Snow glide is the translational slip of the entire snow pack over a sloping ground surface. It is thought that rapid rates of snow glide precede the release of full-depth avalanches. The nature of avalanches that release at the ground makes them difficult to predict and difficult to control using explosives. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between rapid snow glide and full-depth avalanche occurrence and to examine climate factors affecting both processes. Data collected from an instrumented site along the Coquihalla Highway in the Cascade Mountains of British Columbia were used for analysis during two winter seasons (1992-93, 1993-94). Glide is influenced by the nature of the interaction between the roughness of the ground and the snow pack, and by the distribution of water at the interface. The presence of water at the interface affects the material properties of snow and the friction conditions. The impact of freewater on glide is influenced by the volume and rates of water input. Higher glide rates and fulldepth avalanche release are the almost immediate responses to contributions of free-water. The data show that the most significant contributor is rainfall, which is common in the study area throughout the winter season. The supply of free-water from snow melt due to radiative and thermal sources of energy become more significant in the spring. Water inputs increase the thickness of the saturated layer at the base of the snow pack, allowing greater amplitudes of roughness to be overcome. By drowning or partially drowning the roughness elements, a thin film of water reduces the shear resistance of the snow pack to downslope movement. Inputs of water at rates higher than transmissions rates will increase pore pressures and decrease shear stress encouraging further downslope movement. Failure of the snow pack at the ground is translational, most often occurring 12-24 hours after a rainfall event, but sometimes much later when avalanche release would not be expected. Although there is no threshold glide velocity associated with avalanche release, it can be concluded that snow glide is a good indicator of active periods of full-depth avalanche occurrence. However, results from this study show that rainfall rates and snow melt rates may be more accurate predictors of avalanche occurrence in the study area. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Conventional academic argument has it that reserve establishment in British Columbia was something which was imposed upon a subjugated, oppressed population. This argument suggests that after eighty years of mutually beneficial socio-economic interaction with Europeans, Natives were suddenly unable to cope with the effects of European settlement. Careful scrutiny of relevant documents from reserve commissions, however, tends to suggest a different interpretation. Although faced with the societal effects of depopulation as a result of epidemic disease, and in spite of restrictions placed upon them by European law and Victorian hegemonic beliefs, Natives were able to maintain their cultural integrity and participate effectively within European systems of power. Although the agenda and objectives of Natives with regard to land were not evident to contemporary Europeans, they are beginning to be seen and understood by historians and other observers. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This study attempts to address a gap in existing subcultural research. While there has been extensive work done on the experiences of men in subcultural groupings, the examination of women's experiences is sadly lacking. Using a combination of participant observation and ethnographic interviewing, this study looks at the role women play in the local rock music scene. Some interesting themes emerge that challenge existing notions that women are either marginal or absent from subcultural activity. Women in the scene occupy a richly contradictory social position. While they exercise an impressive degree of sexual and financial autonomy, as illustrated by their initiation of relationships and breadwinner roles in partnerships with male musicians, they also adopt many goals and behaviors typically associated with mainstream constructions of proper femininty. Women in the rock scene are seldom performers, instead they are concentrated i n the role of the "nurturent caretaker" (Cole 1993: 89/90) allowing the male musicians to retain recognition, prestige and power in the scene. This construction of the male role as central reflects the acceptance of patriarchal ideology in the scene and obscures the contribution of women to the material maintenance of the subculture. Women's roles in the scene can be characterized as a simultaneous acceptance and rejection of mainstream prescriptions for feminine behavior. While women in the rock scene are undeniably the focus of much sexual objectification and exploitation, they cannot be viewed as either passive or dependent. Women are described by scene members as sexually powerful decision makers, and although women's power is cast in disappointingly sexual terms, it is the active nature of this sexuality that leads me to describe women not as "passive" sexual objects, but rather as "active" sexual objects. Women's experiences in the rock scene are inextricably linked to heterosexual relations with male musicians. While rock women focus on the same goals of marriage and motherhood as mainstream women, their relationships are characterized by complications imposed by the rock lifestyle. According female participants, the overt sexuality of the scene, lack of financial stability , and the consuming nature of the music business combine to challenge the maintenance of a healthy relationship with a musician. However, while women's willingness to deal with such obstacles is puzzling, it can be seen as determination to transcend traditional limitations on masculine and feminine roles. The rock scene, despite its disproportionate consequences for women, offers both women and men alternatives to mainstream constructions of masculinity and femininity. The scene is identified by both female and male participants as offering excitement, spontaneity and passion absent in mainstream society. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

The delivery of social housing is consistently plagued with problems ranging from reduced budget allocation, scarcity of adequately zoned lands and neighborhood opposition. Though limited, provincial funding is still available in BC. However, land acquisition remains a problem. Municipal governments are recognized to have the influence to increase the amount of land for affordable housing projects through the use of zoning by-laws. This thesis argues that the exclusionary character of the municipal zoning by-law does not encourage the creation of affordable housing units. Amendments to the Municipal Act under Bill 57 which allow BC municipalities to negotiate with developers to set aside some units as affordable through density bonusing and inclusionary zoning do not also guarantee that units can be created. Both strategies are dependent on the performance of the market place. This thesis explores an alternative form of affirmative zoning as a possible municipal initiative that can facilitate the creation of affordable housing units by reviewing governments' activities in affordable housing provision and by looking at Surrey as an illustrative case. The alternative form calls for the amendment of the zoning by-law to include a specific zone for affordable housing and pre-zoning of vacant municipal-owned lands for affordable housing. By adopting this strategy, a municipal government departs from its traditional reactor role. Surrey has demonstrated that in order to adopt affirmative zoning, a municipality has to be governed by a socially-committed council who should bring affordable housing provision as a visible component in the municipal agenda. The case also shows that the process has inherent constraints. The provincial government may prohibit councils from identifying affordable housing as a distinct zone while neighbourhoods can still mount strong opposition against the process. Senior governments may start to "dump" social housing projects in municipalities that have adopted this mechanism. With this mechanism in place, a municipal government may expect to accommodate additional population and consequently, an additional demand on municipal resources and services. However, the adoption of the strategy can provide municipal governments with an alternative option, enhance the planning process, foster public acceptance of affordable housing projects, and shorten the approval process. Two lessons are drawn from this thesis: • municipal resources can be re-directed to facilitate the process of creating affordable housing units and • planners and decision-makers should assume a progressive philosophy, leadership and social commitment to ensure that the strategy works. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

[No abstract.] / Arts, Faculty of / Music, School of / 2 sound cassettes. Trombone. / Graduate

An evaluation of the effectiveness of design guidelines in the City of Vancouver was undertaken. Three neighborhoods were studied where design guidelines have been applied. The guidelines for each neighborhood were studied and summarized and then site visits were made to evaluate the implementation of the guidelines. Evaluation of the guidelines took the form of a comparison of the objectives of the guidelines with the actual conditions in the neighborhoods. Factors that influenced the success or failure of the guidelines were identified and summarized. General comments regarding the implementation of design guidelines in the city of Vancouver were outlined in the concluding chapter. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) is considered to be the most common nutritional deficiency among infants and children worldwide. The consequences of IDA on the developing central nervous system may be irreversible; these may include delayed mental and motor development, and reduced school performance. Infants are particularly prone to develop IDA if given foods low in iron content or foods that contain iron of low bioavailability. Infants from low socioeconomic background and Asian, Black or Hispanic infants, are believed to be at higher risk for IDA than White infants. There are no published studies on iron status in relation to feeding history from British Columbia or other parts of Canada. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IDA and low iron status in 9 month old infants in Vancouver, British Columbia, and to determine which infants are at highest risk for IDA and low iron status based on their feeding history, economic and ethnic background. Infants who could participate in the study were identified from birth and death lists provided by the Vancouver Public Health Department. Eligibility criteria were that the infant was full term (gestational age a: 37-<42 weeks) with a birth weight of 2500-4500g and born between January 1st, and March 2nd, 1993, or between June 4th and August 7th, 1993 to parents resident in Vancouver, with an address to enable contact. Initial contact with parents of all eligible infants (n = 1813) was made through a letter. A subsequent telephone call was made to the parents to describe the study protocol and to arrange an appointment for parents interested in participating with their infant. All the appointments were made to coincide with the time when the infant would be 39 ± 1 weeks old. At the clinic appointment, blood samples were collected from the infants, parents completed questionnaires regarding their family background and their infant's nutritional history from birth to 9 months of age, and a visual recognition memory test (Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence) was administered to the infant. Because many tests used to diagnose iron-deficiency anaemia lack specificity, several tests were used in combination. IDA was classified as a Hgb ^101 g/L or Hgb <110 g/L with 2 or 3 abnormal biochemical tests from serum ferritin :S 10 //g/L, total iron binding capacity > 60 //mol/L, and zinc protoporphyrin >70 //mol ZPP/mol heme. Low iron status was classified as a serum ferritin ^10 //g/L without iron-deficiency anaemia. Four hundred and thirty four (434) 9 month old infants and their parents participated in the study, representing 23.9% of all the eligible infants. The prevalence of IDA and low iron status was 6.9% and 24.4%, respectively. A statistically significant association (p<0.0001) was found between the infants' iron status and the duration of breast-feeding. IDA and low iron status was found in 15.2% and 30.4%, respectively, in infants who had received breastmilk as their main source of milk for more than 8 months. In contrast, the prevalence of IDA and low iron status was 1.5% and 10.3%, respectively, among the group of infants who were never breast-fed. Feeding low iron milk (cows' milk, low iron infant formula or goat's milk) also showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) association with the iron status of the infants. No statistically significant association was found between iron status and the age of introduction of specific solid foods (iron-fortified infant cereals, fruits, vegetables, legumes, egg yolk, tofu, meat, chicken, or fish), or fruit juice. No statistically significant association was found between the annual family income and iron status of the infants, when considering either the entire group of infants, or the infants from two parent households. However, a statistically significant association (p< 0.05) was found between iron status and family income for the group of infants (n = 30) from one parent families. Of note, only 7 of these infants were from families with an annual income of > $20,000. The low number of infants in this group limits the ability to predict the true prevalence of IDA and low iron status, or the association with income in the single parent families. No statistically significant association was found between the infants' iron status and the mothers' level of education. A higher prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia and low iron status was found in infants of mothers born in Canada compared to infants of mothers not born in Canada. The difference was statistically significant (p<0.05) suggesting a higher risk for iron-deficiency anaemia and low iron status among infants' whose mother had been born in Canada. No statistically significant association was found between the infants' iron status and the number of years an immigrant mother had resided in Canada. Ethnic background as reported by the mother was significantly associated (p<0.05) with the iron status of the infants. Specifically, the prevalence of IDA was higher among infants of European and Canadian parentage than among infants of East Indian and Chinese parentage. No statistically significant differences were found between the scores on the visual recognition memory test of the infants with iron-deficiency anaemia, low iron status or normal iron status. In conclusion, the prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia (6.9%) and low iron status (24.4%) among otherwise healthy 9 month old infants who participated in this study suggests the need to develop strategies for the prevention of iron-deficiency anaemia, or for early detection and treatment. The results of this study show that the infants at highest risk for iron-deficiency anaemia and low iron status in Vancouver, when defined by feeding history, are infants with a history of breast-feeding as the main source of milk for more than 8 months, and infants bottle-fed low iron milk (cows' milk, goat's milk or low iron infant formula). When defined by economic and ethnic background the infants at highest risk for iron-deficiency anaemia are infants of Caucasian mothers (European or Canadian). / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The main features of a syenitic complex located near Kamloops B.C. are described. The most noteworthy of these is the abundance of andradite garnet in the rocks. The mineral is believed to have crystallized from a melt that had the composition of quartz syenite. The melt, prior to its consolidation, intruded and apparently assimilated limestone. This caused the rocks to be differentiated at or near their present site by the crystallization of calcium silicates such as the andradite garnet. Quartz -rich rocks were produced first and ultimately nepheline -bearing ones. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The new town of Kitimat was built in an undeveloped area on the north-west coast of British Columbia in response to the need for a site for an aluminum smelter, an operation which was located there because of its need for the abundant hydro power which was available in the region. The town was planned under the direction of Clarence S. Stein, who as the author of the Radburn principle, embodied this concept extensively in its physical plan. It is now more than a decade since the first part of Kitimat townsite was occupied in 1954, and sufficient time has thus elapsed to give some indication of how effective certain aspects of its planning have been. This study attempts to determine whether the planning principles used in Kitimat have been successful and why, as well as to determine whether the planners succeeded in achieving what they set out to do. There were several methods used in the evaluation - a study of the available literature on Kitimat; numerous personal interviews; a questionnaire type survey of the community; and the personal experience of the author's three years of residence in the community. The questionnaire type of survey entailed the distribution of 230 questionnaires to residents of the community. These questionnaires included a total of 28 questions to determine the attitude toward various aspects of the community. Two questions asked what the residents most liked and most disliked about Kitimat and another asked what suggestions they had for its future development. The results of the study indicate that the basic objectives that the planners initially put forth for the development of the town have been reasonably well achieved. These objectives include firstly, the industrial success of the plant and the importance of a contented work force, and secondly, the importance of family needs as a basis for the Kitimat Master Plan. The study goes on to analyse various aspects of the physical planning. It puts considerable emphasis on the results of the attitude survey on the assumption that an important factor in the degree of success of a community is the attitude of its residents toward it. Consideration is given to the effects of the curtailment of the 1957 construction program, and the importance is shown for a staging of development in new towns which allows a good relationship of all areas and uses to each other at all stages of development. Basically it can be said that the planners of Kitimat achieved much of what they attempted to do through the physical planning concepts which were applied in Kitimat. Certain aspects of the development have presented problems or have been limited in their degree of success, notably the design and quality of housing, the orientation of some of the housing, and the minor walkway system. However the main elements of the physical planning of the community, including those related to the Radburn principle, have proven quite successful. These include the application of the neighbourhood unit idea, the inclusion of a neighbourhood commercial centre within a neighbourhood, the separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic as demonstrated by the arterial walkway system and interior park areas, the separation of vehicular traffic by its function, and the exclusion of through vehicular traffic from the neighbourhoods. With the reservations outlined above, the hypothesis is considered to be valid, namely "THAT THE PHYSICAL PLANNING CONCEPTS USED IN KITIMAT HAVE GENERALLY BEEN SUCCESSFUL." / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The Mitchell-Sulphurets region is in the heart of the Coast Mountains of northwest British Columbia. Geologically it is situated on the western edge of the Bowser basin approximately 12 miles east of the main Coast Mountains plutonic complex. The map-area is underlain by partly or wholly metasomatized sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks are tentatively dated as Lower Jurassic. They probably belong to Lower Hazelton and/or possibly Upper Takla group. The sediments are typical of a greywacke, turbidite suite. The volcanics belong to a marine sequence chiefly comprising pyroclastic members. Possibly in Jurassic time, the sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the area were invaded by the Mitchell Intrusions. The earlier members of the Mitchell Intrusions were injected as sills and dykes predominantly into the well-bedded sediments. The later members formed larger, more irregular bodies. There are marked mineralogical changes within the intrusions. Differentiation by fractional crystallization and composite intrusion account for original variations in mineral composition, but post-crystallization changes are the cause of unusual rock types. Spilitized diabase, syenodiorite, albite syenite, syenite, quartz syenite, and some granite have resulted from the "deliming" or albitization of the original plagioclases. Immense quantities of trapped volatiles, which were concentrated by differentiation processes, resulted in phenomenal amounts of rock alteration during the dying stages of the magmatic period. They have had a profound effect on an area of rock about three times that of the intrusions. During the period of rock alteration the area approached an equilibrium environment probably somewhere below 400° C. and probably at moderate pressures. Throughout the area altering fluids probably contained moderate concentrations of Na, K, SiO₂, and H₂S, high concentrations of CO₂ and H₂0, and in the Mitchell Valley trace amounts of HF. The end of the alteration period was sharp, possibly being terminated by the development of major faults which could have permitted the release of the fluids. The chief types of alteration - albitization, carbonatization, sericitization, silicification, chloritization, and pyritization - have affected the rocks in a similar manner throughout most of the area. In most areas secondary minerals in highly altered rocks are the same as those in the slightly altered rocks. The mineral deposits, which are of the "Porphyry Copper" type, were formed during the alteration period. The presence of large volumes of volatiles at an elevated temperature allowed extensive migration of the metal-bearing solutions from their magmatic source. Disseminated dopper and molybdenum mineralization is found in porphyritic, granitic intrusions and in altered volcanic, sedimentary, and intrusive rocks. The large quantities of fluids have also resulted in the separation of the copper and molybdenum sulphides into distinct deposits. The formation of distinct deposits was probably dependent upon the physical-chemical properties of the environment at the time of alteration. Major faulting occurred late in the alteration period. This marked the end of the Mitchell epoch of magmatic activity. Somewhat later in the history of the area, possibly in Tertiary time, a few keratophyre (basaltic (?)) dykes were emplaced. Extensive erosion by glaciers in Pleistocene and Recent times has sculptured the landforms into their present shapes. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate