Thesis (M.S.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2004. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Brendan Mumey. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-47).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1973. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 306-309).

Thesis (M.S.S.I.S.)--Regis University, Denver, Colo., 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jun. 26, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Techn. University, Diss., 2001-- Berlin.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Karlsruhe.

This dissertation presents a detailed study of many aspects of the Horizontal Branch (HB) phase of stellar evolution. A classical technique of stellar structure analysis is summarized, and applied to Zero-Age Horizontal Branch (ZAHB) models. The chief conclusions from this work are firstly, that the total mass of the envelope sensitively affects the luminosity of the hydrogen-burning shell and the equilibrium of the helium-rich core. Secondly, the rapid progression of models across the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram with decreasing mass is the result of important changes in the hydrostatic structure of the stars. Thirdly, the luminosity-metallicity relationship of the Zero Age models results from the change in the core equilibrium luminosity with the CNO abundance of the shell region, together with the decrease in stellar mass at fixed effective temperature. The change in the mass-temperature relation with CNO is found to be the most important determining factor in the Horizontal Branch stellar distribution, and therefore is the most appropriate ‘first parameter’ for HB morphology. The evolution of the stars is then considered, and the analysis of the interior structures provides a reclassification of HB track morphology into three categories, depending on whether the model contains an outer convection zone or a radiative outer envelope, and on the luminosity of the hydrogen-burning shell. Lastly, the question of the formation of red-giant stars is considered; the general conclusions of this part of the study support the arguments presented by Yahil and van den Horn (1985). Next, the evolution of the convective core of HB stars is reviewed, together with a detailed account of the numerical techniques developed for modelling semi-convection. The problems associated with the late phase of HB evolution are also discussed. A brief review of the physical inputs and numerical methods used in the interior is presented, focussing on the calculation and implementation of the Equation of State. The calculations performed for this study are then presented in detail. The effects of oxygen enhancement on zero-age sequences are illustrated for a range in metallicity, and theoretical relations between luminosity and metallicity for the ZAHBs are demonstrated. The evolutionary tracks computed are illustrated and summarized in extensive tabulations in the Appendices. The final chapter reproduces previously published studies of globular clusters. The first of these investigates the globular cluster NGC104 (47 Tucanae). By fitting the theoretical models to recent CCD photometry of the cluster, it was found that its initial helium content must have been close to 24% by mass. In addition, the best fits show that models for [Fe/H] = -0.65 provide an excellent match to the horizontal branch, if (m - M )v ≈ 13.44, and thereby yield consistency over the entire color-magnitude diagram of the cluster. The second study presents an investigation of the horizontal branch of M15. Detailed matches of our theoretical sequences to the cluster observations indicate that high envelope helium abundances are incompatible with the observed morphology. It is found that there is a clear preference for values of 0.21 ≾ Y ≾ 0.25, independent of the value of [O/Fe]. The precision of the method is reduced by uncertainties in the observations and in the available synthetic temperature-bolometric-correction relations. The oxygen enhanced zero-age HB models are found to have a period-colour relationship which is almost identical to that of their scaled-solar counterparts, but they reduce significantly the predicted double-mode variable masses. Importantly, it is found that, for reasonable assumptions about the reddening to M15, there is no discrepancy between the predicted and observed periods for the RR Lyrae variables. However, the period shift between M3 and M15 can be explained by canonical models only if the helium abundance in both clusters is low (Yhb ~ 0.21), and the bulk of the RR Lyrae star population in M15 is at late stages of evolution. These conclusions are reconsidered in the light of the new calculations presented here. / Graduate

O problema do Máximo Subgrafo Induzido Comum (MSIC) pertence a classe NP-difícil e possui aplicações em diversas áreas. Apesar de sua complexidade, ainda é importante conhecer soluções exatas para instâncias deste problema. Os algoritmos exatos encontrados na literatura buscam resolvê-lo através de técnicas de backtracking ou através de sua redução para o problema da Clique Máxima. Neste trabalho procuramos dar uma solução exata para o MSIC, tratando-o diretamente através da utilização de modelos de Programação Linear Inteira (PLI) e técnicas de combinatória poliédrica. Assim, realizamos um estudo teórico do poliedro do MSIC e fomos capazes de encontrar algumas desigualdades válidas fortes, inclusive com provas de que algumas delas representam facetas daquele poliedro. Adicionalmente, provamos que existe uma equivalâencia entre o modelo PLI aqui apresentado para o MSIC e uma formulação bem conhecida para o problema da Clique Máxima. Posteriormente, foram implementados algoritmos de Branch-and-Bound (B&B) e Branch-and-Cut (B&C) utilizando as desigualdades encontradas e algumas técnicas para tentar tornar os algoritmos mais eficientes. Experimentos foram executados com os algoritmos implementados neste trabalho e, também, com um algoritmo já existente para resolver o problema da Clique, chamado Cliquer. Os resultados foram comparados e, dentre os algoritmos de PLI, constatamos que o mais eficiente foi aquele que utilizou uma formulação para o MSIC que chamamos de Clique-IS, utilizando B&B e técnicas mais básicas que outros algoritmos. Este algoritmo mostrou-se mais eficiente, inclusive, que um algoritmo PLI com um modelo baseado no problema da Clique Máaxima. Este fato sugere que para uma abordagem baseada em PLI, vale a pena utilizar uma formulação do MSIC diretamente, ao invés de uma que se apóie na redução deste para o problema da Clique Máxima. Ja a comparaçao do melhor algoritmo desenvolvido neste trabalho com o Cliquer, mostrou que este último é mais eficiente. Para que um algoritmo baseado em PLI (utilizando uma formulação com as mesmas variáveis usadas por nós) tivesse alguma chance de vencer um algoritmo combinatório como o Cliquer, seria necessário conhecer mais desigualdades que estivessem ativas na solução ótima do problema._________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: The Maximum Common Subgraph problem (MSIC) is in MV-hard and has applications in several fields. Despite its complexity, it is still important to know exact solutions for instances of this problem. The exact algorithms found in literature try to solve it through backtracking techniques or through its reduction to the Maximum Clique problem. In this work we try to give an exact solution to MSIC by addressing it directly, using Linear Integer Programming (PLI) and polyhedral combinatorics techniques. So, we performed a study of the MSIC polyhedron and we were able to find some strong valid inequalities, including some that were proven to define facets of that polyhedron. Additionally, we proved that an equivalence between the PLI model presented here for MSIC and a well known formulation for the Maximum Clique problem exists. Later, Branch-and-Bound (B&B) and Branch-and-Cut (B&C) algorithms were implemented using the inequalities found and some techniques to try to render the algorithms more efficient. Experiments were performed with the algorithms implemented in this work and, also, with an already existing algorithm to solve the Maximum Clique problem, called Cliquer. The results were compared and, among the PLI algorithms, we found that the most efficient was the one that used the formulation which we called Clique-IS, using B&B and more basic techniques than other algorithms. This algorithm was even more efficient than a PLI algorithm with a Clique-based model. This fact suggests that for a PLI approach it is worth to use a formulation based on the MSIC polyhedron instead of one based on its reduction to the Maximum Clique problem. The comparison of the best algorithm developed in this work with Cliquer, though, showed that the latest is more efficient. In order to some PLI-based algorithm (using a formulation with the same variables used by us) to have any chance of outperforming a combinatorial algorithm like Cliquer, it would be necessary to know more inequalities that are active in the problem's optimal solution.

Orientador: Cid Carvalho de Souza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T07:24:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Piva_Breno_M.pdf: 1251793 bytes, checksum: bf559620a7bdefeec032b5c87d196b5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O problema do Máximo Subgrafo Induzido Comum (MSIC) pertence a classe NP-difícil e possui aplicações em diversas áreas. Apesar de sua complexidade, ainda é importante conhecer soluções exatas para instâncias deste problema. Os algoritmos exatos encontrados na literatura buscam resolvê-lo através de técnicas de backtracking ou através de sua redução para o problema da Clique Máxima. Neste trabalho procuramos dar uma solução exata para o MSIC, tratando-o diretamente através da utilização de modelos de Programação Linear Inteira (PLI) e técnicas de combinatória poliédrica. Assim, realizamos um estudo teórico do poliedro do MSIC e fomos capazes de encontrar algumas desigualdades válidas fortes, inclusive com provas de que algumas delas representam facetas daquele poliedro. Adicionalmente, provamos que existe uma equivalâencia entre o modelo PLI aqui apresentado para o MSIC e uma formulação bem conhecida para o problema da Clique Máxima. Posteriormente, foram implementados algoritmos de Branch-and-Bound (B&B) e Branch-and-Cut (B&C) utilizando as desigualdades encontradas e algumas técnicas para tentar tornar os algoritmos mais eficientes. Experimentos foram executados com os algoritmos implementados neste trabalho e, também, com um algoritmo já existente para resolver o problema da Clique, chamado Cliquer. Os resultados foram comparados e, dentre os algoritmos de PLI, constatamos que o mais eficiente foi aquele que utilizou uma formulação para o MSIC que chamamos de Clique-IS, utilizando B&B e técnicas mais básicas que outros algoritmos. Este algoritmo mostrou-se mais eficiente, inclusive, que um algoritmo PLI com um modelo baseado no problema da Clique Máaxima. Este fato sugere que para uma abordagem baseada em PLI, vale a pena utilizar uma formulação do MSIC diretamente, ao invés de uma que se apóie na redução deste para o problema da Clique Máxima. Ja a comparaçao do melhor algoritmo desenvolvido neste trabalho com o Cliquer, mostrou que este último é mais eficiente. Para que um algoritmo baseado em PLI (utilizando uma formulação com as mesmas variáveis usadas por nós) tivesse alguma chance de vencer um algoritmo combinatório como o Cliquer, seria necessário conhecer mais desigualdades que estivessem ativas na solução ótima do problema / Abstract: The Maximum Common Subgraph problem (MSIC) is in MV-hard and has applications in several fields. Despite its complexity, it is still important to know exact solutions for instances of this problem. The exact algorithms found in literature try to solve it through backtracking techniques or through its reduction to the Maximum Clique problem. In this work we try to give an exact solution to MSIC by addressing it directly, using Linear Integer Programming (PLI) and polyhedral combinatorics techniques. So, we performed a study of the MSIC polyhedron and we were able to find some strong valid inequalities, including some that were proven to define facets of that polyhedron. Additionally, we proved that an equivalence between the PLI model presented here for MSIC and a well known formulation for the Maximum Clique problem exists. Later, Branch-and-Bound (B&B) and Branch-and-Cut (B&C) algorithms were implemented using the inequalities found and some techniques to try to render the algorithms more efficient. Experiments were performed with the algorithms implemented in this work and, also, with an already existing algorithm to solve the Maximum Clique problem, called Cliquer. The results were compared and, among the PLI algorithms, we found that the most efficient was the one that used the formulation which we called Clique-IS, using B&B and more basic techniques than other algorithms. This algorithm was even more efficient than a PLI algorithm with a Clique-based model. This fact suggests that for a PLI approach it is worth to use a formulation based on the MSIC polyhedron instead of one based on its reduction to the Maximum Clique problem. The comparison of the best algorithm developed in this work with Cliquer, though, showed that the latest is more efficient. In order to some PLI-based algorithm (using a formulation with the same variables used by us) to have any chance of outperforming a combinatorial algorithm like Cliquer, it would be necessary to know more inequalities that are active in the problem's optimal solution / Mestrado / Otimização Combinatoria / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Smith, T.H.C., Prof.

Branch Prediction is a key task in the operation of a high performance processor. An inaccurate branch predictor results in increased program run-time and a rise in energy consumption. The drive towards processors with limited die-space and tighter energy requirements will continue to intensify over the coming years, as will the shift towards increasingly multicore processors. Both trends make it increasingly important and increasingly difficult to find effective and efficient branch predictor designs. This thesis presents savings in energy and die-space through the use of more efficient cooperative branch predictors achieved through novel branch prediction designs. The first contribution is a new take on the problem of a hybrid dynamic-static branch predictor allocating branches to be predicted by one of its sub-predictors. A new bias parameter is introduced as a mechanism for trading off a small amount of performance for savings in die-space and energy. This is achieved by predicting more branches with the static predictor, ensuring that only the branches that will most benefit from the dynamic predictor’s resources are predicted dynamically. This reduces pressure on the dynamic predictor’s resources allowing for a smaller predictor to achieve very high accuracy. An improvement in run-time of 7-8% over the baseline BTFN predictor is observed at a cost of a branch predictor bits budget of much less than 1KB. Next, a novel approach to branch prediction for multicore data-parallel applications is presented. The Peloton branch prediction scheme uses a pack of cyclists as an illustration of how a group of processors running similar tasks can share branch predictions to improve accuracy and reduce runtime. The results show that sharing updates for conditional branches across the existing interconnect for I-cache and D-cache updates results in a reduction of mispredictions of up to 25% and a reduction in run-time of up to 6%. McPAT is used to present an energy model that suggests the savings are achieved at little to no increase in energy required. The technique is then extended to architectures where the size of the branch predictors may differ between cores. The results show that such heterogeneity can dramatically reduce the die-space required for an accurate branch predictor while having little impact on performance and up to 9% energy savings. The approach can be combined with the Peloton branch prediction scheme for reduction in branch mispredictions of up to 5%.