Blended finance (“BF”) is a form of structuring finance which involves using foreign aid to leverage commercial funding to a project. The topic is generally under researched, despite its increased importance in development finance and as a tool in attaining the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This research set out to investigate if BF was being applied in a justified manner in private sector renewable energy (“RE”) projects in Sub-Saharan Africa (“SSA”). The first two sub-questions looked at the criteria considered when qualifying projects for BF, and the factors influencing terms offered. The final sub-question was to seek operational evidence of appropriate BF usage. Data was collected through a series of semi-structured interviews with Donors, Development Finance Institutions (“DFIs”) and research institutions and analyzed using an inductive thematic approach. A descriptive case study was used to answer the final sub-question, and involved interviews with key individuals involved with the BF approval process in the selected project. The results suggest that BF is being applied in a justified manner. Sub-question one found that there is a difference in the criteria considered by Donors and DFIs when offering BF. Donor principles appear to be broader, due to their limited engagement on individual projects and delegated investment authority to DFIs. Having a development rationale and economic case for the use of BF was a prominent theme with DFIs and Donors. Factors influencing the BF terms offered to projects were difficult to extract due to the sensitive nature of the topic. Four factors did emerge, with minimizing concessionality being an overarching theme. For the final sub-question, the Mocuba Solar project was used as a case study and provided much needed evidence on the detailed processes followed in assessing the projects need for BF and how terms were derived. This research sheds light on the project level use of BF in the SSA RE IPP context and identifies areas where improvements can be made. Having more BF case studies and an agreed definition of BF for reporting purposes were recommendations to ensure BF is applied effectively.

This thesis examines if private capital can progress social sustainability through financial instrumentsby unveiling how philanthropy can serve to mobilise private capital investments, alongside social impactbonds, using various finance framework approaches. Presently, the dialogues within sustainable financehave focused primarily on the environmental rather than the social aspects despite social sustainabilitybeing identified as a key component to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, an investigation onwhat can be done to mobilise more capital into social sustainability investments was performed. By conducting a literature pre-study and a survey, this study was able to identify that investors wouldlike for there to be a philanthropic mechanism in place within financial frameworks. However, they donot see themselves as playing a part in contributing philanthropically themselves, rather, it seems asthough investors would prefer for philanthropy to be a separate role. Despite this, when presented withframeworks according to their preferences, investors were hesitant to invest, indicating that it is thebarriers that investors face to make social sustainability investments that must be alleviated in order tomake a fair assessment of the potential for philanthropy alongside social impact bonds to mobilise moreprivate capital into social sustainability investments. / Denna avhandling undersöker ifall privat kapital kan främja social hållbarhet via finansiella instrument.Detta görs genom att utreda hur filantropi genom olika finansieringsramverk kan fungera som ettverktyg för att mobilisera privata kapitalinvesteringar tillsammans med resultatbaseradefinansieringsavtal. För närvarande har fokuset inom hållbar finans främst varit på de miljömässigasnarare än de sociala aspekterna. Detta trots att social hållbarhet har identifierats som ennyckelkomponent för att uppnå hållbar utveckling. Med detta som bakgrund, gjordes en undersökningav vad som kan göras för att frigöra mer kapital till investeringar i social hållbarhet. Genom en litteraturförstudie och enkätundersökning kunde denna avhandling identifiera följande:Investerare vill att det ska finnas en filantropisk mekanism i finansiella ramverk. Däremot serinvesterarna sig inte att de har en roll i att själva bidra filantropiskt, utan de föredrar att filantropi är enseparat roll. Trots detta var investerarna tveksamma till att investera när de presenterades med ramverkenligt deras preferenser, vilket tyder på att det finns andra hinder. Identifierade hinder är: Otydlighetergällande hållbarhetsaspekter i investeringarna, brist på investeringsmöjligheter och svårighetergällande mätning av social påverkan. Dessa hinder måste minskas för att kunna göra en rättvisbedömning av filantropins potential tillsammans med resultatbaserade finansieringsavtal för attmobilisera mer privat kapital till investeringar i social hållbarhet.

The study considers whether blended finance helps scale up private investment in southern Africa's community-based conservation. It examines what are stakeholder's perspectives on the opportunities, barriers and risks of using blended finance to help scale up private investment in this context. Further, it delves into which, if any, of the revenue- generating activities available to communities from conservation are most viable to upscale with blended finance, and via which blended finance tools. The questions were answered via an exploratory sequential mixed methods design, utilising interviews in Phase 1 and a survey completed by 104 respondents in Phase 2. The output from the research is a publicly available inventory of blended investment options for community-based conservation, including seven types of non-tourism, conservation-related revenue streams. Five of these are ranked positively for scalability, wildlife economy, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in carbon and restoration, and forestry and agriculture related supply chains. The study suggests some viable space between demand and supply for conservation finance at the community level and provides insight into how to overcome the barriers to these; particularly in the context of communal land, which is a common arrangement for southern African conservation. There are limited first-hand examples of blended finance being used for community-based conservation. The research points to a gap in using insurance and guarantees as blended finance tools to address the challenges of credit risk for investors on communal land; such tools could be catalytic in unlocking private investment in conservation that returns environmental and development benefits in this region. The study addresses the missed opportunity for communities to benefit from conservation at a much greater scale than presently experienced. It also serves to update the working theory of conservation finance to the context of community-based conservation.

Blended finance has the past decade become an increasingly popular way for development banks in Southeast Asia to invest in renewable energy projects with the aim of mobilizing additional private investments. Although definitions of the method differ among stakeholders, blended finance is a way of blending development loans with below-market-rate funds to lower risks experienced by private investors. This relatively unexplored financing approach could be one of the solutions to bridge the large private funding gap the region's renewable energy sector is currently experiencing. This paper investigates if and how blended finance contributes to the diffusion of renewable energy innovation in Southeast Asia, through the mobilization of further private investments. To do this, the de-risking effects of blended finance have been investigated, as well as which stage in the diffusion innovation process blended finance is relevant, and how it contributes to the innovation functions of an energy technology innovation system. Exploratory interviews were held with both regional climate finance experts, as well as with eight blended finance investment executives. The findings from this thesis show that blended finance helps renewable energy technologies in their product commercialization and market formation stage, by targeting first-mover projects. During this stage, renewable energy projects in Southeast Asia experience especially high barriers to attracting private investments, the so-called commercialization valley of death. Further, blended finance contributes to four out of seven innovation functions in the energy technology innovation system: Resource mobilization, knowledge diffusion, creation of legitimacy and market creation. The financial risks of renewable energy projects are being mitigated as the public loans and concessional funds lower costs and create increased returns, leading to projects being more financially attractive for private investors. The perceived risks among private investors are being mitigated through knowledge diffusion and the creation of legitimacy. Development banks spread the knowledge about investments in renewable energy projects, as well as the technology, and the very existence of blended finance investment brings a quality mark for renewable energy projects. The paper additionally found that the lack of a common definition of blended finance leads to a lack of common methodologies, data availability and evaluations of the approach. This in turn leads to little research and difficulties in collaboration among blended finance investors, ultimately resulting in the approach being hard to scale. / Blandfinansiering, eller "blended finance", har det senaste decenniet blivit ett allt populärare sätt för utvecklingsbanker i Sydostasien att investera i projekt för förnyelsebar energi. Blandfinansiering ett sätt att blanda vanliga utvecklingslån med lån med en lägre ränta än marknadsräntan. Syftet är att attrahera och mobilisera mer privata investeringar mot förnyelsebar energi, genom att minska riskerna privata investerare upplever. Denna relativt outforskade finansieringsmetod kan vara en av lösningarna för att överbrygga den stora privata finansieringsklyfta som den sydostasiatiska förnyelsebara energisektorn upplever. Denna uppsats undersöker om och hur bland finansieringbidrar till spridningen av innovationer inom förnybar energi i Sydostasien. Detta genom att undersöka de riskminimerande effekterna av blandfinansiering, i vilken fas in innovationsprocessen blandfinansiering är relevant och hur det bidrar till innovationsfunktionerna inom ett energitekniskt innovationssystem. Explorativa intervjuer hölls med både regionala experter inom klimatfinansiering och med åtta investerare inom blandfinansiering. Resultaten visar att blandfinansiering hjälper förnyelsebar energiteknik i produktkommersialiserings- och marknadsbildningsfasen i innovationsprocessen, genom att rikta in sig på "first-mover" projekt. I denna fas upplever projekt för förnyelsebar energi i Sydostasien särskilt höga hinder för att attrahera privata investeringar, den så kallade "commercialisation valley of death". Vidare bidrar blandfinansiering till fyra av sju innovationsfunktioner i det energitekniska innovationssystemet: Resursmobilisering, kunskapsspridning, legitimitetsskapande och marknadsskapande. Den finansiella risken för förnyelsebara energiprojekt sjunker då blandfinansiering sänker kostnaderna och ökar avkastningen, vilket leder till att projekten blir mer ekonomiskt attraktiva för privatainvesterare. De upplevda riskerna bland privata investerare sjunker genom kunskapsspridning och skapandet av legitimitet. Utvecklingsbanker sprider kunskapen om hur man investerar i förnyelsebara energiprojekt, och utvecklingsbankernas närvaro i projekten skapar trovärdighet. Rapporten fann dessutom att avsaknaden av en gemensam definition för blandfinansiering leder till en brist på gemensamma metoder, datatillgänglighet och utvärderingar av investeringsmetoden. Detta leder i sin tur till lite forskning och svårigheter i samarbetet mellan investerare, vilket resulterar i att blandfinansiering är svårt att etablera på en större skala.