The research over-viewed in this dissertation concerns very accurate variational calculations of the molecular systems with more than two electrons under the assumption of the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation. The centerpiece of this research is the use of explicitly correlated Gaussian (ECG) basis functions with floating centers to generate the potential energy curve (PEC) and potential energy surface (PES) of the considered molecular systems. One challenge of such calculations is the occurrence of the linear dependency between basis functions in the process of basis set optimization. The BO PECs generated with ECG basis sets were limited to two-electron molecular systems for a few decades prior to the implementation of the author's approaches to this issue. These approaches include methods for a partial remedy to linear dependence, better guessing of initial basis functions, permanently removing the restriction of memory usage in parallel computer systems, and efficiently paralleling the calculations. The approach effectively utilizing the super computer systems yields benefits not only to the ECG calculations but could also be useful in the fields that require the significant amount of the computational resources. These procedures were implemented in computer codes that were run quite extensively on several parallel computer systems during the period of the author's Ph.D study. The calculated adiabatic PECs and the rovibrational energy levels are proven to be the most accurate ones to date. The dissertation is primarily based on the content of the papers that were published in co-authorship with my scientific advisor and other collaborators in several scientific journals. It also includes some details that were not considered in the publications but are essential for the completeness and good understanding of the presented work. In order to provide readers an insight into the development of the ECG based BO molecular calculation, the published results of many calculations are classified and presented in a comprehensive way.

Over the past few years, the accelerated internationalisation by SMEs from Emerging Markets (EM-SMEs) have been facilitating by the phenomenon of the Cloud Computing. This technology as a new strategic approach has become in the centre of attention of many scholars and pragmatists. Despite prevalent use of Cloud-Computing Utilisation (CCU) and fast-paced growth of using this technology among the EM-SMEs, yet few studies have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of utilising this new technology to mitigate the internationalisation barriers of the EM-SMEs towards their accelerated internationalisation. Therefore, this research study endeavours to explore the effectiveness of the CCU in mitigation of the EM-SMEs’ internationalisation-barriers towards an accelerated internationalisation. The research survey was conducted online by SurveyMonkey with the use of random and snowball sampling methods for the collection of data from the top managers of 227 SMEs in different industries in two contexts of Iran and Turkey. A quantitative research methodology was conducted with the use of self-administrated questionnaires. In addition, the structural equation modelling (SEM) was used in data analysis by the use of IBM® SPSS® Amos software. The key findings of this research study shed light on the effectiveness of the CCU for the EM-SMEs to accelerate their internationalisation. The findings of this research confirm that the CCU enables the EM-SMEs to mitigate informational, operational, marketing and environmental barriers and consequently this technology enables the EM-SMEs to accelerate their internationalisation. This research study contributes theoretically in both International Business (IB) and Information System (IS) respectively by identifying and classifying the EM-SMEs internationalisation barriers, and by providing and confirming a series of effective the CCU’s solutions to mitigate the EM-SMEs’ internationalisation barriers. Moreover, this research study contributes methodologically by applying the SEM data analysis with the use of AMOS software in order to investigate the effectiveness of the CCU as well as quantifying the magnitude level of EM-SEMs’ integration with CC based on the definition of cloud computing (CC) which has been defined by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, 2011). Furthermore, the empirical outcomes of this research study contribute that the CCU facilitates the EM-SMEs to mitigate their informational, operational, marketing and environmental barriers towards an accelerated internationalisation. Therefore, this research contributes empirically to the EM-SMEs’ decision-makers and the cloud service providers (CSPs) in order to get the most out of this phenomenon.

The past decade has seen a surge of interest in ‘born global’ firms which internationalise rapidly following their inception. While born global internationalisation paths are commonly associated with high tech firms, there has been some limited research suggesting that biotech ventures do not fit this model. My aim, therefore, was to contribute to international business research by investigating whether biotech firms internationalise as is suggested by born global scholars. Accordingly, my research focused on examining how the internationalisation of these small firms with radical innovations might best be explained. My research proceeded by means of a comparative case study of four Australian biotech companies, with their internationalisation histories forming the focal unit of analysis. The first contribution resulting from my cross-case analysis is to show that oversimplified measures of firm inception have led to ‘conceptual stretching’ of the born global category. This does not imply that born globals do not exist; rather; I argue that greater care needs to be applied when measuring inception. Ultimately, biotech firms do not fit easily into the born global category because the lengthy innovation process they undergo means they are likely to have strong pre-organisational roots extending far beyond their incorporation date. This pre-organisational history needs to be factored in because of its effects on firm internationalisation. My second contribution is to suggest a driver for internationalisation that to date has not been included in existing research into high tech firms: namely, the influence of the innovation process. The internationalisation decisions of the case firms could be explained to a large extent by the stage that their core technologies were at. The international partnerships that the firms signed were also very much affected by the uncertainties surrounding the intellectual property being exchanged. My contribution therefore lies in proposing that incorporating the innovation process can advance understanding of high tech internationalisation. I conclude by suggesting that theory development concerning high tech internationalisation should pursue further these linkages between innovation and internationalisation. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1349297 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, The Business School, 2008

<p>The purpose of this paper is to explore the internationalization process of Chinese Born Global SMEs and attempt to reveal the uniqueness. Base on the literature review and former studies, in this paper the Born Global SME internationalization process is assumed to depend upon the firms’ entrepreneurs’ experience, background and network; Product characteristics; Degree of Internationalization; Environment and Globalization.</p><p>In the study, a qualitative study was conducted in order to generating the understanding why and how Chinese Born Global company internationalization. </p><p>More specifically, the problem was investigated by using cases study and conducting in-depth interviews of key employees in four case enterprises. The case companies were selected from a pool of respondents to a survey, all of which are located in Zhejiang Province, Eastern China and founded in 1990s.</p><p>After analyzing the empirical data and comparing them with theories, the result demonstrates that Born Global SME is extremely international, and their internationalization process is totally different from the traditional internationalization theories. </p><p>The main conclusion of the study is Born Global SMEs growing rapidly in China, however, Chinese Born Global SMEs still on initial stage, OME mode is a wide used mode to enter international market by Chinese Born Global SMEs, at the end, some recommendations was also given.</p>

The purpose of this paper is to explore the internationalization process of Chinese Born Global SMEs and attempt to reveal the uniqueness. Base on the literature review and former studies, in this paper the Born Global SME internationalization process is assumed to depend upon the firms’ entrepreneurs’ experience, background and network; Product characteristics; Degree of Internationalization; Environment and Globalization. In the study, a qualitative study was conducted in order to generating the understanding why and how Chinese Born Global company internationalization. More specifically, the problem was investigated by using cases study and conducting in-depth interviews of key employees in four case enterprises. The case companies were selected from a pool of respondents to a survey, all of which are located in Zhejiang Province, Eastern China and founded in 1990s. After analyzing the empirical data and comparing them with theories, the result demonstrates that Born Global SME is extremely international, and their internationalization process is totally different from the traditional internationalization theories. The main conclusion of the study is Born Global SMEs growing rapidly in China, however, Chinese Born Global SMEs still on initial stage, OME mode is a wide used mode to enter international market by Chinese Born Global SMEs, at the end, some recommendations was also given.

Regarding that the business model is widely used in e-business, we consider that every business should have its own business model which helps a company to evaluate the business and also create a dynamic business. In addition, the emphasis of this research is combined with another element – Born Global, which caters the globalization trend in recent decades. In fact, there are more and more Born Globals setting up in emerging market countries such as China, especially most of them are involved in manufacturing industry. In this case, the focus of this research is on the business model of Chinese manufacturing Born Globals. We investigate deeply through the interaction of each component of the business model to see how Chinese manufacturing Born Globals design and manage their business to achieve successful internationalization within China’s particular political and social background.   After reviewing abundant literatures about business model components, we conclude them into 11 components categories. Furthermore, we combine the critical success factors of Chinese Born Globals with the business model components we summarized together to find what elements may more important to Chinese Born Globals’ internationalization. Based on these, we build a new framework which includes all the 11 elements, 3 interfaces, 2 frames and 1 external environment factor to investigate how these elements interact with each, what is the logic behind the business model generally and how the external environment influence the business model. At the end, we give out a probable evaluation method for the business model.   Qualitative case study is adopted in this paper. We choose a Chinese manufacturing Born Global as case company. Both secondary and primary data are used in this research. We gather primary data through questionnaire survey and 4 times interviews. Due to the wide range of our topic and large size of our case company, we use a lot secondary data to get more comprehensive understandings of the case company.   Through the analysis of case company, we get the main picture of how Chinese manufacturing Born Glonals’ business model look like. In the conclusion, firstly we give out a brief description of what is Chinese manufacturing Born Globals’ business model. Moreover, we find the human resources within the business model cause Chinese Born Globals’ production ability, innovation ability and finally contribute to its important OEM production. As a result, we actually use the Chinese manufacturing Born Globals’ business model to explain their rapid international success. Besides that, we also get some new findings of Chinese manufacturing Born Globals from the aspects of internationalization motivation, process and success factors. According to the evaluation of Chinese manufacturing Born Globals’ business model, we find some crucial problems for example the lost brand value, the low profit and poor sustainability. These conclusions actually provide some managerial suggestions for Chinese manufacturing companies who aim to go abroad or reform their business models. / no

Dissertation--Hümanistische Fakultät--Göteborgs universitet, 2002. / Bibliogr. p. 192-201.

Thèse de doctorat : Chimie. Chimie informatique et théorique : Strasbourg 1 : 2008. / Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 6 p.

The purpose with this thesis is to explain and explore how born global companies utilize important resources in the internationalization process. The globalized world that we live in today has increased the information sharing and new technologies have changed the way companies approach the international market. Evidence in previous literature has revealed that companies have a faster approach to the international market and tend to skip the incremental internationalization process that the traditional Uppsala internationalization model supports. These companies have instead been defined as born global companies that set up their activity targeting a market that is either global by nature or within a niche field that has a very limited potential on the domestic market. We have based on the existing literature of born global companies found a research gap that this thesis aims to fill, and that is to contribute with new understandings about which resources that are utilized during the internationalization process. In order to find an answer to this research gap, a research question was formed as follows: which resources are important for the born global company and how are resources utilized during the internationalization process? A framework has been created from the previous literature and we could see that much of the existing research was conducted on the born global company´s networks, knowledge and the lack of financial capital. We could moreover see that the characteristic of the founder was seen as important but that not much of the literature actually dealt with the importance of the resources at different stages in the internationalization process. In our methodology, we have used a point of departure in where the world is socially constructed and that every situation incorporates some elements of interpretive judgments. We have furthermore used an inductive approach and collected the data from qualitative case study interviews, in order to reveal new findings rather than to test existing theory. Our empirical data consists of findings from nine born global companies as well as three Incubator centers from the northern part of Sweden. The reason to include the Incubator centers in this thesis is to give the thesis a dimension of which resources experts within the field of start-ups companies believe are important for born global companies to possess in the internationalization process. All our companies are moreover located in the northern part of Sweden and can be seen as technology driven companies. The research reveals interesting findings about which resources that were utilized and when in the internationalization process resources were seen as important. The technological knowledge was found to be important early on in the internationalization process while competence of market and sales were seen as missing in the initial stage. The amount of financial capital was moreover often perceived as adequate in the early internationalization phase but inadequate in a later stage when the company wanted to expand and thus acquire more resources. Resources related to networks were seen as the most important resources and it tends to be personal networks early on in the internationalization process. These networks were seen as shifting more towards the company´s networks, as contacts with resellers, distributors as well as collaborations with partners were created during the internationalization process.

The past decade has seen a surge of interest in ‘born global’ firms which internationalise rapidly following their inception. While born global internationalisation paths are commonly associated with high tech firms, there has been some limited research suggesting that biotech ventures do not fit this model. My aim, therefore, was to contribute to international business research by investigating whether biotech firms internationalise as is suggested by born global scholars. Accordingly, my research focused on examining how the internationalisation of these small firms with radical innovations might best be explained. My research proceeded by means of a comparative case study of four Australian biotech companies, with their internationalisation histories forming the focal unit of analysis. The first contribution resulting from my cross-case analysis is to show that oversimplified measures of firm inception have led to ‘conceptual stretching’ of the born global category. This does not imply that born globals do not exist; rather; I argue that greater care needs to be applied when measuring inception. Ultimately, biotech firms do not fit easily into the born global category because the lengthy innovation process they undergo means they are likely to have strong pre-organisational roots extending far beyond their incorporation date. This pre-organisational history needs to be factored in because of its effects on firm internationalisation. My second contribution is to suggest a driver for internationalisation that to date has not been included in existing research into high tech firms: namely, the influence of the innovation process. The internationalisation decisions of the case firms could be explained to a large extent by the stage that their core technologies were at. The international partnerships that the firms signed were also very much affected by the uncertainties surrounding the intellectual property being exchanged. My contribution therefore lies in proposing that incorporating the innovation process can advance understanding of high tech internationalisation. I conclude by suggesting that theory development concerning high tech internationalisation should pursue further these linkages between innovation and internationalisation. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1349297 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, The Business School, 2008