La multiplication des systèmes juridiques de protection des droits fondamentaux amène à repenser les théories classiques des rapports de systèmes. De nouveaux concepts viennent tenter de se substituer aux anciens, la notion d’hétérarchie tend ainsi à remplacer celle de la hiérarchie, la figure du réseau se substitue progressivement à la structure pyramidale. C’est dans ce mouvement que s’inscrit la protection équivalente des droits fondamentaux. Il s’agit d’un mécanisme jurisprudentiel mis en place dans le but de concilier les rapports entre les différents systèmes de protection des droits fondamentaux qui coexistent en Europe. Cette conciliation est permise lorsqu’il y existe une certaine convergence dans le niveau de protection de ces droits. De l’arrêt Solange II de la Cour constitutionnelle allemande en 1986, en passant par l’arrêt Bosphorus de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme en 2005 ou encore l’arrêt Arcelor du Conseil d’Etat français en 2007, la solution fondée sur la recherche de l’équivalence des protections, du fait de sa souplesse, se retrouve dans de nombreuses jurisprudences, avec des résultats variés. En effet, la souplesse induite par le caractère jurisprudentiel de la protection équivalente peut entrainer une certaine instrumentalisation de celle-ci, que ce soit au niveau de ces conditions de mise en œuvre ou de ces effets. Aussi, si la protection équivalente permet la mise en contact des différents systèmes de protection des droits fondamentaux, elle ne peut être encore perçue comme un véritable mécanisme d’articulation des rapports de systèmes. / The multiplication of legal systems in the field of the protection of fundamental rights leads to reconsider the classical theories of systemic relationships. New concepts intend to replace the former ones, heterarchy tries to substitute the idea of hierarchy, network replaces gradually the pyramidal structure. The equivalent protection of fundamental rights enters in this movement. Equivalent protection is a jurisprudential mechanism settled in the purpose of conciliating the relationships between the different legal systems of fundamental rights’ protection in Europe. This conciliation is allowed if there is a certain convergence in the level of protection of these rights. From the Solange II case of the German constitutional court in 1986, passing by the Bosphorus case of the European court of human rights in 2005, to Arcelor case of the French supreme administrative judge, the solution based on equivalent protection exists in several cases with different results. But the flexibility induced by the jurisprudential nature of equivalent protection can lead to a certain form of instrumentalization. As a result, if the equivalent protection is enable to establish the connection between the different legal systems of protection of fundamental rights, it still cannot be regarded as a true mechanism of legal systems articulation.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojami esminiai ir probleminiai Europos Sąjungos prisijungimo prie Žmogaus teisių ir laisvių apsaugos konvencijos teisiniai aspektai bei klausimai. Prisijungimo klausimas net 30 metų buvo diskusijų objektu ir buvo vertinamas nevienareikšmiškai, tačiau Po Lisabonos sutarties, kuri įpareigojo ES prisijungti prie Konvencijos ir Keturioliktojo protokolo įsigaliojimo diskusijos dėl prisijungimo poreikio pasiekė kritinį tašką. Be to 2013 metų balandžio mėnesį buvo patvirtintas galutinis Europos Sąjungos prisijungimo prie Žmogaus teisių konvencijos sutarties projektas, kuris numatė visas prisijungimui reikalingas sąlygas ir procedūras. Darbe keliama hipotezė, kad Europos Sąjungos prisijungimas prie Konvencijos sąlygos efektyvesnę žmogaus teisių apsaugą ES. Darbą sudaro 5 dalys. Pirmoje dalyje analizuojama žmogaus teisių apsaugos raida Europos Sąjungoje, Konvencijos statuso pokyčiai ES teisinėje sistemoje nuo Bendrijų įkūrimo iki Lisabonos sutarties įsigaliojimo. Be to yra apžvelgiamas kelias link Prisijungimo sutarties projekto patvirtinimo. Prieinama prie išvados, kad nors šiai dienai Konvencija yra tik neįpareigojantis įkvėpimo šaltinis, EŽTK svarba ir jos ypatingumas yra pripažinti ES Sutartyse, be to Konvencijoje įtvirtintos teisės ir laisvės yra pripažįstamos pagrindiniais ES teisės principais. Būtina paminėta ir dviejų teismų išvystytą ekvivalentinės apsaugos doktriną, kuri gali būti traktuojama, kaip bendradarbiavimo dviejų teisinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Master’s thesis analyses the legal aspects and major issues in the accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights. This issue is of great relevance and has been deliberated on for 30 years. Since the treaty of Lisbon entered into force in 2009 the accession to the ECHR is an obligation to the Union. Furthermore, the final version of the draft accession agreement was concluded in April 2013. This agreement provided all the conditions and procedures required for the accession. The thesis raises a hypothesis that the European Union's accession to the Convention shall result in more effective protection of human rights in the EU. The master thesis consists of 5 parts. The first part analysis the evolution of human rights protection in the European Union and the changes in the status of the Convention within the EU legal system from the establishment of the European Communities until the Lisbon Treaty entered into force. The way towards the acceptance of Draft Agreement on the Accession is also being discussed in this part. A conclusion is made that for now the Convention is only a legally non-binding inspiration for the protection of human rights, however, the importance and specificities of ECHR are established in the EU Treaties. Moreover, rights and freedoms established in the Convention are considered to be one of the main principles of EU law. Another thing that needs to be noted is the doctrine of equivalent protection developed by the two... [to full text]

A risk assessment model (MAcRisk) have been developed to forecast the probability and the risk of maritime accidents on Bosphorus. Accident archives of Undersecretariat Maritime Affairs Search and Rescue Department, weather conditions data of Turkish State Meteorological Service and bathymetry and current maps of Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography have been used to prepare the model input and to forecast the accident probability. Accident data has been compiled according to stated sub-regions on Bosphorus and event type of accidents such as collision, grounding, capsizing, fire and other. All data that could be obtained are used to clarify the relationship on accident reasons. An artificial neural network model has been developed to forecast the maritime accidents in Bosphorus.