Ce manuscrit de thèse présente l’étude des processus d’émission de deux types de noyaux actifs de galaxie détectés aux rayons gamma : des blazars vues au TeV et des Narrow Line Seyfert 1s (NLS1s) détectés au GeV. La distribution spectrale d’énergie des blazars peut être décrite en général par des modèles 'one-zone synchrotron self-Compton'. Ce modèle a été appliqué au blazar 1ES2322-409 qui fut premièrement détecté au TeV par l’expérience HESS. Des composantes externes comme le tore, le disque d’accrétion, la couronne X ou la 'Broad Line Region' sont nécessaires pour expliquer la radiation observée dans des NLS1 qui émettent des rayons gamma. Un modèle numérique qui considère ces champs des photons externes a été développé. Ce modèle explique l’émission observée et la transition entre des états bas et des états d’émission augmentée pour trois NLS1s vues au régime gamma : 1H0323+342, B20954+25A et PMN J0948+0022. / This thesis manuscript presents the study of the emission processes of two types of gamma-emitting active galactic nuclei: TeV-detected blazars and GeV-detected Narrow Line Seyfert 1s (NLS1s).The Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) of TeV blazars can in general be well described by simple one-zone synchrotron self-Compton models. Such model has been applied to the blazar 1ES2322-409 that was first detected at TeV by the HESS collaboration.Additional external photon fields such as the obscuring torus, the accretion disc, the X-ray corona or the broad line region are necessary to describe the observed radiation and broad-band SED of gamma-emitting NLS1s. A numerical model that takes into account emission from these external fields has been developed. The model explains the observed emission and the transition from quiescent to gamma-ray flaring states of three gamma-emitting NLS1s: 1H0323+342, B20954+25A and PMN J0948+0022.

La compréhension des mécanismes d'émission et de variabilité au coeur des blazars émetteurs au TeV reste une question ouverte au sein de la communauté de l'astrophysique des hautes énergies. Le rayonnement extrême de ces objets permet de sonder les régions les plus proches du trou noir afin de poser des contraintes sur les mécanismes d'accélération des particules émissives. Nous considérons ici une distribution en énergie de ces particules sous la forme d'une quasi-maxwellienne relativiste. Ce type de distribution est justifié dans le cadre de l'accélération stochastique de particules de type interaction ondes MHD/plasmas. Ce manuscrit décrit la mise en oeuvre de cette distribution particulière dans le cadre de deux approches de modélisation différentes, la première dite homogène où la zone d'émission est supposée sphérique et la seconde dite inhomogène décrit le rayonnement d'un jet stratifié, et ce dans le cadre du « two-flow model ». Dans le deux cas, afin de rendre compte du caractère transitoire des périodes d'éruption, l'approche est menée de manière dépendante du temps et le processus de création de paires par photo-annihilation joue un rôle primordial. Nous avons de plus pris en compte l'atténuation du signal gamma par les photons du fond cosmique infrarouge lors de leur parcours vers l'observateur. Nous nous sommes de plus attaché à poser des contraintes sur la dynamique d'ensemble des jets à partir d'arguments statistiques simples ; nous avons mis en évidence pourquoi les modèles homogènes en général, ne sont pas appropriés pour la déduction des vitesses d'ensemble de ces sources bien qu'ils reproduisent remarquablement leurs caractéristiques spectrales.

The recent discovery of a new population of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) – the Radio Loud Narrow Line Seyfert 1 (RL NLS1) galaxies – at g-ray energies by Fermi has prompted intense interest among researchers, as evidence mounts that these objects may in fact compose a new class of blazars. If RL NLS1s are indeed a new class of blazars, or at least analogous to them, then the detection of certain blazar-like properties would be expected. These properties include significant variability at all wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum and on timescales from minutes to years, significant & variable polarization in the radio and optical regimes, significant & variable high-energy emissions (especially in the g-ray regime), and a double-peaked structure of their spectral energy distributions. This dissertation seeks to characterize several of these properties for RL NLS1s as a class. These include the degree to which these objects are polarized and the variability of this property, the detection and characterization of these sources at g-ray energies with the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi spacecraft, and the degree to which these properties are interdependent. A photopolarimetric survey (the first of its kind for this class of objects) and g-ray monitoring program were conducted by the author in order to obtain the data necessary for this project. The measurements obtained via these observations are used to characterize this interesting class of objects with respect to a sample of blazars. In general, it was found that the polarizations of these objects fall between radio-quiet NLS1s and FSRQ-type blazars, and were most similar to HBL-type blazars. The 7 RL NLS1s in this sample that had been detected above a Test Statistic (TS) of 25 by Fermi/LAT were most similar to FSRQs, while 9 objects detected in the interval 9 < TS < 25 shared several properties with HBLs. Two RL NLS1s - J1443+4725 and J1644+2619 - are identified as high-confidence (TS > 25) g-ray sources for the first time, bringing the total number of members of this class firmly detected at g-ray energies to 8. The gamma-ray spectra of RL NLS1s are similar to FSRQs, though some have steeper spectra.

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) jets are energetic phenomena where twin jets of plasma emerge perpendicular to the plane of the accretion disk surrounding supermassive black holes in galactic centers. Radio-loud jets are largely divided into classes based on the angle of observation (blazars versus radio galaxies), spectral line widths (Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars/FSRQs versus BL Lac objects/BL Lacs), and location of the synchrotron peak frequency in their spectral energy distribution (high-spectral peaked/HSP, intermediate-spectral peaked/ISP, or low-spectral peaked/LSP).<br><br>The linear fractional polarization of the radio emission and the direction of the polarization plan (electric vector position angle, "EVPA'') can be measured, providing information on the properties of the jets' magnetic field. This study uses and describes some processing of data from the MOJAVE program, taken with the VLBA at 15 GHz, to investigate the polarization behavior of 387 AGN. <br><br>The most polarized jets have good alignment between the EVPA and the local jet direction, and higher stability in both fractional polarization and the EVPA. This characterization best describes BL Lacs, which are notably different from FSRQs. HSP BL Lacs have lower fractional polarization than LSP BL Lacs, with fractional polarization partially dependent on apparent jet speeds. These results have supported a scenario where HSP BL Lacs and LSP BL Lacs are similar objects with differing relativistic beaming factors, while FSRQs and BL Lacs as a class have inherent differences in the makeup of their magnetic fields.

CELESTE est un échantillonneur Cerenkov basé sur la reconversion de la centrale solaire de Thémis, située dans les Pyrénées-Orientales : les miroirs de la centrale permettent de recueillir la lumière Cerenkov des gerbes atmosphériques initiées par les rayons. Conçue dans le courant des années 90, cette expérience devait couvrir le domaine en énergie compris entre 30 et 300 GeV, permettant de faire le pont entre les satellites et les imageurs Cerenkov. Depuis l'année 2000, ce fut chose faite avec la détection de la nébuleuse du Crabe, puis du noyau actif de galaxie Markarian 421. Cette thèse présente le travail accompli depuis pour accroître la sensibilité de notre instrument tant par l'étude du détecteur que la conception d'une analyse originale. Malgré les conditions climatiques très difficiles pour l'observation, une nouvelle détection de la nébuleuse du Crabe est ici présentée, validant le principe de notre nouvelle analyse. Ce manuscrit se conclut sur l'étude des données provenant de deux noyaux actifs de galaxies, Markarian 421 et 1ES1426+428.

The extreme AGN known as blazars can be classified based on their spectral properties into X-ray and radio selected objects, known as XBLs and RBLs, respectively. In this work, the results of new multiwavelength campaigns are presented for two XBLs and two RBLs. Each campaign contains simultaneous observations in the radio, optical, and X-ray regimes. A campaign on a third RBL was completed using near-simultaneous archival radio, optical/IR, and gamma-ray data. The simultaneous multiwavelength behavior exhibited in each campaign was analyzed by examining the multiwavelength variability and using spectral analysis. Observations of prominent optical microvariability were quantitatively analyzed. Previously published results for other blazars were compared to the new and archival results. Many interesting results emerged from these investigations. PG 1553+11, a radio-weak blazar, was found to be an extreme XBL. During three campaigns performed for the XBL PKS 2155-304, different variability behavior was observed each time. In a high flux state, the X-ray behavior was strongly correlated with the optical behavior. In a weak state, the X-ray and optical behaviors were not correlated. In an intermediate state, the X-ray behavior was somewhat correlated with the optical behavior. CTA 102, an RBL, exhibited some of the most extreme optical microvariability ever observed, including a brightening of about 0.07 magnitudes in less than 15 minutes. Surprisingly, the optical spectra of RBLs CTA 102, PKS 1622-297, and 3C 345 were found to become redder when in a brighter flux state. The RBLs all exhibited large amplitude optical microvariability. The campaigns on PG 1553+11, CTA 102, and PKS 1622-297 were the first simultaneous multiwavelength campaigns performed for these objects. For objects in which the results of at least two campaigns were available, including PKS 2155-304, correlations that appeared to be present at one epoch seemed to vanish at other times. The SSC model represented many of the observations well. Color studies of the selected BL Lac objects found them to be bluer when brighter, while the selected FSRQs were found to be redder when brighter. These results provide strong motivation for future multiwavelength campaigns that provide broader wavelength and more extensive temporal coverage.

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are known to vary in brightness in all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and over a wide range of timescales. Many methods have been utilized to transform this observed variability into meaningful information about the central engines of AGN. One such technique, adapted from time series analysis of galactic x-ray binary systems, has been used to detect a characteristic break timescale in the power density spectra of x-ray variability in Seyfert galaxies. This timescale, thought to be related to instabilities in the accretion disk, appears to scale with black hole mass over many orders of magnitude. This dissertation performs similar time series analyses with the optical data of eight blazars. The majority of these objects also display a characteristic break timescale. In cases where a black hole estimate is known, the timescales are in good agreement with the relationship observed for galactic x-ray binary systems and Seyfert galaxies. For objects of unknown mass, this relationship can be used to provide a mass estimate of the supermassive black hole. Comparisons are made between the structure function and power density spectrum for each object, and the implications for the connection between the accretion disk and the relativistic jet in AGN are discussed.

CELESTE est un échantillonneur Cerenkov basé sur la reconversion de la centrale solaire de Thémis, située dans les Pyrénées-Orientales : les miroirs de la centrale permettent de recueillir la lumière Cerenkov des gerbes atmosphériques initiées par les rayons.<br />Conçue dans le courant des années 90, cette expérience devait couvrir le domaine en énergie compris entre 30 et 300 GeV, permettant de faire le pont entre les satellites et les imageurs Cerenkov.<br />Depuis l'année 2000, ce fut chose faite avec la détection de la nébuleuse du Crabe, puis du noyau actif de galaxie Markarian 421.<br />Cette thèse présente le travail accompli depuis pour accroître la sensibilité de notre instrument tant par l'étude du détecteur que la conception d'une analyse originale. Malgré les conditions climatiques très difficiles pour l'observation, une nouvelle détection de la nébuleuse du Crabe est ici présentée, validant le principe de notre nouvelle analyse. Ce manuscrit se conclut sur l'étude des données provenant de deux noyaux actifs de galaxies, Markarian 421 et 1ES1426+428.

Blazars are the most luminous persistent and enigmatic objects in the sky. They constitute a sub-class of active galactic nuclei (AGN) whose relativistic plasma jets are closely aligned to our line of sight. By monitoring the polarized emission of these jets and subsequently modeling flares in the high-energy emission, we are able to gain insight into the parsec-scale physics of the jets close to the central engines. My dissertation develops and augments several theoretical models of high-energy blazar emission. The vast majority of gamma-ray flares detected in blazars are highly correlated with flares detected at longer wavelengths; however, a small subset of these gamma-ray flares appear to occur in isolation. These "orphan" gamma-ray flares challenge current models of blazar variability. I have developed a theoretical model of blazar emission to explain the origin of these orphan flares. This model invokes the presence of a sheath of plasma enshrouding the relativistic spine of the jet. The sheath supplies photons that are inverse-Compton scattered up to high energies by relativistic electrons contained within the jet, producing an orphan flare. This model is successfully applied to a number of such gamma-ray flares. In addition, I present stacked radio images that highlight the presence of jet sheaths in my sample of blazars. Circular polarization (CP) has been detected in a number of blazar jets. CP is very sensitive to the underlying plasma content of the jet. A. Marscher has developed the Turbulent Extreme Multi-Zone (TEMZ) model for blazar emission consisting of thousands of individual cells of plasma that propagate relativistically across a standing shock in the jet. The turbulent nature of the magnetic field within the TEMZ grid naturally creates a birefringent environment in which CP emission can be produced. In order to investigate whether the TEMZ model can indeed produce CP, I have developed a numerical algorithm to solve the full Stokes equations of polarized radiative transfer. I apply this algorithm to ray tracing through the TEMZ model. I am able to demonstrate that TEMZ can reproduce CP at the levels present in blazars.

Blazars are active galactic nuclei characterized by ultra-luminous broad-band, non-thermal radio to gamma-ray continuum radiation, and by irregular, rapid flux variability across wavebands. They are divided into two subclasses: BL Lac objects and flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs). A primary method employed to probe our understanding of these objects is to study their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Until recently, however, studies of blazar SEDs have been hindered by an insufficient number of simultaneous observations across the spectrum, a critical deficiency with such variable objects. In this thesis, I discuss the data accumulated by an international, long-term, 35-blazar monitoring program led by the Boston University blazar group. By systematically processing these data, I produce SEDs using measurements obtained on average within nine hours per epoch. Sufficient measurements exist within the data set to study the sources in differing states of activity. I propose a definition of quiescent and active states, and extract measurements for epochs during which the sources were either quiescent or active in the gamma-ray regime. For these epochs, I measure the spectral slopes and statistically analyze the relationships between slopes at the different frequency regimes. While the subclasses exhibit some distinct characteristics in the optical and gamma-ray indices when quiescent, these distinctions are significantly less pronounced when the objects are active. The spectral indices for the FSRQs steepen when active in the optical, flatten in the gamma-ray, and remain flat and stable in the X-ray. Generally, BL Lacs exhibit less pronounced changes between states than do the FSRQs.