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Traditionally, electrical brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have required the assembly of two separate components: electrodes for interfacing with tissue and electronics for signal acquisition and stimulation. Furthermore, these electronics required cabled connections to workstations for data processing and control. Efforts to overcome these limitations have made significant progress in the last decade. Now, there are in vivo validated monolithic electrophysiological BCI devices, exemplified by the Neuropixels, that integrate the two components onto a single platform. At the same time, a new generation of fully wireless BCI devices that reside entirely under the skin has been developed. Despite these advancements, the current state-of-the-art BCIs have yet to overcome both challenges simultaneously. Multi-channel, high-bandwidth monolithic BCIs still require percutaneous wired connections, whereas wireless BCIs rely on the assembly of discrete components that result in bulky form factors. The next generation of BCIs calls for a new paradigm that integrates electrodes and electronics into a miniaturized form factor while supporting a fully wireless operation. This thesis contributes to the collaborative effort that presents such a paradigm through the development of a wireless, battery-free micro-electrocorticography (μECoG) device that monolithically integrates electrodes, signal processing, data telemetry, and powering onto a single complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) substrate. The device contains 65,536 recording and 16,384 stimulation channels, from which a programmable subset of up to 1024 channels can berecorded at a given time. Implemented in a mechanically flexible, 50-μm-thick form factor with a total volume of only 7.2 mm³, the device is implanted entirely in the subdural space and conforms to the contour of the cortical tissue surface. A custom "relay station" provides wireless powering and bi-directional communication to the implant from outside the body. The system was validated through a series of proof-of-concept in vivo recordings from different cortical regions of a pig and non-human primates, reliably decoding brain signals at high spatiotemporal resolution. By using a unique, fully integrated architecture, the BCI developed in this work achieves orders-of-magnitude improvements in volumetric efficiency and channel count over existing approaches, setting a milestone for the next generation of BCI devices.

"Our modern society is increasingly relying on the collection, processing, and sharing of digital information. There are two fundamental trends: (1) Enabled by the rapid developments in sensor, wireless, and networking technologies, communication and networking are becoming more and more pervasive and ad hoc. (2) Driven by the explosive growth of hardware and software capabilities, computation power is becoming a public utility and information is often stored in centralized servers which facilitate ubiquitous access and sharing. Many emerging platforms and systems hinge on both dimensions, such as E-healthcare and Smart Grid. However, the majority information handled by these critical systems is usually sensitive and of high value, while various security breaches could compromise the social welfare of these systems. Thus there is an urgent need to develop security and privacy mechanisms to protect the authenticity, integrity and confidentiality of the collected data, and to control the disclosure of private information. In achieving that, two unique challenges arise: (1) There lacks centralized trusted parties in pervasive networking; (2) The remote data servers tend not to be trusted by system users in handling their data. They make existing security solutions developed for traditional networked information systems unsuitable. To this end, in this dissertation we propose a series of user-centric security and privacy mechanisms that resolve these challenging issues in untrusted network and computing environments, spanning wireless body area networks (WBAN), mobile social networks (MSN), and cloud computing. The main contributions of this dissertation are fourfold. First, we propose a secure ad hoc trust initialization protocol for WBAN, without relying on any pre-established security context among nodes, while defending against a powerful wireless attacker that may or may not compromise sensor nodes. The protocol is highly usable for a human user. Second, we present novel schemes for sharing sensitive information among distributed mobile hosts in MSN which preserves user privacy, where the users neither need to fully trust each other nor rely on any central trusted party. Third, to realize owner-controlled sharing of sensitive data stored on untrusted servers, we put forward a data access control framework using Multi-Authority Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE), that supports scalable fine-grained access and on-demand user revocation, and is free of key-escrow. Finally, we propose mechanisms for authorized keyword search over encrypted data on untrusted servers, with efficient multi-dimensional range, subset and equality query capabilities, and with enhanced search privacy. The common characteristic of our contributions is they minimize the extent of trust that users must place in the corresponding network or computing environments, in a way that is user-centric, i.e., favoring individual owners/users."

The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Method has been a powerful tool in numerical simulation of electromagnetic (EM) problems for decades. In recent years, it has also been applied to biomedical research to investigate the interaction between EM waves and biological tissues. In Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) studies, to better understand the localization problem within the body, an accurate source/receiver model must be investigated. However, the traditional source models in FDTD involve effective volume and may cause error in near field arbitrary direction. This thesis reviews the basic mathematical and numerical foundation of the Finite Difference Time Domain method and the material properties needed when modeling a human body in FDTD. Then Coincident Phase Centers (CPCs) point sources models have been introduced which provide nearly the same accuracy at the distances as small as 3 unit cells from the phase center. Simultaneously, this model outperforms the usual sources in the near field when an arbitrary direction of the electric or magnetic dipole moment is required.

Capacitive communication using human body as a electrical channel has attracted much attention in the area of personal area networks (PANs) since its introduction by Zimmerman in 1995. The reason being that the personal information and communication appliances are becoming an integral part of our daily lives. The advancement in technology is also helping a great deal in making them interesting,useful and very much affordable. If we interconnect these body-based devices with capacitive communication approach in a manner appropriate to the power, size, cost and functionality, it lessens the burden of supporting a communication channel by existing wired and wireless technologies. More than that, using body as physical communication channel for a PAN device compared to traditional radio transmission seems to have a lot of inherent advantages in terms of power and security etc. But still a lot of feasibility and reliability issues have to be addressed before it is ready for prime time. This promising technology is recently sub-classified into body area networks (BAN) and is currently under discussion in the IEEE 802.15.6 Task Group for addressing the technical requirements to unleash its full potential for BANs. This could play a part in Ericsson's envision of  50 billion connections by 2020. This thesis work is part of the main project to investigate the models, interface and derive requirements on the analog-front-end (AFE) required for the system. Also to suggest a first order model of the AFE that suits this communication system.In this thesis work the human body is modeled along with interfaces and transceiver to reflect the true condition of the system functioning. Various requirements like sensitivity, dynamic range, noise figure and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirements are derived based on the system model. An AFE model based on discrete components is simulated, which was later used for proof of concept. Also a first order AFE model is developed based on the requirements derived. The AFE model is simulated under the assumed interference and noise conditions. The first order requirements for the submodules of the AFE are also derived. Future work and challenges are discussed.

M. Tech. Information Networks / This dissertation reports on a prototype implementation of an architecture that seamlessly integrates Wireless Body Area Networks with Web services for ubiquitous healthcare service provisioning. The prototype ubiquitous monitoring system proactively collects body physiological signals of remote patients to recommend diagnostic services. The technologies that are based upon Wireless Body Area Networks and Web services can provide ubiquitous accessibility to variety of services by allowing distributed healthcare resources to be massively reused. This contributes to improving quality of healthcare services and shields individuals from physically moving to locations where healthcare services are provided, except in a critical situation. In addition, the technology can reduce costs of healthcare services by allowing individuals to remotely access services to support their healthcare. Especially our system is designed for ubiquitous monitoring of elderly and patients in recovery (or rehabilitation). The Wireless Body Area Networks - Web services architecture is at crossroad of embedded engineering of hardware, software and networking protocols. Testing of the prototype was carried out on enthusiastic volunteers and it has shown to be an efficient, reliable and support state-of-art service provisioning of ubiquitous healthcare monitoring in health sector.

This paper presents a scheduling algorithm for point to point wireless power transfer system (WPTS) to sensor nodes of wireless body area networks (WBAN). Since the sensors of wireless body area networks are continuously monitoring and sending data to remote central unit, power crisis for these sensor nodes degrades the data transfer of patient monitoring system. Although energy harvesting from ambient sources using electromagnetic induction enhances the longevity of sensor performance, continuous operation in the primary side decreases the overall efficiency. With such paradigm in sight, a framework is proposed for increasing the primary battery longevity and reducing the transmission loss, inductive power is transmitted from primary to secondary unit using medium access control (MAC) protocols for underlying the centralized scheduling opportunity in a collision free scheme for channel access of rare yet critical emergency situation. In a preliminary study, the proposed scheduling for charging sensor nodes in a wireless body area network (WBAN) is evaluated in a case consideration.

Les environnements intelligents et l’homme connecté semble être la prochaine évolution des télécommunications sans fil. En effet, le développement des nouvelles bandes de fréquence millimétriques permettront de créer des communications haut débit et de nouveaux types d’environnements, les Wireless Body Environment Networks, où les utilisateurs auront la possibilité d’interagir avec l’environnement. Pour développer ces environnements, il est nécessaire d’étudier les mécanismes de propagation et les canaux de communication sans fil autour du corps humain. Cette thèse analyse les canaux de propagation pour les réseaux corporels à 60 GHz et plus particulièrement trois scenarios: (i) la propagation entre une station de base externe et un noeud placé à proximité du corps (off-body) ; (ii) la propagation entre deux noeuds portés sur le corps (on-body) ; (iii) la communication entre une station de base externe et un noeud tenu porté par la main de l’utilisateur (near-body). Un modèle de canal numérique est proposé et implémenté pour modéliser la propagation off-body en environnement intérieur. Le modèle est basé sur le standard IEEE 802.11ad et une solution de la diffraction d’une onde plane incidente sur un modèle cylindrique du corps humain. Le modèle est développé pour deux polarisations orthogonales et les performances d’une communication WiGig sont étudiées via le bit error rate. La propagation on-body est étudiée pour deux différentes configurations: avec et sans ligne de vue directe. Ces scenarios mènent à des solutions analytiques différentes: l’équation de Norton et l’onde rampante. Ces solutions sont obtenues en utilisant des modèles de corps simplifiés et ont été validées expérimentalement. De plus, une méthode permettant d’améliorer le bilan de liaison entre deux dispositifs portés sur le corps en utilisant des plaques métalliques réduisant les pertes de propagation. Cette technique a été illustrée théoriquement en utilisant les équations de Millington. Une campagne de mesure a été effectuée sur un modèle de corps plat ayant les propriétés électriques de la peau humaine. Il a été montré que cette méthode permet d’augmenter le bilan de liaison de 20 dB. La région near-body s’étendant de 5 à 30 cm du corps humain est étudiée. Il s’agit de la région correspondant à la portée de main. Un algorithme numérique est proposé pour modéliser la présence d’un utilisateur dans un environnement intérieur. Un modèle statistique a aussi été proposé. Il a été montré que la distribution spatiale du champ suit une Two-Wave Diffuse Power distribution. / The smart environments and the connected human seems to be the future of wireless communications. The development of new frequency bands in the millimeter range will allow us to create high data rate communications which will led to the Wireless Body Environment Networks. In this kind of scenarios, it is expected that the user and the environment will interact. In order to develop such new applications, it is necessary to first study the propagation mechanisms and then, the communication channel underlying body centric environments. This thesis treats of channel models for 60 GHz Body Area Networks and more particularly of three kinds of scenarios: (i) the communication between an external base station and a worn node (off-body); (ii) the communication between two worn nodes (on-body); the communication between an external base station and a hand-held device (near-body). An indoor off-body channel model is numerically proposed and implemented. The model is based on the IEEE 802.11ad indoor standard channel at 60 GHz and a fast computation solution of the scattering of a plane wave by a circular cylinder. The model is developed for two orthogonal polarizations and the communications performances are studied. The on-body propagation is studied for two different configurations: line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight communications on the body. These scenarios led to different solutions for the channel knowing as, respectively, Norton’s equations and creeping formulations. These solutions are obtained using simplified geometries which has been experimentally validated. Further, in order to improve the propagation on the human body, a technique using metallic plates has been proposed. This technique has been theoretically studied using Milligton’s equations and experimentally assessed on a flat phantom with the properties of the human skin. The proposed method allows to save up to 20 dB. Finally, the near-body communication scenario has been introduced and studied. The near-body region is extended from 5 to 30 cm away of the user body which corresponds to the arm’s reach and models a handheld device. A numerical algorithm has been proposed to model indoor near-body environments. Also, a special has been given to statistical body shadowing. It has been shown that the fading follows a Two-Wave Diffuse Power distribution.