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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Avaliação de células dendríticas ativadas como tratamento da esporotricose murina em modelo experimental /

Jellmayer, Juliana Aparecida. January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Iracilda Zeppone Carlos / Resumo: A esporotricose é uma micose de distribuição universal causada por fungos termodimórficos do complexo de espécies Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii). No Brasil, a esporotricose é considerada endêmica, sendo normalmente adquirida pela inoculação acidental do seu agente causal através da pele ou através da transmissão zoonótica por gatos infectados. As formas clínicas podem variar entre cutânea, linfocutânea e sistêmica, esta última sendo mais comumente observada em pacientes imunodeprimidos. A ineficácia do tratamento antifúngico contra esta micose, especialmente em pacientes imunocomprometidos, tem levado à busca de terapias mais eficazes e seguras. Com base em vários estudos que mostram a eficiente utilização de células dendríticas como ferramenta para o desenvolvimento de vacinas contra diferentes fungos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade protetora de células dendríticas derivadas da medula óssea (BMDCs) ativadas com as proteínas da superfície celular de S. schenckii (PSCs) em camundongos infectados com S. schenckii strictu sensu. As BMDCs foram estimuladas com PSCs e analisadas quanto à expressão superficial de moléculas co-estimulatórias, bem como à secreção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Posteriormente, camundongos sádios foram vacinados com uma ou duas doses de BMDCs para avaliar a sua imunogenicidade e, por último, foi avaliado o efeito das BMDCs em camundongos infectados por S. schenckii. Nossos resultados mostram que as PSCs foram capazes de ativar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sporotrichosis is a universally distributed mycosis caused by thermodimorphic fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii) species complex. In Brazil, sporotrichosis is considered endemic and is usually acquired by accidental inoculation of its causative agent through the skin or through zoonotic transmission by infected cats. Clinical forms may vary between cutaneous, lymphocutaneous and systemic, the latter being more commonly observed in immunosuppressed patients. The ineffectiveness of antifungal treatment against this mycosis, especially in immunocompromised patients, has led to the search for more effective and safe therapies. Based on several studies showing the efficient use of dendritic cells as a tool for the development of different fungal vaccines, the aim of this work was to evaluate the protective capacity of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) activated with cell surface proteins of S. schenckii (ScCWP) in mice infected with S. schenckii strictu sensu. The BMDCs were stimulated with PSCs and analyzed for surface expression of costimulatory molecules and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, healthy mice were vaccinated with one or two doses of BMDCs to assess their immunogenicity, and finally the effect of BMDCs on S. schenckii infected mice was evaluated. Our results show that the ScCWPs were able to activate BMDCs. Immunization of healthy mice with ScCWPs-stimulated BMDCs induced a Th17 profile immune response, with increased T... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
2

Les cellules dendritiques porcines comme modèle in vitro pour évaluer la réponse immunitaire des candidats vaccinaux chez Streptococcus suis

Martelet, Léa 11 1900 (has links)
Streptococcus suis est une bactérie encapsulée causant des pertes économiques majeures dans l’industrie porcine en provoquant la méningite et la septicémie chez le porc. C’est aussi un important agent zoonotique. Depuis de nombreuses années de recherche sur des vaccins, aucun n’est efficace et commercialement disponible. En effet, les bactérines (bactéries entières inactivées) autogènes sont les plus couramment utilisées sur le terrain, mais demeurent avec des résultats controversés. Pourtant, S. suis exprime de nombreux composants immunogéniques pouvant être potentiellement utilisés pour des vaccins sous-unitaires. Cependant, tester la capacité immunogénique de ces nombreux candidats vaccinaux ainsi qu’évaluer le meilleur adjuvant pour la formulation d’un vaccin contre S. suis est un processus long et onéreux qui requiert l’utilisation d’un nombre élevé d’animaux. En effet, les essais vaccinaux contre S. suis débutent par un premier dépistage chez la souris pour ensuite être testés chez le porc. Il est donc nécessaire de développer des stratégies permettant d’avancer et de faciliter la recherche. Dans cette optique, un système in vitro a été développé utilisant des cellules dendritiques (DC) différenciées à partir des cellules souches de la moelle osseuse de fémur de porc. Ce modèle permettra l’analyse des candidats vaccinaux et de leur potentiel immunogénique ainsi que l’évaluation préliminaire des adjuvants. Ce système in vitro pourrait réduire le nombre d’animaux utilisés pour les essais précliniques en délivrant des connaissances immunologiques fondamentales sur les formulations de vaccins testés, dont ceux retenus mériteront une étude approfondie chez l’animal. Pour développer ce modèle in vitro, l’utilisation de plusieurs cultures de DCs, dérivées des cellules souches de la moelle osseuse de 10 porcelets différents, ont été utilisées afin de tenir compte du polymorphisme génétique de chacun. Différents composants antigéniques de S. suis, dont leurs pouvoirs immunogéniques ont déjà été évalués lors des essais vaccinaux, ont été choisis. Parmi eux, une protéine de surface de S. suis a été sélectionnée : l’énolase. In vivo, elle a été reconnue comme ayant une forte immunogénicité, cependant la protection conférée par cette protéine dépend de l’adjuvant utilisé dans la formulation vaccinale. La capsule polysaccharidique (CPS) de S. suis, l’antigène le plus exposé en surface de la bactérie et en première ligne de contact avec le système immunitaire, est le deuxième antigène à être sélectionné pour cette étude. Étant donné la faible immunogénicité de la CPS, reliée à sa nature polysaccharidique, un prototype glycoconjugué a été précédemment développé dans notre laboratoire et son effet protecteur a été validé chez le porc. Le glycoconjugué et ses dérivées ont aussi fait l’objet de cette présente étude. Finalement, la capacité des DCs à répondre à des bactérines a aussi été évaluée. Différentes catégories d’adjuvants ont été sélectionnées (Poly I:C, Quil A, Alhydrogel 2%, TiterMax Gold et Stimune) et leurs effets ont été comparés. L’activation des DCs a été évaluée par la production de cytokines de type 1 (IL-12 et TNF-α) et de type 2 (IL-6). Il a été observé que les adjuvants intensifiaient l’activation des DCs par une augmentation de production des cytokines par rapport aux antigènes seuls. De plus, il a été constaté que les DCs distinguaient un adjuvant de type 1 ou de type 2 par l’observation d’un profil cytokinique spécifique à chaque type de réponse suite à leur activation par les adjuvants combinés aux différents antigènes. Il a aussi été constaté que l’ampleur de la production de cytokines variait selon la nature de l’antigène présent avec les adjuvants. Enfin, il a été noté que les DCs répondaient différemment selon la nature chimique des antigènes. En conclusion, ce système in vitro a permis d’évaluer la capacité immunogénique de candidats vaccinaux, mais aussi de présélectionner les meilleurs adjuvants favorisant la réponse immunitaire désirée contre S. suis. À cette fin, ce modèle pourrait permettre la réduction du nombre d’animaux utilisés en test préclinique, en permettant une présélection des candidats vaccinaux à tester in vivo ou en fournissant des connaissances scientifiques additionnelles sur des choix des candidats cibles. Sur le long terme, ce modèle facilitera la découverte des vaccins sous-unitaires contre S. suis. / Streptococcus suis, an encapsulated bacterium, is a major swine pathogen and an important zoonotic agent mainly causing septicemia and meningitis. Despite decades of vaccine research, no effective vaccine is currently commercially available. Indeed, autogenous bacterins (whole inactivated bacteria) are the most commonly used vaccines in the field; however, their protective capacity remains controversial. Nevertheless, S. suis expresses many immunogenic constituents that may have potential as sub-unit vaccines. However, testing the immunogenic potential of the many S. suis candidates and appropriate adjuvants is a long and costly process requiring the use of many animals. Indeed, studies of vaccines against S. suis start with a first screening in mice prior to evaluation in pigs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies to advance and facilitate the research. Hence, an in vitro porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DC) culture was developed as a model for screening vaccine candidates, evaluation of their immunogenicity, and assessment of the best(s) adjuvant(s) to be used. This model could reduce the number of animals used in pre-clinical trials by providing fundamental immunological knowledge on selected vaccine formulations that would deserve further analysis in animal trials. To develop this model, porcine bone marrow-derived DC cultures from 10 different pigs were used to take into account the genetic polymorphism of individual animals. Different antigenic components of S. suis, the immunogenic properties of which have already been evaluated in vaccine trials, were selected. Among them, a surface protein of S. suis was selected: enolase. In vivo, this protein has been recognized as having high immunogenicity; however, the protection conferred by this protein depends on the adjuvant used in the vaccine formulation. The S. suis capsular polysaccharide (CPS), the most exposed antigen on the surface of the bacterium and the first line of contact with the immune system, is the second antigen selected for this study. Given the low immunogenicity of CPS, linked to its polysaccharide nature, a prototype glycoconjugate vaccine was previously developed in our laboratory and its protective effect validated in pigs. This glycoconjugate and its derivatives have also been the subject of this study. Finally, the ability of DCs to respond to bacterins was also evaluated. Different categories of adjuvants (Poly I:C, Quil A, Alhydrogel 2%, TiterMax Gold, and Stimune) were compared. The activation of DCs was evaluated by the production of type 1 (IL-12 and TNF-α) and type 2 (IL-6) cytokines. It was observed that adjuvants amplify DC activation as demonstrated by an increase of cytokine production when compared to the antigen alone. Moreover, DCs distinguish type 1 or 2 adjuvants in combination with different S. suis antigens, according to the cytokine profile observed. It has also been found that the extent of cytokine production varies depending on the nature of the antigen present with the adjuvants. Finally, it was observed that DCs respond differently depending on the chemical nature of the antigens. In conclusion, this in vitro model allows the evaluation of the immunogenic potential of vaccine candidates while also screening for adjuvants favoring the desired immune response against S. suis. Therefore, this model could permit a reduction in the number of animals used in pre-clinical trials by allowing a preselection of candidates to be tested in vivo or by providing additional scientific knowledge as a basis for the target choices. As a result, the list of candidates to be screened in the natural host in vivo would be reduced, facilitating the discovery of a subunit vaccine against S. suis.
3

Vliv střevní mikrobioty na slizniční a systémovou imunitu při experimentální autoimunitní uveitidě / Modulation of the Mucosal and Systemic Immunity by Microbiota in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis

Šlemín, Johan January 2021 (has links)
The use of probiotics has emerged in the last decades as a promising strategy when it comes to the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Through modulation of composition of the intestinal microbiota and the signalling it provides, probiotics can favourably tune the immune system. Beneficial effects of probiotic treatment have been documented in multiple animal inflammatory disease models. The effect of probiotic treatment on uveitis-a sight- threatening disease-has however not yet been described. In our study, we have tested two commercially available probiotics-Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) and Escherichia coli O83:K24:H31 (EcO)-in the treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). The disease severity was assessed by ophthalmoscopy and histology, proportions of leukocyte populations and intracellular expression of cytokines were evaluated by flow cytometry and the gut immune environment was analysed by tissue culture and ELISA. We found that prophylactic and early oral treatment with EcN reduces the severity of EAU. However, EcO treatment does not. The effects were accompanied by immune changes including a lowered production of inflammatory cytokines in Peyer's patches, a shift in macrophage populations in ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes or a reduced IRBP-specific response of CD4+ T...

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