Idag utförs internationella standardtest på solcellspanelerna som speglar instrålningsförhållandenaen klar dag. Instrålningsförhållandena i norra Sverige skiljer sig från de på södra breddgrader. Solens bana är flackare sett till horisonten vilket medför högre luftmassförhållande,lägre instrålad effekt och större andel diffust ljus. Detta kan påverka vilken typ av modul som bäst lämpar sig för användning på norra breddgrader. En instrålningsanalys, produktionsanalys samt simulering av produktion i programmet PVsyst har utförts. Data till instrålningsanalysen är hämtad för Kiruna, Luleå, Norrköping,Visby och Piteå. Uppmätt data från SMHI och en lokal väderstation i Piteå jämfördes med resultat från instrålningsmodellen STRÅNG. Uppmätt data för olika orter jämfördes. Produktionsanalysen genomfördes för två trackingsystem, Kempersystemet och Degersystemet i Piteå 2017, där produktionen per modultyp ställdes mot varandra inom samma system. Trackingsystemens produktion simulerades för 2017 och jämfördes med dess uppmätta produktion. Resultatet från jämförelsen mellan orternas instrålning visade att Luleå, sett till andelen diffust ljus, liknar Norrköping mer än Kiruna, trots att Kiruna är närmre. STRÅNG tycks ofta underskatta instrålningen samt vara bättre på att modellera klara dagar. Den lokala väderstationens globala horisontella instrålning stämde bra överens med uppmätt instrålning från SMHI för Luleå 2017. Produktionsanalysen visade att tunnfilmsmodulen CIGS QSmart producerade mest, sett till Wh/Wp, under perioderna med högre total produktion medan monokristallina modulen Yingli Panda producerade lägst. För perioder med lägre total produktion var resultatet de motsatta. Sett till år 2017 producerade den texturerade multikristallina ITS ARC modulen mest. Bäst lämpad modul för användning på nordliga breddgrader tycks därför variera beroende på studerad period. Simulering av Kempersystemets produktion gav ca 1600kWh=kWp mer än den uppmätta produktionen medan Degersystemets gav ca 140kWh=kWp mer. Detta kan tyda på att Kempersystemets uppmätta produktion var lägre än väntat 2017. Modulens temperatur och verkningsgrad påverkas av instrålad effekt och shuntmotståndets storlek påverkar mängden energi som modulen kan leverera. Modulerna som installeras på nordliga breddgrader bör vara bra vid diffust ljus, ha låga temperaturkoefficienter och resultatet tyder på att en texturerad yta kan vara att föredra. Modulernas information bör finnas tillgänglig via databladen samt att producenter och återförsäljare borde kunna bistå med den. För att komplettera dagens standardtest bör ytterligare ett test införas som motsvarar en mulen dag med lägre instrålad effekt. / Today, international standard tests are performed on solar panels that represent the conditions of irradiation of a clear day. The irradiation conditions in the north of Sweden is different from more southern latitudes. At northern latitudes, the sun’s path is closer to the horizon, which results in a larger air mass ratio, less irradiation and a larger amount of diffuse light. This can affect the type of module that is best suited for use. At northen latitudes, additional tests might be needed that are not covered by the standard tests. An irradiation analysis, production analysis and a simulation in the photovoltaic system software PVsyst were performed. The data for the irradiation analysis were retrieved for Kiruna, Luleå, Norrköping, Visby and Piteå. Measured data from SMHI and a local weather station in Piteå were compared with results from the solar irradiation model STRÅNG. Measured data for the different locations were compared. The production analysis was preformed for two tracking systems, the Kempersystem and the Degersystem in Piteå 2017. The production per type of module was compared within each system. The trackingsystems production for 2017 was simulated and compared with the measured production. The result of the comparison between the irradiation of the different locations showed that the proportion of diffuse light in Luleå is more similar to Norrköping than Kiruna, even though Kiruna is located closer. STRÅNG often seems to underestimate the irradiation and appears to be better at modeling a clear day. The local weather station’s global horizontal irradiation matched well with measured irradiation from SMHI for Luleå 2017. The production analysis showed that the solar panel CIGS QSmart produced the most in Wh/Wp during periods with high total production, while the solar panel Yingli Panda produced the least. For periods with low total production, the result was the opposite. The textured ITS ARC module had the highest production during 2017. According to the results, most suitable module for use at northern latitudes seems to vary depending on period studied. The simulated production of the Kemper system was approximately 1600kWh/kWp more than the measured production, while the Deger system had around 140kWh/kWp more. This may indicate that the Kemper system’s measured production was lower than expected in 2017. The module’s temperature and efficiency are affected by the irradiation and the size of the shunt resistance that influences the amount of energy that the module can deliver. The modules installed at northern latitudes should be good at diffuse light, have low temperature coefficients and the result indicates that a textured surface may be preferable. The modules information should primarily be available in the data sheets, producers and retailers should be able to contribute with the information. To complement current standard test, another test should be introduced which corresponds to a cloudy day with less irradiation.

Abstract Purpose: The issue that this report addresses revolves around sweep-salting of footways and cycleways. More specifically, it focuses on the fact that large differences in elevation can lead to varying land surface temperatures, which, in turn, complicates winter maintenance when using the sweep-salting method. With Jönköping as basis of study, the aim of this report has been to examine the level of knowledge regarding sweepsalting of footways and cycleways in Sweden, this to show optimization possibilities to a developed sweepsalting in Jönköping, taken into account the height differences prevailing in the city.   Method: To obtain data, structured and semi-structured interviews have been carried out. All the interviews have been done and recorded via telephone calls and the interview questions have been emailed to the respondents in advance. The structured interviews have been targeted at four municipalities and the semi-structured interviews have been targeted at two concerned governmental bodies. Parallel to the interviews, three documents have been subject of analysis: Karlstadslaken by Tomas Stomberg, GCM-handboken published by Trafikverket, and Vinterväghållning och expertsystem – en kunskapsöversikt by Magnus Ljungberg. Findings: Sweep-salting as high winter maintenance method is a complicated task. It should be comprehensive, reliable, and conducted hastily over long distances and fairly large areas. It is a relatively new method and knowledge is, as of yet, limited. In the interviews, it became evident that municipalities largely are self-managing in this matter, but that a desire for more intermunicipal collaboration exists. Primarily, municipalities see the need of a governmental framework on how to conduct sweep-salting most efficiently.  De-icing is not carried out the same way in the north of Sweden as it is in the southern parts of the country. In the north of Sweden, the primary focus is snow clearance, and sweep-salting is only carried out when temperatures allow for it. In the south of Sweden, on the other hand, where temperatures often fluctuate around zero degrees Celsius, and snow quantities are manageable, sweep-salting is more prioritized. Implications: Besides keeping track of aerial and land surface temperatures, it is important to control the dew point, in order to apply the appropriate maintenance methods on the most crucial areas of footways and cycleways, at the right time. It is also important to stay updated on municipalities’ development of sweep-salting. Limitations: The economic aspect of sweepsalting is not considered in this study, neither is the perspective from cyclists nor pedestrians of the results of sweepsalting. The study would probably have reached a better result if more municipalities would have been included. Keywords: Brine, DYS spreader, Height difference, Latitudes, PC path, Plate spreader, Surface temperature, Sweepsalting, VVIS Puck.