Background: Adolescents in Botswana, especially women, face many sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges including high maternal mortality, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV, and unintended pregnancies, despite available SRH services. The youth friendly service (YFS) concept has been initiated and various strategies developed to address adolescents concerns. However, services remain underutilized and barriers to accessing services still exist. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine patterns of utilization of sexual and reproductive health services by adolescents attending senior secondary schools in Gaborone in 2012. The specific objectives were to: identify SRH services utilized by adolescents in the district; identify factors associated with adolescent utilization of YFS in the district; and determine barriers and facilitators to utilization of available YFS by adolescents. Design: This was a health systems research, which was conducted through an observational study, with descriptive and analytic components. Methods: 506 adolescents attending at the three (3) senior secondary schools in Gaborone were sampled through a simple random sampling strategy in each school. Parental consent and assent from participants was requested before respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire which was designed for the data collection. The questionnaire was pilot tested prior to the study. SPSS version 16 was used to analyse the data. A chi-squared test and logistic regression were used investigate association, and a p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The findings of this study revealed that utilization of SRH by adolescents was low and the level of awareness of youth friendly services was also low. The study revealed that utilization of SRH was higher among female adolescents compared to their male counterparts. The study identified factors which hinder adolescents YFS utilization, which include: location of the facility, no interest in YFS, staff attitudes and behaviours, and inconvenient hours of operation. Conclusion: Identifying patterns of utilization of SRH services by adolescents attending senior secondary schools in Gaborone can help strengthen programmes at all levels of service delivery and the country at large. The Botswana Ministries of Health, and Education and Skills Development can re-orientate, or develop new initiatives that will deal with barriers to access and assist adolescents to fully utilize the available services. / Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2014.

This study investigated perceptions of preservice primary student teachers of their teacher preparatory program. In particular, the study wanted to find out if the Philosophy of Kagisano, which encompasses the five national principles of democracy, development, self-reliance, unity, and botho, was integrated in the training of the preservice primary student teachers. The study addressed the following three research questions: 1. How do preservice primary student teachers perceive their preparatory program, including the integration of the national principles? 2. What pedagogical methods/teaching strategies and assessment techniques do teacher educators in primary colleges use? 3. How do primary teacher educators integrate the national principles (philosophy of Kagisano) throughout the program, including in their content, teaching strategies and assessment techniques? This qualitative case study used semi-structured, in-depth interviews with the participants, document analysis and classroom observations for collecting the data. Seventeen preservice student teachers at Fellow College of Education in Botswana were interviewed individually. These were third and final year students with a specialty in Social Studies. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and the grounded theory was used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that preservice teachers were taught “more” theory than application. The content that was taught at the College of Education was a repetition of the junior and senior secondary school content. The study also found that college lecturers do integrate the five national principles of democracy, development, self-reliance, unity, and botho in their content, and teaching strategies but did not integrate them in their assessment techniques. Furthermore, the study found that some inconsistency in the grading of students’ work existed. / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only / Department of Educational Studies

This study explores for gender-based differences in the determinants of employee acceptance of organizational change among employees at the University of Botswana. Utilising a sample of 360 respondents drawn from academic and managerial staff the study sought to test for male-female differences in the acceptance of change, explore for male-female differences in the major factors that affect acceptance of change, and to test for male-female differences in the effects of the major determinants of acceptance of organizational change. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data required for the study. The bulk of the data were analysed using SPSS statistical package with the t-test and regression (beta) coefficients ~s the key test statistics. The study showed that the overall acceptance of organizational change among employees was moderate with male and female employees being equally likely to accept the changes taking place at the workplace. However, the sexes differed significantly in the levels of 10 of the 20 determinants of acceptance of change analysed with women, relative to men, being substantially lower in promotional opportunity, work overload, job-skill match, participative management, trust in leadership, receptivity, and in job satisfaction and higher in routinization, enthusiasm, and desire to leave. Results for regression analyses showed that eight (8) of 19 substantive variables were significant determinants of acceptance of change for all employees. However, separate regression models for men and women revealed that 11 of 19 substantive factors were significant determinants of acceptance of change for males compared to two factors for females. Although the level of acceptance of change does not differ by the sex, male and female employees have different orientations to the change processes taking place in the organization and warrant separate treatment by management if organizational change is to be successful and yield the desired results. / Thesis (M.Admin (Public admin)) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2003

The research was aimed at investigating the effects of teacher burnout in community junior secondary schools in the Southern Region of Botswana. The research question focused on investigating the effects of teacher burnout on teacher performance, physical wellbeing and social interaction with colleagues and community. To investigate these effects the researcher started by identifying the causes of teacher burnout and then obtained responses from school teachers on how teacher burnout is affecting them. Some possible remedies and preventative/control measures were also suggested. A sample of l 00 teachers and administrators was chosen at random from both rural and urban-based schools in the Southern District of Botswana. The findings revealed that the majority of teachers (96%) indicated that teacher burnout is caused by poor career opportunities in the teaching field. 92% cited work overload as another cause of teacher burnout. The same proportion blame poor work relations as another cause of teacher burnout. The findings also revealed how teacher burnout can be prevented/controlled. The majority of teachers agreed (92%) that teacher burnout can be prevented/controlled by discussing problems with professional colleagues whist 89% agreed that teacher burnout can be prevented by organizing time and setting priorities. All (100"/o) of respondents agreed that school administrators can assist teachers prevent/control burnout by providing more paraprofessionals/support staff/clerical assistants and 99% agreed that providing more educational opportunities to learn about students with behavioural disorders and program action. 64% of respondents agreed that if left unattended, teacher burnout can lead to low productivity of the teacher. 75% of respondents agreed that if teacher burnout is left unattended it can lead to poor performance in terms of school results. The majority of teachers agreed that parents have a role to play on the issue of teacher burnout. / (M. Ed.) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2006

Several factors affect sports and recreation participation in human communities. Such factors include sports and recreation knowledge and skills of people, availability of time, interest and disposable income etc. Through expressing their various social needs, community residents are able to show the adequacy and or the inadequacy in the factors influencing sports and recreation participation in their communities. Several studies have indicated that inadequacy in the factors influencing sports and recreation participation such as inadequate programmes, lack of interest, lack of disposable income, lack of facilities result in low participation in sports and recreation activities. Low participation in sports and recreational pursuits could result in increased hypokinetic morbidity and other social and economic problems such as: crime, substance and drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, alienated anti-social behaviours, work absenteeism, medical and social justice costs in communities. The main purpose of the study was to find different sports and recreation needs of three communities in Botswana. Five hundred (500) residents of the three communities aged 18-40 years were randomly selected in the three communities in Botswana to participate in the study. The questionnaire that was prepared and administered on the randomly selected residents of the three communities attempted to gather the following information: general sports and recreation participation profile of the respondents of the three communities, participation in sports and recreation activities in the three communities' recently constructed integrated sports facilities, problems responsible for low participation in sports and recreation activities and finally to identify which of the five barrier categories; aptitude, socio-economic, socio-cultural, awareness of community integrated sports facilities and facility constraints constrained sports and recreation in the three communities. Descriptive statistics and frequency, T-test and ANOVA were used to analyse data. The results showed low participation that ranged from 0.0% to 47.4% in sports activities in the three communities, participation in few recreational activities, low participation in the three communities' integrated sports facilities accounted by 29.5% in Molepolole, 26.1% in Serowe and 53.4% in Masunga for both men and women. The results showed problems perceived to constrain sports and recreation participation in the three communities. Descriptive data analysis also showed that out of the five barrier categories (aptitude, socio-cultural, awareness of facilities and facility constraints) respondents of the three communities were mainly constrained by the socio-economic barriers. Facility constraints were only found to constrain participation in Masunga. T-test analysis showed no significant differences between males and females of each of the three communities in the five barrier categories. The ANOVA test of variance showed significance difference between females of the three communities in four of the five barrier categories and a no significant difference in one of the five barrier categories. No significant difference was found between males of the three communities in four barrier categories and a significant difference was only found in one barrier category. These results led to the acceptance of the hypothesis that 'the three communities in Botswana have similar sports and recreation needs' and the partial acceptance of the hypothesis that 'there is no significant difference between respondents of the three communities in the way they experienced the five barrier categories. / Thesis (M.A. (Recreation Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

This study investigated the experiences of caregivers regarding their participation in community-based rehabilitation for children with physical disabilities in two selected communities in Botswana. The experiences included the impact of disability on the immediate family, coping strategies, enabling factors and barriers to participation in community-based rehabilitation.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Cleveland State University, 2008. / Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct. 8, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 208-224) and appendices. Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1981. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 334-359).

Thesis (MFamMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / Introduction: Tuberculosis and HIV are major public health problems in Botswana. The Botswana National Tuberculosis Control Programme (BNTP) was established in 1975. Short course chemotherapy was introduced in 1986 and the Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) Strategy was adopted in 1993. In the face of growing TB notification rates, a low country average cure rate, human resource constraints in health facilities and sometimes poor accessibility to health facilities by weak patients and those living far away, Botswana decided to offer home-based care using volunteers or family members. Setting: Kweneng West Subdistrict, a rural area in Botswana Aim and objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the success of home-based DOT in the management of tuberculosis compared to facility-based DOT in Kweneng West Subdistrict, Botswana and to explore the acceptability of home-based DOT among TB patients, TB treatment supervisors and health workers. Objectives: - To compare treatment outcomes for patients receiving home-based DOT and those receiving facility-based DOT through the following criteria: - To compare patient contact(s) tracing efforts among home-based providers and facility-based providers - To establish TB patient’s, TB treatment supervisor’s and health worker’s perceptions about home-based DOT Methods: A quantitative, observational study combined with qualitative in-depth interviews. Participants were selected from TB patients who attended treatment from January 2006 till June 2008 at all main clinics of Kweneng West Subdistrict, Botswana. The interview purposively selected health care workers, TB patients and community supervisors to establish their thoughts about HB DOT. A framework approach was used to analyse interviews. Results: Treatment outcomes and, particularly, the cure rates were not statistically different between FB DOT, HB DOT and MX DOT. However there was a surprisingly difference in contact tracing, with FB DOT performing better than other DOT types. Interviews revealed that patients were happy with their choice of DOT types. Among reasons to choose HB DOT was the need to shorten distances for DOT. Among reasons to choose FB DOT were the needs to ensure safety through supervision by nurses as opposed to lay people (community supervisors) and to obtain injections that no community supervisor is allowed to administer. A mix of HB DOT and FB DOT was generally adopted to allow flexibility in the administration of DOT for few patients. Overall cure rate was 78.5% and successful treatment rate was 83%. Conclusion: The introduction of HB DOT and the option given to choose this DOT type is supported. Indeed allowing patient’s preference of DOT type may impact positively on patients’ satisfaction and adherence to medication. On the other hand, issues were still raised by all stakeholders to help improve the flexibility and sustainability of HB DOT. Further studies may be needed to understand the better performance of FB DOT in contact tracing. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nie beskikbaar.

This thesis presents a first ever extensive analysis of pesticides in water and sediments from the Okavango Delta, Botswana, employing green sample preparation techniques that require small volumes of organic solvents hence generating negligible volumes of organic solvent waste. Pesticides were extracted and pre-concentrated from water by solid phase extraction (SPE) and headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) while supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) were employed for sediments. Subsequent analysis was carried out on a gas chromatograph with electron capture detection and analytes were unequivocally confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometric detection. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), trans-chlordane, 4,4′-DDD and 4,4′-DDE were detected after optimized HS-SPME in several water samples from the lower Delta at concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 61.4 μg L-1 that are much higher than the 0.1 μg L-1 maximum limit of individual organochlorine pesticides in drinking water set by the European Community Directive. The same samples were cleaned with ISOLUTE C18 SPE sorbent with an optimal acetone/n-hexane (1:1 v/v) mixture for the elution of analytes. No pesticides were detected after SPE clean-up and pre-concentration. HCB, aldrin and 4, 4‟-DDT were identified in sediments after SFE at concentration ranges of 1.1 - 30.3, 0.5 – 15.2 and 1.4 – 55.4 μg/g, respectively. There was an increase of pesticides concentrations in the direction of water flow from the Panhandle (point of entry) to the lower delta. DDE, fatty acids and phthalates were detected after PFE with optimized extraction solvent and temperature. The presence of DDT metabolites in the water and sediments from the Okavango Delta confirm historical exposure to the pesticide. However their cumulative concentration increase in the water-flow direction calls for further investigation of point sources for the long-term preservation of the Delta. The green sample preparation techniques and low toxicity solvents employed in this thesis are thus recommended for routine environmental monitoring exercises.