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Thesis (S.T.D.)--Catholic University of America, 1944. / "Bibliographie": p. [xiv]-xxviii.

L'étude suivante constitue une analyse historique des possibilités réelles d'une détente dans les relations franco-allemandes à partir du règlement de la question des réparations en 1924 jusqu'au décès de Gustav Stresemann et au krach boursier de 1929. L'examen porte une attention particulière à l'évolution des relations entre la France et l'Allemagne par le biais de l'étroite collaboration qui s'établit graduellement entre leurs ministres des Affaires étrangères Aristide Briand et Gustav Stresemann. Nous avons traité notre sujet à la lumière de l'historiographie des années 1920 et des sources que nous avons recueillies lors de notre parcours archivistique dans les institutions gouvernementales et militaires en France et en Allemagne. Afin d'appréhender la nature des possibilités offertes dans les relations franco-allemandes, nous avons comparé l'évolution respective de leurs politiques extérieures. Nous avons constaté qu'à partir de 1924, des changements dans la conjoncture internationale font en sorte que la coopération entre les deux pays apparaît désormais nécessaire pour régler les problèmes de l'après-guerre, ce qui pave la voie à l'initiative allemande de sécurité de février 1925. À partir de ce moment, un dialogue franco-allemand va s'établir progressivement, grâce à la collaboration entre les ministres des Affaires étrangères, qui va mener à des succès comme les accords de Locarno et l'entrée de l'Allemagne à la Société des Nations. Toutefois, suite à l'échec d'un règlement global des différends franco-allemands en septembre 1926, la relation de confiance entre les deux ministres va être sérieusement malmenée, empêchant tout nouvel accord aussi important que Locarno jusqu'au décès de Stresemann en 1929. L'analyse comparative de l'évolution des relations franco-allemandes nous a permis d'apporter une nuance significative au courant d'interprétation le plus important sur l'histoire des années 1920. En effet, nous sommes d'accord sur le fait qu'une détente franco-allemande était bien possible entre 1924 et 1929, mais il s'agit d'un processus en deux temps, avec une césure claire à l'automne 1926, suite à l'échec du règlement de Thoiry. Les possibilités offertes aux ministres changent considérablement suite à cette tentative ratée de solution d'ensemble, sans toutefois qu'elles disparaissent complètement. Nous croyons que l'importance de cet événement est sous-estimée par les historiens, et notre étude tend à démontrer qu'il s'agit en fait d'un point tournant dans les relations franco-allemandes. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Détente franco-allemande, Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann, Locarno, Thoiry.

La presente tesi ha come oggetto di ricerca la riscoperta e l’approfondimento della vicenda storica e intellettuale di Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi, in qualità di fondatore di uno dei progetti di unità europea più importanti del Novecento, la “Paneuropa”. La ricerca ha avuto, come primo obiettivo, quello di sondare soprattutto le modalità con cui l’Italia recepì il suo messaggio durante gli anni Venti e Trenta, risultato ottenuto attraverso l’analisi di alcune tra le riviste e testate giornalistiche più rappresentative di quegli anni. Il lavoro ha successivamente dimostrato non solo se e quanto la cultura italiana fosse attenta alle dinamiche europee, ma anche il numero e la qualità dei rapporti amicali che Coudenhove-Kalergi, durante la sua vita, fu in grado di intrecciare con numerose personalità note e meno note del panorama italiano. / The present dissertation is focused on the rediscover and in-depth analysis of the biography and intellectual life of Richard Nikolaus Coudenhove-Kalergi, as a founder and promoter of one the most important European unity projects in the XXth century, "Paneuropa". The research had, at first, the purpose to investigate how Italy adopted his message during the ’20s and ’30s, particularly analyzing some periodicals, magazines and newspapers most representative of those years. Afterwards, it has been demonstrated not only if and how much Italian culture was attentive to European dynamics, but also the number and quality of friendly bonds that Coudenhove-Kalergi was able to establish during his life with many more or less well-known personalities of the Italian scenario.

The thesis examines the international law pertaining to the use of force by states, in general, and to the use of force in self-defence, in particular. The main question addressed is whether the use of force, which was purported to be in self-defence, by the United States, the United Kingdom and their allies against al Qaeda, the Taliban and Afghanistan, beginning on 7 October 2001, was lawful. The thesis focuses not only on this specific use of force, but also on the changing nature of conflict, the definition of terrorism and on the historical evolution of limitations on the use of force, from antiquity until 2006. In the six chapters which trace the epochs of international law, the progression of five inter-related concepts is followed: limitations on the resort to force generally, the use of force in self-defence, pre-emptive self-defence, the use of forcible measures short of war, and the use of force in response to non-state actors. This historical analysis includes a particular emphasis on understanding the meaning of the 'inherent right of self-defence', which was preserved by Article 51 of the United Nations' Charter. This analysis is then applied to the use of force against Afghanistan which occurred in 2001. Following the terrorist attacks of 11 September, the US and the UK notified the United Nations Security Council of their resort to force in self-defence under Article 51. Each element of Article 51 is analysed and the thesis concludes that there are significant doubts as to the lawfulness of that decision to employ force. In addition to the self-defence justification, other possible grounds for intervention are also examined, such as humanitarian intervention, Security Council authorisation and intervention by invitation. This thesis challenges the common assumption that the use of force against Afghanistan was an example of states exercising their inherent right to self-defence. It argues that if this particular use of force is not challenged, it will lead to an expansion of the right of self-defence which will hinder rather than enhance international peace and security. Finally, this thesis draws on recent examples to illustrate the point that the use of force against Afghanistan could become a dangerous precedent for the use of force in self-defence.