This thesis represents a field and petrographic study of an elongate, tabular 'roof pendant' within the Cassiar Batholith. The general area lies between the headwaters of the Stikine and Finlay rivers in north-central British Columbia. Since no previous geological mapping had been carried out in this area, some details on the extent, lithology, and structure of the various formations are presented. These consist of the Takla Group of volcanics and marine sediments ranging from upper Triassic to upper Jurassic in age; the Cassiar Intrusions representing one general period of batholithic invasion; and the Sustut Group, composed of conspicuously bedded continental strata of upper Cretaceous and Paleocene age. Minor basic intrusives of probable Tertiary age are also present. The pendant occurs within intrusives of gabbroic composition. A wedge-shaped body along the western border consists of quartz gabbro. Bluish green hornblende, comprising some 25% of the rock, shows a lineation which is also visible in the orientation of the calcic plagioclase. Hornblende is the main mafic constituent, quartz comprises less than 10% of the total composition. The linear structures plus the presence of numerous foreign xenoliths within this more basic border phase, lead to the conclusion that the early intrusion was forceful, that emplacement was by piecemeal stoping, and that flowage of the magma occurred during crystallization. The main intrusive east of the pendant consists of massive granogabbro, composed of some 50% calcic plagioclase, 20% microcline, 20% quartz and 5% biotite. The emplacement of this intrusive was more passive. Phases intermediate to these two extremes are present, mainly along the eastern border of the pendant. These are of hornblende bearing granogabbro. The intrusives represent differentiated phases of a common magma. The pendant is composed of a conformable sequence of pyroclastics and calcareous sediments. The pyroclastics (tuffs) are predominantly of basaltic composition and form the flanks of the tabular structure. The calcareous sediments represent alternating deposition of tuffaceous and sedimentary material. The succession at three localities is presented in some detail. It is shown that thermal metamorphism of the basaltic tuffs has been negligible and that these beds have insulated the central portion of the pendant from laterally spreading thermal and metasomatic effects. The thermal metamorphism of xenoliths of basaltic tuff in the quartz gabbro is shown to be insignificant, whereas sedimentary xenoliths have been converted to an amphibole hornfels assemblage in equilibrium with the magma. Dynamic metamorphism has been active within the intrusive and older rocks, rendering those within the pendant to a schistose condition. Effects of earlier, ascending thermal metamorphism have been largely obscured by dynamic metamorphism. Hydrothermal alteration of the fault and shear zones to aggregates of quartz-ankerite and chromian muscovite, represents the final stages of the crystallization of a granitic magma. Field and petrographic criteria of ‘granitization’ are presented and critically examined. The coarse grained gabbros are shown to represent crystallization from a true magma. Maps and plates illustrate the main features. The appendix includes determinative mineralogy and petrographic descriptions of the intrusives. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The Family Welfare Bureau of Greater Vancouver has now been in existence for twenty-five years, and it is the purpose of this study to trace its development from its origins in the recommendations of the British Columbia Child Welfare Survey of 1927, to the present day. Material for this purpose was collected from the minutes of the Executive Board of the Bureau, 1927 to 1952; the annual reports of the Director for the same years; personal interviews with the Director and other staff members; other related records and literature of the agency; and numerous pamphlets and publications of the Family Service Association of America. This latter body is a standard-setting association of family agencies to which the Bureau has belonged from its inception. In the course of its life, the agency has been faced with many unforeseen difficulties, the more drastic of these being the depression years of the 1930's and the war years of 1939 to 1945. These two periods of economic and social stress are reflected clearly in the workload of the agency, and it would have been understandable had this new organization strayed from its original objective, which was to do family casework. An appraisal of the work of the Bureau shows clearly, however, that: (1) it has filled a definite need within the overall framework of agencies in the community, and (2) it has steadfastly maintained its original purpose of providing family casework, services. In addition, (3) it has constantly striven to improve its standards of professional competence, and (4) it has followed the traditional role of private agencies in experimenting in the provision of new services. The record also indicates that, even though the community is showing increasing acceptance of casework services, continued and careful studies will have to be made to determine the most effective way of interpreting to the public, on which the Bureau depends for its financing, the meaning and value of these non-material services. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

In the two decades prior to World War I, London was the centre of the most extensive financial empire in the world. Canada was particularly popular among British investors. In 1897, a group of British capitalists led by R.M. Horne-Payne, a successful financier, acquired the electric street railways and electric power facilities which local entrepreneurs had initiated in Vancouver, New Westminster and Victoria. The British capitalists then organized the British Columbia Electric Railway Company, The creation of the B.C.E.R. inaugurated a thirty-one year long symbiotic relationship between British capitalists and the British Columbia public, Unlike their local predecessors, British capitalists had access to the large amounts of capital necessary to rescue an infant enterprise from the embarrassment of depressed times and to expand its operations as southwestern British Columbia grew rapidly during the prosperous years of the Klondike gold rush and the prairie wheat boom. During these years, the B.C.E.R. completed an urban street railway network, built major interurban railways in the Fraser Valley and on the Saanich Peninsula and introduced hydro-electric power to southwestern British Columbia. Thus, the B.CE.R. provided its customers with, modern and efficient conveniences. The B.CE.R. was unique among Canadian transportation and utility companies of its time. Many of these firms also raised capital in Britain but none seems to have been as closely controlled by a British Board of Directors, The company's general manager in Vancouver for example, was on an agent who could make no significant decision without the consent of the Board in England. A superficial survey of other Canadian utility companies suggests that British Columbians were better off with a British company than they would have been with a Canadian one. In good times, the B.C.E.R. took lower profits out of its operation than did comparable Canadian firms? in bad times, it had greater financial stability than many of its Canadian counterparts , A conclusive answer to this hypothesis, however, must await detailed studies of other Canadian utility companies the basic concern of the directors of the B.C.E.R. was the security of the investment. They would not undertake new expenditures without being certain of the availability of the necessary capital; they set aside generous sums for depreciation , renewals and reserves; they avoided speculative ventures such as real estate developments; they built few railway or power facilities in advance c factual demand and they actively worked to thwart real and imagined competition from other private companies or from municipal or provincial governments. These conservative policies succeeded. In spite of occasional anxious times, particularly during, World War 1, the B.C.E.R. always met its financial obligations . By the 1920's the company could finance most of its expansion itself. Usually, it also earned a respectable — but not exploitive — dividend for its share holders. Ultimately, in 1928, the shareholders were able to sell their holding s to the Canadian-controlled Power Corporation of Canada for a handsome profit. Because it was a public utility, the B.C.E.R. was never able to act without considering possible consequences of public antagonism and subsequent government action. Thus, it assiduously cultivated goodwill generally and lobbied governments with specific requests. Good relations with governments were essential to the success of the company. The municipalities regulated fares and controlled the franchises without which the company could not operate. Through their control of such matters as water rights and regulating agencies, the provincial and federal governments could also affect the company. The B.C.E.R. was beholden to the voters who were also its customers. In sum, the company, though profiting from British Columbia, could not impose its will on British Columbians. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This study involves an analysis of the principles and techniques which are necessary to the process whereby the child is placed in an organized camp, through the guidance of the case worker and the camp director working together. If the camp experience is to be of realistic and lasting benefit to the child, in the manner anticipated by the case worker, the referral process must begin with adequate knowledge and understanding on the part of the case worker and the camp director, and be followed by careful planning and continuous cooperation between the workers, prior to, during, and after the placement period. The purpose of the study is not to prove that referrals are valid. The focus of analysis is placed upon the principles and procedures, the extent to which these apply in the local setting, and methods whereby cooperative services could be improved. Although the word "child" is used throughout, the same principles apply for adult campers; but some modification of procedures is necessary. At the beginning of the thesis, it is emphasized that the contributions which organized camping may make towards the welfare of the individual and the general social good, depend upon the application of modern camping philosophy in camp, and the use case workers make of camping services, techniques, and knowledge to help meet the needs of clients. The experimental work of the Camp Referral Project of the Community Chest and Council is discussed, because it initiated in Vancouver a new period in the development of more systematic and useful practices. However, its influence has been limited by several factors; hence, the study continues. The principles and methods required in the referral process, are clearly defined, and illustrated by several cases, which were selected from local case work agencies. Information was secured from interviews with executive directors and workers in seven case work agencies, and with directors of eleven camps. Current practices were analysed by means of the study of one hundred and seventy-three cases; this involved reading the agency case records and, when possible, discussing the child and his camp placement with the case worker and the camp director. The case study revealed many gaps and problems in the application of essential philosophy and effective methods; agency and camp policies, and procedures used are inadequate, and haphazard, ineffectual camp placements are frequent. Most case workers and camp directors are aware of the needs in camping, and in referral practices, and they are ready to consider methods which may ultimately lead to progress. Recommendations are therefore made for the development of services and procedures which may facilitate cooperative services in camping. No one method will solve all the existing problems. Case workers and camp directors have definite and necessary responsibilities; duties which continue even if a "central camp referral bureau" is established to meet the needs for uniformity of methods, centralization and coordination of referrals, and broader educational services in camping. The importance of clearly defined and limited roles for a bureau, and the need for a specially skilled social worker to carry out extensive duties, are stressed. Suggestions for further studies in areas which are directly and indirectly related to camp referrals conclude the thesis. If this study results in greater understanding of the referral process by personnel who provide camping services, perhaps improvements will be made in referral practices; more children will gain greater benefits from better camping opportunities. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This project records a special "recreational survey", undertaken in the Municipality of West Vancouver, as a study in community organization. The survey helped the community to determine its recreational needs. It established a "schedule of priorities" which should enable the community to decide on immediate, as well as long-range plans, to set up a programme for leisure-time interests and needs. The survey was an influence in strengthening the intergroup relationships, and may be an aid to future community action. It also helped define that recreation is more than physical activities. The research method consisted of questionnaires, interview material utilized, writer's own process records, and an analysis of the efforts of one local association, over a period of three years, to practice "community organization". Clarence King in 1941 remarked "that as yet there has been too little scientific inquiry into the nature and characteristic of the community organization process". An attempt is made to show that the process is an important part of community organization, and that it is affected by individual, group, and community issues. Some of the findings of Dr. E.C. Lindeman and Professor Jesse P. Steiner seem to repeat themselves here. The implications of the survey to the community are described. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This study deals with a six month experiment of group work with a delinquent adolescent gang, together with the more general implications of the teen-age gang problem for the community. Throughout the thesis extensive use has been made of the writer's process records on this specific gang. Background information on sixteen of the gang members was obtained from a detailed study of case work, Juvenile Court and school records. The thesis begins with the sociological background of gang formation in disorganized areas. Special attention is given to the psychological needs of the individual which are satisfied through gang association. The process of encouraging a specific gang to become part of an agency program and the activities of this gang as a club within the agency are then discussed. The group work techniques employed and the various problems encountered are described in considerable detail. An evaluation of the six months' contact with the gang is presented. In setting forth the implications of the study, emphasis is given to the general philosophical requirements for the individual group work practitioner, the pitfalls which are to be avoided, and practical suggestions on such subjects as discipline, skills etc. The question of the responsibility of the private group work agency in the area of delinquent gangs is considered in detail and attention is given to the implications of a policy of dealing with gangs upon agency program, house rules, membership etc. The need for community coordination and a variety of community resources is stressed. A part of the study is devoted to examples found in various cities of community coordination to deal with delinquent gangs. A brief picture of the present stage of development in this regard in Vancouver is also given. The general principles of effective community organization in meeting the problem of gangs is set forth and the various alternatives in community-wide programs are discussed. A brief outline of a suggested plan for a community-wide organization to coordinate the treatment of delinquent gangs in Vancouver concludes the thesis. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The yearly reports of 155 registered trap lines in northern and northeastern British Columbia have been analysed and grouped into seven distinct areas exhibiting physiographic and vegetational differences. The trap line data hate been reduced to production figures, indicating for each species, the number of square miles necessary to produce one pelt. For most species these production figures have been found to be highly variable among the seven sub-areas. An analysis of the region with respect to providing suitable environment for the various species has suggested reasons for production variability. The species coyote, wolf, weasel, squirrel,and muskrat appear to be taken in numbers inversely proportional to the size of trap lines. The, size of lines, in turn, appears to be an expression of the human population density, habitat modification, depletion of populations of expensive fur species, and other factors. The fur species fox, marten, fisher, mink, wolverine, lynx and beaver appear to be taken in numbers proportional to the abundance of the species concerned. Highest production appears to result from the most favourable environmental conditions. Raccoon, otter, skunk, and cougar are not abundant,and the number of pelts produced is low. In Appendix B, the value of fur is examined for a limited area about Fort Nelson. When the value is calculated to compare with wood value from a forest with a 100 year rotation, the fur has a gross value of over eight million dollars. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

This study is concerned with the role of the survey method in assisting the citizens to participate in the planning of community welfare services. It attempts to point out how the survey can be a medium through which professional and non professional agencies and individuals are able to participate, to co-operate and to learn through the group process in the field of welfare planning. Because a Council of Social Agencies is accepted as the obvious channel through which people may come together for discussion while attempting to solve their problems, this study shows the contribution which a council can make in this regard. The study assumes the premise that any sustained interest in and planning for welfare services must accept the fact that the citizens being served have a right to be a part of the overall planning for these resources in their respective communities. Each example of a survey presented for discussion is analysed in order to show the degree of attention paid to the three criteria for a social survey: co-operation, participation and education. In its theoretical aspect, the study stresses the democratic nature of Canadian and American society and attempts to point up how social welfare and democratic principles may be co-ordinated in an effort to build a strong society. As social work philosophy recognises the dignity of the individual and his right to plan for himself, it therefore behooves the professional body to study and to analyse the ways in which it is possible to secure a wider and more effective representation from the community in the planning for welfare services. The study concludes with a summation of democratic and social work philosophy as demonstrated by the examples contained in the thesis and adds some suggestions to the local planning agency concerning the development of a more effective programme within that agency. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Financial provision for the years of retirement calls for consideration and preparation by every thinking citizen. Knowledge gained from past experience may prove of benefit to planners for the future. Keeping this principle in mind, this thesis, has been prepared as a review of the establishment and evolution of the present system of old age pensions in Canada, with details concerning the province of British Columbia. Information embodied in the thesis was obtained from numerous documents; other than those mentioned in the Bibliography, the Canada Gazette and the British Columbia Gazette should be noted as sources for legislation. Sample cases were obtained from an-analysis of the applications for old age pension in British Columbia which were refused during the year 1947. Review of popular opinions expressed over the years, and discussion of eligibility requirements in 1947 reveals the inadequacy of the present scheme, thus pointing to the necessity of expanding the scope for financial security in old age. All proposals to secure greater coverage entail the establishment of a contributory pension plan. In the light of ever-changing legislation, and in the absence of any chronological compilation of the provisions made by the British Columbia government for old age pensions, it was felt that an account of the growth of the present system would be of reference value. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This study is primarily concerned with the early recognition of symptomatic behaviour in school, and subsequent treatment of the child who may become delinquent. It is based upon the premise that the only effective method of control of juvenile delinquency lies in prevention. The findings are based upon investigation of a sample group of delinquents from the Vancouver Juvenile Court, and a smaller group of delinquents from the same sample, studied in the city schools. The progressive development of delinquency is traced, from its origin in emotional factors, through the school years, to the ultimate conflict with the law. The study indicates the behaviour characteristics of many pre-delinquent children in school, and the extent to which these attributes are recognizable as symptomatic patterns. The attitudes of teachers toward troublesome behaviour in school are discussed with reference to the feasibility of a collaborative approach, between the social worker and the teacher, to the problem of prevention. In its theoretical aspects, the study draws from reports of current programs in delinquency control, with emphasis upon their preventive content. The analysis of the various control measures shows their limited recognition of the deeper-lying emotional basis of delinquent behaviour. An outline for a preventive program is presented. It is based upon the conditions indicated by the study, and the resources available to such a program in the city of Vancouver. The outline suggests how a preventive program may be launched on an experimental basis, through a reorganization of existing agencies and services. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate