Early life history, distribution, movement, food habits and interspecific relations of five inshore species, largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus), northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonense), peamouth chub (Mylocheilus caurinum), red side shiner (Richardsonius balteatus), and prickly sculpin (Cottus asper), have been studied during the summers of 1959 - 1961 in Nicola Lake, British Columbia. Analyses were based on specimens periodically sampled with three types of seine nets from various inshore waters of the lake, observation of behaviour of the fish both in nature and in aquaria, and study of plankton, bottom animals and temperature conditions. After emerging, the fry of all species move to the head of the lake where there is a tendency to form an early-summer aggregation. Later, they diverge from the head of the lake along the shore. Fry of all four cypriniform species showed similar diurnal movement. They started to move into the shallow water at dawn and moved out at dusk. In the sculpin, fluctuations in numbers near shore had no direct correlation with time of a day. No species was rigorously restricted to one habitat, although different habitat preferences were observed. To a certain extent the species were separated by difference in distribution in relation to depth. These differences increase with age. A close association among fry of all species in the early summer gradually dissipated. Divergence was also observed in feeding habits of these species. In early summer they are typically plankton feeders, but towards the end of summer their interspecific feeding relations gradually become less because of the divergence in food preference, feeding places and feeding manner. These changes are in turn largely due to morphological changes, in particular those of feeding structures. Since the plankton resources seemed to be insufficient in the shallow inshore area, there may have been competition for food in early summer. Moreover, the fry may have been forced into severe competition by an early-summer aggregation at the head of the lake as well as by similarity in behaviour and habitat. An alternative approach to the problem of demonstrating interspecific relationships was made from comparison of species associations in lakes of the Fraser River drainage. A positive correlation between the surface area and the number of species suggests that the larger the lake, the greater the possibility of coexistence between these species, and that competition in small lakes may be a factor in eliminating some of the species. These findings are discussed in relation to the current controversy concerning specialization of temperate and tropical freshwater fishes. It is concluded that in large complex environments freshwater fishes are afforded the opportunity for specialization, whereas in small or simple environments, more generalized behavior leads to competition between species. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Twenty-one galena specimens from 16 mineral deposits in the Kootenay district analysed isotopically in replicate have a linear relationship of isotopic compositions on a Pb²º⁶/Pb²º⁴ versus Pb²º⁷/Pb²º⁴ graph. Twelve of the galenas, including two from Sullivan mine (East Kootenay district), were analysed by an intercomparison technique; the first application of the intercomparison method to an anomalous lead suite. Intercomparison results verify the linear compositional pattern (slope = 0.1084 ± 0.0033). These results indicate that: 1. Kootenay arc leads are multi-stage leads. 2. Sullivan-type lead is the parent common lead from which the anomalous suite developed. 3. Kootenay arc mineral deposits formed during one major mineralizing episode. Time of anomalous lead mineralization, tm, is probably Jurassic as deduced from potassium-argon dates and crosscutting relations of ores and igneous rocks. Assuming tm = 180 m.y. time of emplacement of uranium and thorium that produced the radiogenic component of the anomalous leads is approximately 1700 m.y., possibly the age of Lower Purcell strata of the East Kootenay district. Lead isotopic compositions show no obvious correlations with age of wallrock, type of wallrock, geological nature of ore deposits, or minor element content of galena. Post-ore thermal metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration do not appear to have changed lead isotopic compositions. The history of evolution of Kootenay arc anomalous leads is interpreted as follows: 1. Formation of source rocks containing uranium and thorium about 1700 m.y. ago. 2. Introduction of Sullivan-type lead into source rocks about 1340 m.y. ago. 3. Mixing of Sullivan-type lead with radiogenic lead formed by decay of uranium and thorium, and transportation and deposition of these "lead mixtures” to form anomalous lead deposits during Coast Range orogeny. Geologic and isotopic data from Sullivan mine are reconciled most easily with an epigenetic origin of the Sullivan orebody, and probably with a genetic relation of Sullivan ore fluids with the source magma of Moyie Intrusions. Holmes-Houtermans model age for Sullivan ore, based on intercomparison data, is 1340 m.y. Sullivan lead evolved in a source with U²³⁸/Pb²º⁴ = 9.02, Th²³²/Pb²º⁴ = 36.71, and Th/U = 4.07 (in terms of present day abundances). A method of estimating volume of source rock of anomalous lead deposits is outlined. Calculations for Jersey, Reeves Macdonald and Bluebell mines indicate that the radiogenic lead component of these deposits could have been derived from 1 to 10 cubic kilometers of source rock containing 3 ppm uranium (and approximately 12 ppm Th) if only one-third to one-half of the radiogenic lead in the source were extracted during a period of concentration and mineralization. Kootenay arc deposits can be divided into two classes on the basis of minor element contents of galenas. This division closely corresponds to the following geological types of deposits: 1. replacement deposits with no evidence of open space filling, and 2. deposits with evidence of open space filling and variable amounts of wallrock replacement. Minor element contents of galenas from Salmo-type replacement deposits suggest but do not prove a fairly low temperature of mineral deposition. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This is a study carried out in British Columbia in the spring of 1962. The information was gathered with the use of a questionnaire which was administered to 606 students enrolled in the course Art 91. The questionnaire asked for information which the researcher used as the basis for discovering the attitudes of the students. A person's behaviour was considered to be a valid indication of his attitude and so the four chapters which comprise the bulk of the paper deal with each of four behaviour expressions: reading, activities, personal earnestness and realism and artistic experience and the desire to communicate it. The questions whose answers revealed the student's attitudes in each of the categories were tabulated, compared with answers to other questions and discussed. Smaller groups of students within the Art 91 group were then taken apart from the rest and their scores on the questionnaire were compared with the Art 91 average. In the comparison between art club members and the larger group, it was found that there was a more positive attitude response to all the questions but one, which were compared. While more art club members kept a sketchbook, attended the lecture of a guest artist, and gave more 'original' answers to the subjective questions; it was found that art club members had experienced the use of fewer art media than the average for Art 91 students. Although the scores of art club members did seem better than those for the average among Art 91 students, it was decided that the difference was not great enough. A comparison of the academic achievement for art club members showed that the proportion of academic 'A' and 'B' students was far higher and that of academic 'D' and 'E' students much lower than those found in the Art 91 group as a whole. Three other groups of papers were then taken apart from the rest. In the question asking how students felt art would be useful to them after graduation, the students whose answers indicated that they planned an art career formed one sub-group. Those whose answers showed that they felt art would be useful to them in a non-art profession formed the second and those who felt that art would be of no use after graduation formed the third. It was found when comparing the answers of these students to both the subjective and the objective questions that group one scored consistently much higher than average, that group two scored slightly above average and that group three scored exceedingly low. When the academic achievements of these students were compared to the average for Art 91 students, it was found that there was no definite pattern but the students answering that art would be no use to them did show a slightly higher percentage of low academic achievers than did the Art 91 group as a whole. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Geography, as it presently exists in the British Columbia school system, is the result of many changes and revisions that have taken place in the curriculum since the public school system was first introduced in 1849. The development of the present course is traced through an examination of course outlines and former textbooks. At the same time, the position accorded to geographic instruction is assessed. Trends are noted and these are compared with those found in other countries, particularly Great Britain and the United States. During the Colonial Period, the choice of textbooks and selection of content were left to the individual teachers, most of whom had been recruited from Great Britain. Geography ranked as one of the five core subjects. Following Confederation, in 1871, the British influence was modified by prescribing textbooks produced in Ontario. The books were little more than gazetteers of place names and glossaries of terms to be memorized. The limited course outlines that appeared toward the end of the century had little effect on teaching methods. The amount of time devoted to historical study increased and at the same time the study of geography became the map on which historical narrative was unfolded. The major revision of 1900 established the general pattern of courses for the next half-century. In the primary grades, the British influence continued. The child studied the home region which was gradually expanded to include studies of selected areas in various parts of the world. In the intermediate grades, world regional geography was studied with regional selection based on Herbertson's "Major Natural Regions". In later courses, the climatic regions of Koppen and others influenced the regional selection. Physical geography formed the basis of the Secondary courses but by 1921 all geography courses at this level had been dropped. The emphasis in Geography during the first half of the 20th century shifted from memorization to understanding and course content became centered on man in relation to his environment. The Putman-Weir Survey of 1925 reflected the American influence as did the resulting Junior High School Social Studies and General Science. The new interest-centered courses allowed for the inclusion of a limited amount of general geography as part of the Social Studies of the Secondary schools. "Pride of Empire" dominated the new courses and the resulting textbooks were interspersed with interesting stories of Empire sandwiched between gazetteer-like paragraphs on places and products. The textbooks were often unsuited to the teaching methods suggested in the lengthy course outlines in which understanding and use of regional development were stressed. The major revision of 1936-37 re-introduced geography into the High School in the form, of two optional courses and this marked the beginning of the revival of interest in the teaching of geography. Following the Second World War geography was reintroduced at almost all levels with physical geography, formerly the mainstay of geography courses, becoming a part of the General Science. The post-war courses were transitional and some were based on outdated methods while others followed modern trends. The recommendations of the 1960 Royal Commission on Education advocated that greater emphasis be placed on geography instruction and that more stress be given to factual content. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Fossil plant remains from the "upper sedimentary-unit" of the Hazelton Group were investigated in order to attempt the assignment of a precise age to the strata. Collections of leaves and specimens for plant microfossil analysis were collected in the Hazelton area, and were supplemented by leaf collections loaned by the Geological Survey of Canada. Intensive maceration of rock specimens failed to yield sufficient microfossils for dating or correlation, and subsequent work was limited to the analysis of megafossils. Identification of leaves and other remains resulted in the discovery of one new species and the recognition of 7 species previously unreported in the Hazelton flora. Statistical analyses and correlations with other floras have led to the conclusion that, the flora from the "upper sedimentary unit" of the Hazelton Group is late Jurassic to early Cretaceous in age, encompassing the stages Portlandian to Neocomian inclusive. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

A study was undertaken to determine some of the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the Alberni Slay, a Vancouver Island soil which is the representative of the concretionary Brown Group of soils. Chemical analyses showed that iron, silica and aluminum are leached from the profile and though considerable quantities of these elements are precipitated on the surfaces of peds in the deeper horizons of the soil, no horizon of accumulation was formed. The retention of iron in the surface horizon in the form of free iron oxides maintained the percentage of iron in that horizon comparable with the percentage in the C horizon, and resulted in the formation of highly stable concretions in the A-B horizon of the soil. The formation of concretions seemed to have been influenced by the high magnetite content of the soil. The interaction between the positively charged surface of the magnetite particles and organic anion complexes of the cations of the first transitional series impeded the movement of these complexes through the slowly permeable soil and permitted absorption and precipitation to form concretions. The x-ray analyses of the clays revealed a weathering sequence in which chlorite was developed, from weathered primary minerals. The formula for the chlorite separated from the surface horizon clays was calculated and it was found to be a dioctahedral Al-chlorite which had been predicted by Grim and by Brindley, but which had not been previously identified in soils. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The credit unions in British Columbia have experienced spectacular growth during the last fifteen years. Many new credit unions have come into existence and old ones have increased considerably in size. Different pieces of legislation, Federal as well as Provincial, have been passed to ensure safety of members' savings and efficient management of credit unions. This study is an attempt to evaluate the financial management of credit unions in British Columbia. The evaluation has been made from the standpoint of financial soundness, lending practices, accounting system and system of internal control. Since a credit union is an important institution of consumer credit, a general discussion of consumer credit is presented in the beginning of the study. Consumer credit is a major force in our modern economy. Mass production of goods at low costs has been greatly assisted through the advent of consumer credit financing. Modern credit theory divides the field of credit into three categories: emergency credit, convenience credit and instalment credit. Instalment credit is the most significant of these three in terms of its effect upon the economy. The level of this credit depends on the durables bought on an instalment basis, and the sale of durables depends on discretionary income, expectation of future income, the pattern of distribution of income amongst spending units and the growth of income. The consumer credit market is imperfectly competitive. Credit unions provide a significant portion of consumer lending in Canada. They have experienced a more than proportionate growth in their trend of instalment credit lending as compared with the growth trend of other lending institutions. Since savings is the source of consumer credit, the role of credit unions as saving institutions has been studied. Credit unions now act as depositories for a significant portion of total net savings in Canada. Cooperative central banking in Canada, through a recent development, is becoming increasingly popular. In 1953, a Canadian Cooperative Credit Association was formed to act as an apex organization for all the cooperative central banks in Canada. The financial soundness of a credit union depends on the adequacy of reserves, liquidity, and growth. There are various types of reserves in existence, of which the reserve for bad debts is of material importance. Under the B.C. Credit Unions Act, the provision for bad debt losses has to be kept in liquid form. This seems to be an unnecessary provision because the function of the reserve fund is to absorb losses, and because such losses do not necessitate the payment of cash. Total bad loans have been related to loans outstanding and the reserve fund. The overall position has been studied and is considered to be very satisfactory. For measurement of the growth of credit unions, the time series of savings, membership and loans have been analysed by the Gompertz curve method. The annual increase in all the three factors is at a declining rate. The projection of Gompertz curves indicates that it will be a long time before a period of stability is reached. The liquidity of credit unions is analysed by relating the total funds retained to the legal requirements. In almost all cases funds retained are higher than the legal requirements. The effect of the seasonal pattern of demand for borrowings on liquidity has been studied from the statistics obtained from the books of B.C. Central Credit Union. Since B.C. Central Credit Union is the depository of funds of most of the credit unions in British Columbia, their liquidity is directly related to B.C. Central's. B.C. Central's liquidity has been analysed from the standpoint of lending practices, the extent of exercise of the borrowing rights and its compliance with the statutory requirements. The lending practices of credit unions have been studied from the standpoint of the purposes for which loans have been granted, the nature of security taken, the rate of interest charged, and the terms of repayment of loans. Purchase of durables, and real estate constitute more than 60% of the borrowings from credit unions. The effective rates of interest charged by credit unions have been compared with the rates of other lending institutions. The lending of credit unions is kept reasonably on a short-term basis. In order to study accounting systems and the system of internal control, a number of credit unions in Vancouver were visited. The study was made from the standpoint of three management objectives: namely, managerial decision-making, protection of assets and determination of income. Though the systems in use are thought to be reasonably satisfactory, some small credit unions are not making proper use of them. Throughout the study, recommendations have been made that are thought to be helpful in improving the financial management of credit unions in British Columbia. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

In Kenya, as in British Columbia, a high percentage of the forest land is owned by the Crown. Since Government controls most of the raw material for the forest industry, its timber disposal policies will have a considerable influence on the pattern of industrial development. The most suitable policy will be that which allows the maximum degree of industrial efficiency to be achieved and at the same time, adequately protects the public interest in the forest resource. The main methods of timber disposal open to the Kenya Government are: (i) To dispose of all Crown timber by public auction. (ii) To grant leases of Crown timber to private enterprise concerns, Government retaining the responsibility for forest management. (iii) To grant leases to private enterprise concerns and, in addition, to delegate to these same concerns the responsibility for forest management. Such a lease would be equivalent to British Columbia's Tree Farm Licence. (iv) To dispose of Crown timber by outright alienation. (v) To establish State manufacturing plants. It is not essential that the Government commit itself to any particular one of the above alternatives in practice, a combination of two or more may be desirable. This thesis is primarily concerned with the Tree Farm Licence method of timber disposal. The main objectives are: to study the progress of the Tree Farm Licence, to assess its advantages and disadvantages and to discuss its applicability in Kenya. The main conclusions drawn are that the Tree Farm Licence has brought several important benefits to British Columbia and in particular, has encouraged the establishment of the large integrated forest industries which play an important part in supporting the Provincial economy. The introduction of a similar licence into Kenya would be desirable, but for political reasons probably impracticable at present. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Improved techniques (particularly electrical apparatus) make it possible to teach hearing-handicapped children the use of language at an age when their motivation and their capabilities for this learning are at their peak. The result has been to ease considerably, the burden of basic educational training, and also to permit the balancing of this with the broader socialization of the child. This makes early diagnosis more important than ever; but it also makes family participation a vital ingredient. Two companion studies - one concentrating on the pre-school child, and the other on the school-aged child - have been undertaken to sharpen this part of the focus - the family, parental, and related influences which bear on the progress in his early years now possible for the hearing-handicapped child. With the co-operation of the Parent-Teachers Association of the Jericho Hill School, and the School personnel, information was obtained from some eighty parents of children of school age residing in British Columbia, who responded to a questionnaire enquiry. This was followed by interviews with families living within Great Vancouver. The area of enquiry included a) the implications of the handicap, and b) the contributions made by parents in the treatment of the child; an assessment being made of more helpful and less helpful family situations respectively. Information and interpretation is an evident need, for both children and parents, and as training potential as well as behaviour consequences. Attributes which distinguish the more helpful family from the less helpful are indicated. Some general findings relate to (a) community attitudes and (b) services for the hearing-handicapped child. Because of its exploratory nature, this study must leave several questions unanswered; but the importance of early diagnosis and co-operative relationships between clinics, parents, and school, are clearly indicated. Social Work Services are particularly relevant if the differential needs of children (in family terms as well as degrees of hearing loss) are to be met. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Mount Washington rises abruptly to the west of the Coastal plain of Vancouver Island near Courtenay, British Columbia. It is ( -shaped possessing two cirques which face northeast. The basement rocks of the Mount Washington area consist of several thousand feet of massive basic to intermediate volcanics of the Triassic Vancouver group. A layer composed of gently dipping Upper Cretaceous shales, sandstones, and minor conglomerate and coal overlies the Triassic rocks on the Coastal plain, and outliers of this layer are present on the higher areas west of the plain. Dioritic intrusions cut the Triassic and Upper Cretaceous rocks. The higher portions of Mount Washington are composed mainly of Upper Cretaceous rocks. These, and the Triassic rocks underlying them have been domed by the intrusion of a centrally located quartz diorite stock. Numerous offshoots of this stock are present in the Upper Cretaceous rocks surrounding it. At its west border there are two breccia pipes. Copper-bearing quartz veins are present on the west side of the mountain in the vicinity of the stock. These were formed at high temperatures in a near-surface environment. The distribution of the breccias and sill-like intrusions at Mount Washington suggests that the development of the stock was highly restricted as it moved upward through the Triassic volcanics and that on reaching the Upper Cretaceous sediments it encountered much less resistance so that it spread laterally to form dykes, sills, and laccoliths(?). The present investigation provides, the only detailed geological mapping done in the Mount Washington-Constitution Hill area, and its contributions are as follows: (1) additions to the knowledge of the stratigraphy and structure of the rocks in the area; (2) information on the probable methods of emplacement of the dioritic intrusions, and the relationships among these intrusions; (3) the existence, extent, and nature of the breccias; (4) additions to the knowledge of the character of the mineral deposits, including the occurrence of the mineral wehrlite. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate