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No description available.

Pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes are required for normal chromosome segregation and the exchange of genetic material during meiosis. Pairing is defined as the recognition and alignment of chromosomes that occurs either pre-meiotically or during early prophase I to ensure that associations via synapsis and recombination occur only between homologues. Synapsis is the intimate juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes that is complete at pachytene following formation of a tri-partite proteinaceous structure known as the synaptonemal complex (SC). In yeast, HOP1 is an essential component of the SC that localises along chromosome axes during prophase I and promotes homologous chromosome interactions. Homologues in Arabidopsis (AtASY1), Brassica (BoASY1) and rice (OsPAIR2) have been isolated through analysis of mutants that display decreased fertility due to severely reduced synapsis of homologous chromosomes. Analysis of these genes has indicated that they play a similar role to HOP1 in pairing and formation of the SC through localisation to axial/lateral elements of the SC. In this study, we have characterised the bread wheat homologue of HOP1, TaASY1, and its encoded protein. The full length cDNA and genomic DNA clones of TaASY1 have been isolated, sequenced and characterised. TaASY1 is located on chromosome group 5 and the open reading frame displays significant similarity to OsPAIR2 (84%) and AtASY1 (63%). In addition to OsPAIR2 and AtASY1, the deduced amino acid sequence also displays sequence similarity to ScHOP1, with all four proteins containing a HORMA domain. Transcript and protein analysis showed that expression is largely restricted to meiotic tissue, with elevated levels during the stages of prophase I when pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs. Antibodies specific to TaASY1 were used in immuno-fluorescence microscopy and immuno-gold transmission electron microscopy to investigate the localisation of TaASY1 in meiotic cells. Immuno-fluorescence analysis initially detected ASY1 in pollen mother cells (PMCs) during meiotic interphase as foci randomly distributed over the chromatin. The ASY1 signal became increasingly continuous during leptotene, reflecting the changes occurring in chromosome morphology. Throughout zygotene, the signal became progressively more continuous, localising along the entire length of the axial elements as chromosomes synapsed. This signal appeared to persist until pachytene, before disappearing from the chromatin as the SC disassociated through late pachytene and early diplotene. The immuno-gold based electron microscopy displayed that TaASY1 localises to chromatin that is associated with both axial elements before SC formation as well as chromatin of lateral elements within formed SCs. Analysis of RNAi Taasy1 mutants was performed to further define the role of ASY1 in bread wheat meiosis. ASY1 localisation was disrupted in these mutants, with a diffuse and non-continuous signal observed through leptotene and zygotene. Feulgen staining of meiotic chromosomes displayed reduced synapsis during prophase I, as well as multivalents at metaphase I and abnormal chromosome segregation during anaphase I. These observations are consistent with the presence of homoeologous chromosome interactions. TaASY1 expression and localisation was also investigated in the bread wheat pairing mutant, ph1b. Quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) revealed that TaASY1 is significantly up-regulated in ph1b, with greater then 20-fold expression compared to wild-type Chinese Spring, while maintaining the same pattern of expression as wild-type through progressive stages of meiosis. ASY1 localisation was significantly disrupted in ph1b, with irregular loading on axial elements during mid to late zygotene, indicative of abnormal chromatin remodelling and multiple axial element associations that have previously been reported in ph1b. Taken together, these results indicate that TaASY1 is essential for promoting homologous chromosome interactions during meiosis, and that impairment of ASY1 function in bread wheat meiosis results in reduced restriction of chromosome associations to homologues. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1340087 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2008

Le blé tendre ou Triticum aestivum possède un génome hexaploïde (2n=6X=42 chromosomes) de très grande taille (17 Gb) formé de trois génomes diploïdes homéologues. Afin de répondre aux nouvelles contraintes sociétales et environnementales, de nouvelles variétés de blé doivent être créées. L’amélioration des variétés peut se baser sur la variabilité génétique, mais également sur les modifications épigénétiques mises en évidence ces dernières années. La méthylation de l’ADN est l’une de ces modifications, et se retrouve sous forme de 5-méthylcytosine (5mC). Le gène METHYLTRANSFERASE1 (MET1) est bien connu pour son rôle dans le maintien de la méthylation de l’ADN au niveau des 5mC en contexte CpG chez Arabidopsis. Afin d’identifier les orthologues de MET1 chez le blé, la méthode de capture de séquence génomiques sur puce à ADN a été combinée avec des analyses bioinformatiques réalisées sur les récentes données de séquençage du génome du blé. J’ai identifié neufs copies du gène TaMET-1 sur les chromosomes 2, 5 et 7, et ce pour les trois génomes homéologues. Deux évènements de duplications géniques semblent être à l’origine de ces neufs copies. Suite à la seconde duplication, les copies du chromosome groupe 5 (groupe 5) ont évolué plus rapidement pour devenir des pseudogènes, peu ou pas exprimés. L’analyse de données d’expression par RNA-Seq a révélé que les copies des groupes 2 sont 10 à 40 fois plus exprimées que celles du groupe 7. Nous avons montré, pour les régions promotrices des groupes 5 et 7, la relation existant entre un faible niveau d’expression, une forte vitesse évolutive et un enrichissement en CpG, ce dernier étant associé avec une forte méthylation. Plusieurs stratégies ont été envisagées afin de valider les fonctions des gènes TaMET-1 : le crible de population de TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes), la construction de lignées RNAi ciblant MET1 et l’utilisation de lignées délétées pour la partie du chromosome portant la copie TaMET-1 la plus exprimée. Aucun mutant de TILLING n’a été identifié. Une analyse par conversion au bisulfite est actuellement en cours sur les lignées RNAi et lignées de délétion afin de valider un effet possible sur la méthylation. Ce travail permettra de conclure sur l’identification de lignées capables de modifier les profils de méthylation et qui pourraient être le point de départ pour induire de la variabilité épigénétique. / Bread wheat or Triticum aestivum possesses a large hexaploid genome (2n=6X=42 chromosomes, 17 Gb) formed by three homeologous diploid genomes. To better respond to new societal and environmental constraints, new wheat varieties have to be created. Breeding can use genetic variability and epigenetics modifications highlighted in recent years. DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic marks and is found as 5-methylcytosine (5mC). The METHYLTRANSFERASE1 gene (MET1) is known to be involve in maintenance of 5mC DNA methylation in CpG context. To identify MET1 genes in wheat, a method based on genomic sequence capture and bioinformatics analyses on data from wheat genome were combined. I identified nine copies of TaMET-1 gene on chromosomes 2, 5 and 7, for the three homeologous genomes. These nine copies seem to originate from two duplication events. After the second one, copies from chromosome 5 (group 5) evolved faster to become pseudogenes, not expressed or at a low level. Analysis of RNASeq expression data revealed that group 2 copies are expressed from 10 to 40 times more than the ones from group 7. For the promoter regions of group 5 and 7, we have shown a relationship between low expression level, high evolution rate and CpG enrichment, which is associated with high DNA methylation level. Several strategies were chosen to validate MET1 gene function : screen of TILLING population, construction of RNAi lines and use of deleted-chromosome line for the most expressed TaMET-1 gene. No TILLING mutants were found. An analysis based on bisulfite conversion is in progress on RNAi lines and deleted lines to validate a putative effect on DNA methylation. This work will permit to identify lines able to modify DNA methylation pattern which will be the starting point to induce epigenetics variability.

Face à un contexte croissant d'incertitude, les systèmes agricoles doivent être performants, non seulement dans des conditions moyennes, mais aussi quand les perturbations sont plus importantes. Récemment, de nombreux concepts ont été développés pour étudier la durabilité des systèmes dans des environnements changeants, dont celui de robustesse. Néanmoins, son transfert aux systèmes de grandes cultures reste limité. L'objectif de la thèse est alors de proposer un cadre d'évaluation de la robustesse qui soit opérationnel en conditions de grandes cultures. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur la culture du blé tendre et avons défini la robustesse comme la capacité d'un système agricole à maintenir ses performances de rendement malgré l'apparition de perturbations. Un modèle économétrique défini à l'échelle du système de culture a été développé pour évaluer cette robustesse face à des conditions météorologiques et des niveaux de pression maladies changeants. Il a été appliqué sur 145 exploitations agricoles françaises et 2300 parcelles de blé enquêtées sur la période 2011-2014. Les résultats montrent que la robustesse aux perturbations abiotiques et biotiques varie d'un système de culture à l'autre. Les systèmes les plus robustes (respectivement, les moins robustes) ont pu être identifiés, en tenant compte des niveaux de rendement atteints en conditions moyennes et de la sensibilité de ces rendements à des variations climatiques. Alors que les situations de rendements "élevés" versus "faibles" s'expliquent surtout par des pratiques agronomiques dites d'intensification, ce sont surtout des variables dites de flexibilité qui expliquent la robustesse versus la sensibilité aux perturbations abiotiques. Au-delà de l'intérêt de cette approche pour mieux appréhender la robustesse des systèmes agricoles, la méthodologie développée présente l'avantage de pouvoir être appliquée à d'autres performances et/ou d'autres aléas. / Given increasing uncertainties surrounding the future of agriculture, farming systems need to perform well both in average conditions and in situations presenting substantial variations. Different concepts have been developed in recent years to assess the sustainability of agricultural systems within a context of global change, including the concept of robustness. But its empirical operationalization remains a challenge, particularly with regard to arable cropping systems. The aim of this thesis is to propose a methodological framework for assessing robustness which is operational for arable conditions. Focusing on wheat production, the robustness is defined as the ability of a cropping system to maintain yield performances despite the presence of perturbations. An econometric model defined at the cropping system level is used to assess yield robustness in the face of changing weather conditions and fungal disease pressures. It is then applied to data from 145 French wheat-growing farms and 2,300 wheat plots surveyed over the period 2011-2014. The results show that yield robustness varies widely from one cropping system to another. Cropping systems showing the most and the least robustness to abiotic perturbations were identified on the basis of yield performances under both normal and changing weather conditions. While several management intensification and crop rotation practices differentiate high versus low wheat yield cropping systems, it appears to be flexibility practices that distinguish robust versus sensitive cropping systems. Beyond the interest of this approach per se to understand and improve the robustness of agricultural systems, this methodological framework could also be used to assess other performances and/or risks.

Zinc is a metal involved in structure of many enzymes, in the growth and differentiation of plants. Wheat is one of the most consumed cereals. Some wheat cultivars can&amp / #8217 / t deal with zinc deficiency and this situation not only reduces grain yield but also weakens the resistance of cereals to diseases and impairs the nutritional quality of the grain. Some wheat cultivars are not affected by zinc deficiency. In this study, &amp / #8216 / differential display&amp / #8217 / , used for determination differentially expressed genes between two samples, was performed. The most zinc efficient bread wheat cultivar Kira&ccedil / -66 was grown in hydroponics medium and samples were taken at different time periods. RNA isolations were done and differential display technique was performed. After examining the results, differentially expressed bands were selected and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis were done in available databases which showed that three of the bands were fragments of putative zinc transporters. In this study we have found threee putative gene fragments using differential display technique on zinc efficient plants grown under differeing zinc concentrations. These fragments showed homology with zinc transporter, ABC transporter and ADH (Alcohol Dehydrogenase). It is known that all of these three genes are involved in zinc efficiency mechanism. Further studies will be conducted on these gene fragments.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Global food security is hampered by a variety of insects/pest and plant diseases. In wheat, the Russian wheat aphid (RWA) is a significant pest problem in many areas of the world. Wheat has developed defensive mechanisms against the RWA over time which are activated upon feeding. One such mechanism is the hypersensitive response (HR) which is effective against phloem-feeding insects i.e. D. noxia (Diuraphis noxia, Kurdjumov, RWA). In this study, two genes associated with the hypersensitive response i.e. ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione S transferase (GSTF6b) were investigated to elucidate their function in the defensive mechanism of wheat using a reverse genetic approach i.e. particle bombardment. This study has succeeded in the established of a tissue culture and transformation system which generated three genetically modified wheat plants with decreased resistance to RWA feeding due to gene silencing. The establishment of this system enabled to test the association of defensive related genes in wheat to RWA resistance. Expression analysis performed on obtained transgenics before and after RWA infestation reavealed that the silenced plants were more susceptible to RWA feeding. Chlorosis was observed in the Gamtoos-S-APX transgenic plant which is an indicator of oxidative damage to the photosynthetic machinery of the plant. Decreased GSTF6b transcripts was found in the transgenic Gamtoos-S-GSTF6b and transgenic Gamtoos-R-GSTF6b transgenic plants but no visible symptoms of infestation was observed in these two plants. Resistance breeding could be strengthened by developing broad spectrum resistance plants by incorporating wheat defensive related genes with known function into the breeding programs. The use of this transformation system will allow rapid identification and introduction of agronomically important genes by upregulating these genes to enhance bread wheat against aphid infestation.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop that provides over 20% of the global calorie intake. With the world population constantly growing, yield production must increase to meet food demands. Wheat plays a significant role on nutritional and food security especially in rural areas, however, bread wheat grains are known to be inherently deficient in micronutrients, particularly Fe and Zn, which makes them important biofortification targets. To date, South African wheat genotypes have not been explored for their nutritional micronutrient variation; hence there is a need to investigate the variation of nutritional quality and its association with yield components. Bread wheat cultivars, TugelaDN and Elands were used in this study based on their known high yield potential, resistance to insect pests and diseases as well as their good-to-excellent bread-making quality. The goal of this study was to use a doubled haploid (DH) mapping population, developed from a cross between cultivars Tugela-DN and Elands, to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)-based markers linked to high nutritional quality and yield-related traits. This was achieved by (i) determining grain micronutrient (Fe and Zn) concentration variation in 139 lines of a DH mapping population; (ii) evaluating the mapping population for yield-related traits; (iii) determining the correlation between micronutrient and yield-related traits among the genotypes; (iv) identifying SNP GBS-based markers linked to the high minerals and yield-related traits. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant (P<0.001) differences between genotypes for all traits evaluated. A wide variation was observed for both GFeC and GZnC. The statistical analysis revealed significant variation for Zn concentration (P < 0.001) among genotypes and not significant Fe concentration. DArT-Seq was used to genotype Tugela-DN and Elands cultivars and 139 DH genotypes. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were detected using SNP GBS-based markers on chromosome 2D, 5B, 5D, 6A, and 6B for GZnC, and on chromosome 2D, 5B, 5D and 7D for GFeC. Most QTLs identified for GFeC and GZnC shared the genomic interval and some of them also co-located with few yield-related traits. The results of this study will contribute to breeding programmes to improve nutritional quality of bread wheat and food security of the country. / Life and Consumer Sciences

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia, Kurdj., Hemipetra, Aphididae, RWA) is an important pest of wheat, causing large-scale damage and yield losses. Various studies have been done at a transcriptomics level, including complementary DNA-amplified fragment length polymorphisms (cDNA-AFLPs), suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and micro-array, which have identified genes putatively involved in RWA resistance. Even though these candidate genes have been identified, their role in host defence still needs to be verified using a functional genetics approach. In this study virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) using a barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) vector, has been utilized to knock-down candidate genes of interest in a wheat cultivar with the Dn1-resistance gene (TugelaDN). In this study it was hypothesized that genes involved in the hypersensitive response (HR) may contribute towards resistance and were thus targeted for silencing. These include glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase Cu/Zn (SOD) and thylakoid-associated ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX). However, since aphid feeding also results in wounding, the genes were also analyzed under wounding only. Aphid fecundity is considered an indicator of involvement in RWA resistance, as susceptible plants result in higher aphid fertility. Findings in the study suggest that with wounding only, that Dn1 containing plants produce a greater hypersensitive response than susceptible controls. Ascorbate peroxidase was found to be important for wounding-induced resistance in Dn1 wheat plants. Under infestation conditions, silencing of superoxide dismutase Cu/Zn (SOD) and thylakoid-associated ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX) was found not to have an effect on aphid fertility and thus are not directly involved in resistance signaling. Knock-down of a phi-class glutathione-S-transferase F6 (TaGSTF6) transcripts however, had a large effect on aphid nymph numbers and thus may contribute to Dn1-resistance. Putative resistance genes silenced under aphid infestation conditions were a nucleotide binding protein (NBP) and resistance gene analogue 2 (RGA2). Analysis of NBP revealed its identity as a part of the iron homeostasis machinery in the cytosol, responsible for Fe-cluster assembly. Silencing of both NBP and RGA2 resulted in the expression of a susceptible phenotype. T10rga2-1A is an NBS-LRR protein known to be required for rust resistance in concert with resistance gene Lr10. T10rga2-1D silenced treatments resulted in susceptibility and plant death after aphid infestation, suggesting that T10rga2-1D may be a good up-stream candidate in Dn1-resistance. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Russiese-koringluis (RWA) is ‘n pes wat ‘n belangrike ekonomiese invloed op koring opbrengste het en infestasie kan tot grootskaalse skade en oes verlies lei. Verskeie studies, onder andere komplimentêre DNA amplifiseerde fragment polimorfismes (cDNA-AFLPs), onderdrukkende onderskeidende hibridisaie (SSH) en mikro-reekse wat voorheen op transkriptomiese vlak gedoen is, het moontlike gene wat by RWA weerstand betrokke is, geïdentifiseer. Alhoewel hierdie gene reeds geidentifiseer was, hulle rol is nogtans onbekend. Dié gene moet nog getoets word, duur funksionele genetiese benaderingste maak. In hierdie studie is ‘n gars streep mosaïek virus vektor (BSMV) gebruik om kandidaat-gene van belang in ‘n Dn1-weerstandige geen-bevattende kultivar (TugelaDN) te onderdruk. Ondrukking van gene het deur middel van virus geïnduseerde geen onderdrukking (VIGS) plaasgevind. In hierdie studie is die hipotese gestel dat die gene betrokke by die hipersensitiewe reaksie (HR) ‘n invloed op plantweerstand kan hê en is dus geteiken vir geen-onderdrukking-studies. Hierdie gene het die volgende ingesluit: glutatioon-S-transferase (GST), superoksied dismutase Cu/Zn (SOD) en askorbien peroksidase (APX). Egter, omdat luisinfestasie ook tot verwonding aanleiding gee, is die onderdrukte gene ook onder alleenlik verwondingstoestande getoets. Luis vrugbaarheid is gebruik as indikator van betrokkenheid omdat meer vatbare plante ‘n hoër luis vrugbaarheid tot gevolg het. In die studie is gevind dat onder alleenlik verwondingkondisies, plante wat Dn1 bevat, ‘n groter hipersensitiewe respons vertoon, as vatbare kontroles. Daar is verder gevind dat askorbien peroksidase ‘n belangrike rol tydens verwondings-geïnduseerde weerstand in Dn1-plante speel. Daar is verder bevind dat die onderdrukking van superoksied dismutase Cu/Zn (SOD) en ‘n tilakoïed-geassosïeerde askorbien peroksidase (tAPX). Onder luis-infestasie kondisies, geen effek op luisvrugbaarheid gehad het nie en dus nie direk by die weerstandsrespons betrokke is nie. Die onderdrukking van ‘n phi-klas glutatioon-S-transferase F6 (TaGSTF6) het egter ‘n groot invloed op luis-vrugbaarheid gehad en kan dus ‘n rol in Dn1-weerstand speel. Die moontlike weerstands gene, geïdentifiseer as nukleotied bindings proteïen (NBP) en weestandsgeen anoloog 2 (T10rga2-1D), is getoets onder luis-infestasie kondisies. Die analise van NBP het getoon dat dit ‘n integrale deel van die yster homeostase meganisme in die sitosol, wat vir Fe-kluster samestelling verantwoordelik is, vorm. Onderdrukking van beide die NBP en T10rga2-1D het tot die uitdrukking van ‘n vatbare fenotipe aanleiding gegee. T10rga2-1A is ‘n NBS-LRR proteïen wat bekend is om noodsaaklik te wees tydens roes weerstandigheid in teenwoordigheid van die weerstandsgeen Lr10. T10rga2-1D-onderdrukte behandelings het tot vatbaarheid aangeiding gegee en daartoe gelei dat plante na luis-infestasies doodgaan. Hierdie resultate dui dus ‘n rol vir T10rga2-1D in Dn1-weerstandigheid aan, en suggereer verder dat hierdie geen ‘n goeie stroom-op kandidaat in Dn1-weerstandigheid is.

Le blé tendre, Triticum aestivum, est une des céréales les plus cultivées dans le monde. Le changement climatique qui se développe actuellement contraint fortement les cultures et altère leur rendement. La compréhension des mécanismes de réponse du blé tendre aux stress abiotiques est donc une problématique d’actualité. Plusieurs grandes familles de facteurs de transcription, dont la famille NAC,interviennent dans le développement de la plante et dans sa réponse aux stress environnementaux. Cette thèse, structurée en 3 volets, est ciblée sur l’étude de la famille NAC chez le blé tendre : les TaNAC. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié la structuration génomique et phylogénétique des 488 membres de la famille TaNAC, recensés à partir de la base de données la plus récente du blé tendre.Nous avons aussi étudié l’histoire évolutive de cette famille, qui a été marquée par des événements de duplication et de rétroposition. Enfin, une analyse de sa diversité allélique a permis d’identifier des gènes qui présentent des SNP montrant une forte association avec des paramètres d’accumulation des protéines de réserve dans le grain. Le deuxième chapitre de cette thèse a porté sur l’étude de l’expression de ces 488 gènes TaNAC dans plusieurs organes et en réponse aux stress thermique et sécheresse. Une analyse globale a été réalisée à partir de données bio-informatiques, suivie d’une étude in planta de l’expression d’une sélection de 23 gènes. Les profils d’expression obtenus ont révélé l’existence de 4 gènes TaNAC, encore jamais décrits dans la littérature et qui interviennent dans le développement du grain de blé tendre mais aussi dans sa réponse adaptative à plusieurs stress abiotiques. Le troisième volet de cette thèse a donc porté sur la caractérisation génétique, moléculaire et physiologique de ces 4 facteurs de transcription TaNAC. Ils appartiennent à un clade rassemblant des séquences présentant des similitudes génomique et structurale. De plus, ils sont localisés dans le noyau et leurs profils d’expression sont similaires, avec toutefois un niveau variable entre gènes et entre homéologues pour chaque gène. En réponse à un stress thermique modéré, ce profil d’expression est accéléré au cours du développement du grain ; le stade 120°Cj étant le stade clé qui montre la plus grande différence d’expression de ces gènes entre les conditions contrôle et stressée. Pour des raisons techniques, la production de plantes transgéniques sur- et sous-exprimant ces gènes n’a pas permis de valider l’implication de ces 4 TaNAC dans le développement du grain et en réponse à la température. Une analyse de génétique d’association a toutefois permis de mettre en évidence un lien entre des marqueurs moléculaires situés dans ces gènes et l’accumulation des protéines de réserve.Globalement, les résultats obtenus ont montré que des membres de la famille TaNAC sont impliqués dans le développement du blé tendre et dans sa réponse aux stress abiotiques. Plus particulièrement, 4 facteurs de transcription TaNAC semblent jouer un rôle clé dans l’accumulation des protéines dans le grain en réponse à un stress thermique modéré. / Bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, is one of the most cultivated cereal in the world. The climate change that is currently developing strongly constrains crops and impairs their yield. Understanding the wheat response mechanisms to abiotic stresses is therefore a current issue. Several major families of transcription factors, including the NAC family, are involved in the plant development and its response to environmental stresses. This thesis, structured in three parts, is focused on the study of the NAC family in bread wheat (TaNAC).First, we studied the genomic and phylogenetic structure of the 488 members of the TaNAC family identified from the latest database of bread wheat. We also studied the evolutionary history of this family, which was marked by duplication and retroposition events. Finally, an analysis of its allelic diversity allows us to identify genes with SNP showing a strong association with storage protein accumulation parameters in the grain. In a second part, we studied the expression of these 488 TaNAC genes in several organs and in response to heat and drought. An overall analysis was performed using bioinformatic data, followed by an in planta study of the expression of a selection of 23 genes. The expression profiles revealed that four TaNAC genes, never described in the literature, are involved in the wheat grain development but also in its adaptive response to several abiotic stresses. In a third part, we focused on the genetic, molecular and physiological characterization of these four TaNAC transcription factors. They belong to a clade gathering sequences with genomic and structural similarities. Moreover, they are localized in the nucleus and their expression profiles are similar, with a variable level between genes and between homeologs for each gene. In response to moderate heat stress, this expression profile is accelerated during grain development and a key stage at 120°Cj was identified, it shows the greatest difference in genes expression level between control and stressed conditions. For technical reasons, the production of transgenic plants over- and under-expressing these genes did not validate the involvement of these 4 TaNAC in grain development and in its temperature response. An association genetic analysis, however, showed a link between molecular markers located in these genes and the storage proteins accumulation. Overall, the results showed that members of the TaNAC family are involved in the bread wheat development and its response to abiotic stresses. In particular, four TaNAC transcription factors appear to play a key role in grain protein accumulation in response to a moderate heat stress.