Submitted by Amanda Rodrigues de Souza null (amandarodrigues@fca.unesp.br) on 2016-07-27T19:51:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Amanda_Rodrigues_de_Souza.pdf: 1470066 bytes, checksum: b3e347fb6ccbaf93240df639ac9ce0fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-29T13:37:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ar_dr_bot.pdf: 1470066 bytes, checksum: b3e347fb6ccbaf93240df639ac9ce0fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T13:37:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ar_dr_bot.pdf: 1470066 bytes, checksum: b3e347fb6ccbaf93240df639ac9ce0fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Plantações de Eucalyptus spp. estão em expansão no Brasil, sendo o país com maior área cultivada do mundo. Contudo, esses plantios vem sofrendo perdas devido ao ataque de insetos-praga, principalmente, as pragas exóticas. A vespa-da-galha do eucalipto, Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) é um exemplo de invasão. Este inseto se disseminou rapidamente pelos plantios de eucalipto brasileiros a partir de 2008. Neste sentido, estudos são conduzidos para conhecer os aspectos bioecológicos, comportamentais e medidas de controle da praga. O controle biológico tem se mostrado uma medida promissora, principalmente por meio da importação de inimigos naturais, como o parasitoide australiano Selitrichodes neseri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Neste trabalho foram avaliados aspectos da biologia de L. invasa e de seu parasitoide exótico S. neseri, e levantamento populacional de vespas galhadoras em florestas de eucalipto na Austrália. Inicialmente, foram realizados testes de longevidade de fêmeas de L. invasa em diferentes dietas e em sete temperaturas constantes em laboratório, a fim de estimar a sobrevivência deste inseto-praga em diferentes regiões brasileiras. O ciclo de vida de L. invasa foi avaliado em mudas de E. grandis x E. camaldulensis. Em adição, foram avaliados aspectos biológicos do parasitoide S. neseri multiplicados em mudas de eucalipto infestadas por L. invasa em laboratório, com intuito de conhecer a biologia e comportamento do parasitoide. Na última etapa foi realizado o levantamento populacional de espécies de vespas galhadoras em eucalipto na costa leste da Austrália, além de verificar a associação com as espécies de Eucalyptus hospedeiras de importância econômica para o Brasil. A sobrevivência de L. invasa é prolongada com dietas contendo mel, sob temperaturas de 14ºC e 18ºC. A duração média do ciclo de vida de L. invasa foi 87 dias ± 5,3 dias; além disso, o macho de L. invasa também foi registrado no Brasil. A multiplicação do parasitoide S. neseri em laboratório e campo forneceu informações básicas sobre aspectos biológicos desse inimigo natural. Novas detecções de Leptocybe spp. foram registradas nos estados de Queensland e New South Wales, auxiliando o entendimento da distribuição da vespa-da-galha na Austrália. / Eucalyptus spp. plantations are expanding in Brazil, which has the largest area planted in the world. However, these crops have suffered losses due to the attack of insects pest, mainly exotic pests. The blue-gum chalcid, Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a example of invasion. This insect has spread rapidly in the Brazilian eucalyptus plantations after 2008. In this sense, studies are performed to know the bioecological, behavioral aspects and pest control measures. The biological control has proven to be a promising strategy, especially through import of natural enemies such as Australian parasitoid Selitrichodes neseri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). In this work, aspects of biology of L. invasa and its exotic parasitoide S. neseri, and population survey of gall wasps on eucalypt forests in Australia of were assessed. Initially, longevity test of L. invasa were performed with different diets and at seven constant temperatures in the laboratory, in order to estimate the survival of this pest insect in different Brazilian regions. The life-cycle of L. invasa was evaluated in E. grandis x E. camaldulensis nurseries. In addition, we assessed the biological aspects of parasitoid S. neseri multiplied in infested eucalyptus seedlings by L. invasa in the laboratory, in order to know the biology and behavior of this parasitoid. In the last step, it was performed the population survey of gall wasps species on eucalypt in East coast of Australia, therefore, to verify the association with the host Eucalyptus species of economic importance to Brazil. The survival of L. invasa is prolonged by providing diets containing honey, and in temperatures of 14ºC and 18ºC. The average duration of life-cycle of L. invasa was 87 days ± 5.3 days, furthermore, the L. invasa male was also record in Brazil. The multiplication of the parasitoid S. neseri in laboratory and field provided basic informations about biological aspects of this natural enemy. New detections of Leptocybe spp. were recorded in Queensland and New South Wales State, helping the understanding about the distribution of blue-gum chalcid in Australia. / CNPq: 142131/2012-1

Eucalyptus globulus is the subject of intense debate in California. Its invasive potential, aggressive growth, reproductive biology, and association with fire make the prediction of spread important in California. Two modeling simulations, Climex and Maxent, will illustrate the distribution and potential growth range of E. globulus in California based on climate and presence. Modeling the potential range of growth will predict invasive spread. The anticipated result is the continued spread of E. globulus in coastal regions with adequate moisture and suitable climate. Predicting the range of E. globulus in California dictates management strategy and is key for preventing further introduction, establishment, and dispersal.

It is widely accepted that allelopathy is not only significant, but more or less singular, in the inhibition of understory vegetation in California Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum) plantations. However, there is no published documentation of allelopathy by blue gums against California native species. Here, we present evidence that germination and early seedling growth of five California native species are not inhibited by chemical extracts of blue gum foliage, either at naturally-occurring or artificially concentrated levels. In the greenhouse, seeds were germinated in field-collected soil from mature blue gum plantations and the adjacent native, coastal scrub communities. In petri plates, seeds of native species were germinated in the presence of concentrated volatile and water-soluble compounds from fresh foliage of blue gum, coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) as a negative control, or white sage (Salvia apiana) as a positive control, or in a water control. In the greenhouse, blue gum soil supported germination and early seedling growth of native species equal to or better than coastal scrub soil. In the lab, germination of native species was not inhibited when grown in the presence of volatile compounds from blue gum foliage, compared to the native control (coast live oak) or the neutral water control. Germination of three out of five native species tested was not inhibited in the presence of water-soluble compounds from blue gum foliage, compared to coast live oak or the water control. Our results contradict the long-standing paradigm that blue gums are toxic to California natives, which may have significant implications for management and restoration of land historically occupied by blue gum plantations.