leaves 184-191. / Photocopy. / Microfilm. / xii, 191 leaves, bound 29 cm

Although the position of mothers has changed considerably since the beginning of the twentieth century, an idealised notion of motherhood persists. The cinema provides a source of information about attitudes towards mothering in Australian society which is not diminished by the fact that mothers are often marginal to the narrative. While the study recognises that cinematic images are not unconditionally authoritative, it rests on the belief that films have some capacity to reflect and influence society. The films are placed in an historical context with regard to social change in Australian society, so that the images can be understood within the context of the time of the making and viewing of the films. The depictions of the mother are scrutinised with regard to her appearance, her attitude, her relationship with others and the expectations, whether explicit or implicit, of her role. Of particular significance is what happens to her during the film and whether she is punished or rewarded for her behaviour. The conclusions reached after analysis are used to challenge those ideas which assume that portrayals of motherhood are unchangeable and timeless. The study examines Australian feature films from 1900 to 1988. To augment its historical focus, it uses sociological, psychoanalytical and feminist theoretical writing with special relevance for motherhood and mothering practice. Looking at areas of importance to mothers, it comprises an exploration of what makes a mother good or bad; the significance of the birth of female and male children; the relationship of mothers to daughters; the mother's sexuality and the metaphor of the missing mother. It shows that images of motherhood on screen are organised according to political, social and economic requirements in the community. Further, films frequently show mothers in traditional roles which are useful for maintaining notions of patriarchal privilege in society. The analysis exposes stereotypical depictions of motherhood which are often inaccurate, unfair and oppressive to women.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.