The loads on the electrical systems of automobiles are projected to increase significantly in the near future. This will result in a requirement for improved efficiency over the present-day car alternators. An alternative scheme proposed at Oregon State University employs a Brushless Doubly-Fed Machine (BDFM) as an alternator. This thesis begins with a study and characterization of the existing car alternator system. The configuration of the proposed scheme is discussed. In the proposed configuration, the power winding of the machine generates the bulk of the power and the control winding provides the excitation. The power winding feeds a power rectifier, which in turn charges the battery in an automobile. The control winding is supplied through an inverter. Issues related to inverter and rectifier design are discussed. A 3-phase pulse width modulated inverter and a bridge rectifier were developed and tested for performance. A PSPICE simulation model for the rectifier was developed and results are compared with laboratory tests. A Voltage Regulator Circuit (VRC) and an Efficiency Maximizer Unit (EMU) for the system are designed and developed. A prototype alternator system is tested and the principle of efficiency maximization is verified. Finally. the comparative performance of the the existing and the proposed system is discussed and some recommendations for further improvements in the prototype system are made. / Graduation date: 1992

The design and implementation of speed control driver which is applied to three-phase brushless DC fan motor are presented in this thesis. In the back-EMF detection circuit, we use digital filter circuits to obtain commutation to overcome the switch noises which are generated by high frequency PWM, without using traditional capacitor filter circuits which need more volume for additional external capacitor. Because the problems of high frequency magnetizing vibration and dispensable power consumption are generated by open-loop fixed frequency PWM speed control approach, closed-loop speed feedback control methods and closed-loop current feedback control methods are adopted to achieve high efficiency and low vibration of the fan motor drivers.

For energy conservation of sensorless two-phase half-wave brushless DC fan, this thesis develops a driver based on analogy circuits with current feedback control and speed feedback control. The main parts of the system include a sensorless start-up circuit, a sensorless commutation detection circuit, a speed feedback control circuit and a current feedback control circuit. Finally, we design experiments to compare it with outside PWM open-loop control and speed feedback control on experiment, the result shows that the driver with both current feedback control and speed feedback control displays better efficiency and lower vibration.

This thesis includes two research topics. The first topic is a low-power 2-dimensional bypassing digital multiplier design. The second one is a low-power sensorless micro-controller for brushless DC motors (BLDCM). The low-power 2-dimensional bypassing digital multiplier takes advantage of a 2-dimensional bypassing method. The proposed bypassing cells constituting the multiplier skip redundant signal transitions when the horizontally partial product or the vertically operand is zero. Hence, it is a 2-dimensional bypassing architecture. Thorough post-layout simulations show that the power dissipation of the proposed 8 ¡Ñ 8 design is reduced by more than 75% compared to the prior 8 ¡Ñ 8 design with obscure cost of delay and area. The goal of the low-power sensorless micro-controller for brushless DC motors is to design a BLDCM controller without using any Hall sensor. Back-EMF estimation method using the terminal voltage sensing is adopted for the detection of the commutation moment for the proper commutation control of the BLDCM. The position of the rotor can be precisely estimated by measuring the back-EMF as well as the zero-crossing points.

The design and implementation of speed control driver, which is applied to two-phase brushless DC fan motor is presented in this thesis. In addition, motor coils current limiter, output-stage Snubber circuit, and lock detection and auto-restart circuit are added to the driver for the sake of increasing stability and robustness. Because of high frequency energizing noise and dispensable power consumption problems generated by open-loop fixed frequency PWM speed control approach, several closed-loop speed control methods with speed estimation signal feedback are adopted for improvement. Furthermore, this thesis proposes a sensorless driving control strategy to eliminate Hall sensor in rotor position detection, and similarly has closed-loop speed control methods to achieve the goal of driver cost reduction, size decrease, and good control performance.

Conventional PM machines have fixed PM excitation and can only perform flux-weakening by controlling the d-axis current. This current incurs the power dissipation and reduces the efficiency during flux-weakening operations. Memory machines change this situation by introducing the memory function, namely magnetizing or reversely magnetizing Al-Ni-Co PMs to change the air-gap flux density. This provides another new way to realizing flux-weakening. And the elimination of the flux-weakening d-axis current improves the overall efficiency. But the single-memory machines have lower power density due to the low-energy Al-Ni-Co PMs. By incorporating the memory concept and with the intention of improving the power density, the DC-excited PMBL dual-memory machines have been proposed and implemented, based on two kinds of PMs which are high-coercivity Nd-Fe-B PMs and low-coercivity Al-Ni-Co PMs. The Nd-Fe-B PMs provide a strong magnetic field to excite high air-gap flux density; while the Al-Ni-Co PMs can be forward magnetized to strengthen the magnetic field produced by Nd-Fe-B PMs or can be reversely magnetized to cancel that field. Consequently the air-gap flux density can be controlled within a wide range. A series of design principles on such kind of dual-memory machine are devised for guidance. The key design principles involve how to determine the number of salient poles on the stator and rotor, how to choose the surface areas and thicknesses of the two kind of PM pieces and how to size the rotor dimension. Generally, increase on the proportion of Nd-Fe-B PMs will raise the base field and the load capacity. On the other hand, increment on the proportion of Al-Ni-Co PMs will extend the controllable flux range. Analysis is also carried out on the equivalent magnetic circuit to formulate the magnetizing force exerted on Al-Ni-Co PMs. The machine model is analyzed by using time-stepping FEM (TS-FEM) and co-simulation of FEM software and Matlab Simulink. The dynamic reverse magnetizing processes are simulated and presented in details under different magnetizing current. In addition the effect of adding iron bridges between the two kinds PMs is also evaluated by simulations. Furthermore, the control methods are evaluate by simulations and experiments. The direct torque control (DTC) scheme is adapted to this doubly-salient dual-memory machine and a torque estimator is proposed to facilitate the DTC method. Both of the simulation results and the experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed design principles and the effectiveness of the control methods. Eventually, this dual-memory machine is proposed as a pole-changing wind power generator and a pole-changing EV machine. Simulation and experimental results have verified the validity of the pole-changing scheme and the pole-protection scheme. / published_or_final_version / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Η παρούσα διπλωματική πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς ενός σύγχρονου κινητήρα μόνιμου μαγνήτη (Brushless DC) στην υγιή του κατάσταση και σε διάφορα σφάλματα με σκοπό την εύρεση διαγνωστικών δεικτών για την αναγνώριση και τη διακριτοποίηση των σφαλμάτων. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Για τους σκοπούς της διπλωματικής εργασίας προσομοιώθηκε ένας κινητήρας τύπου BLDC στην υγιή κατάσταση και στα σφάλματα με σταθερό αριθμό στροφών. Τα σφάλματα που μελετήθηκαν είναι πλήρης απομαγνήτιση ολόκληρου μαγνήτη, πλήρης τοπική απομαγνήτιση των άκρων ενός μαγνήτη, στατική και δυναμική εκκεντρότητα. Οι κινητήρες BLDC κερδίζουν συνεχώς έδαφος στη βιομηχανική παραγωγή και σε άλλες εφαρμογές, εκτοπίζοντας σιγά σιγά τους κινητήρες Συνεχούς Ρεύματος και τους Επαγωγικούς κινητήρες. Καθώς διαδραματίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην βιομηχανική παραγωγή, και όχι μόνο, είναι απαραίτητο να προλαμβάνονται όσο το δυνατόν νωρίτερα διάφορες βλάβες που μπορεί να συμβούν στους κινητήρες και δημιουργηθούν έτσι προβλήματα στις εφαρμογές που χρησιμοποιούνται. Συγκεκριμένα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα φασικά ρεύματα και η ηλεκτρομαγνητική ροπή του κινητήρα ως τα υπό διερεύνηση μεγέθη, και αφού έγινε FFT ανάλυση στα παραπάνω μεγέθη συγκρίθηκαν τα φάσματά τους για να βρεθούν τυχών διαφορές και να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως διαγνωστικοί δείκτες. Η παραπάνω μέθοδος, δηλαδή η ανάλυση FFT κάποιων μεγεθών της μηχανής, είναι και η πιο ευρέως διαδεδομένη για παρόμοια χρήση, χωρίς αυτό να αποκλείει και άλλες μεθόδους. Ο κινητήρας BLDC που μελετήθηκε είναι ισχύος 660 W, τροφοδοσίας 48 V μέσω ενός αντιστροφέα (inverter), έχει ονομαστική ταχύτητα περιστροφής 3000 rpm και διαθέτει 8 μαγνητικούς πόλους στο δρομέα του. Για την προσομοίωση όλων των καταστάσεων χρησιμοποιήθηκε το πρόγραμμα Opera-2d της εταιρίας Vector Fields, ένα λογισμικό πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Για την ανάλυση FFT χρησιμοποιήθηκε το πρόγραμμα Matlab της εταιρίας Mathworks. Αναλυτικά, στο κεφάλαιο 1 γίνεται μία αναφορά στα μαγνητικά υλικά, χρήσιμη διότι έχουμε να κάνουμε με έναν κινητήρα που διαθέτει μόνιμους μαγνήτες στο δρομέα του αντί για τυλίγματα και επίσης, θα μελετηθούν σφάλματα απομαγνήτισης. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 αναλύεται θεωρητικά η δομή, η λειτουργία και η συμπεριφορά των κινητήρων BLDC, καθώς και παραθέτονται μαθηματικά μοντέλα και κυκλωματικά ισοδύναμα για τη δυναμική και για τη μόνιμη κατάσταση της μηχανής. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 γίνεται παρουσίαση των σφαλμάτων. Μελετούνται οι αιτίες που τα δημιουργούν και τα επιδεινώνουν, καθώς γίνεται και μία παρουσίαση των συμπερασμάτων από διάφορες εργασίες και άρθρα όπου μελετώνται παρόμοια σφάλματα σε σύγχρονες μηχανές μόνιμου μαγνήτη. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα των προσομοιώσεων των διαφόρων καταστάσεων. Αρχικά γίνεται μία παρουσίαση της μεθόδου των πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Έπειτα παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα των προσομοιώσεων, και συγκεκριμένα η συμπεριφορά διαφόρων μεγεθών του κινητήρα. Αυτά τα μεγέθη είναι οι μαγνητικές γραμμές, το μέτρο του μαγνητικού πεδίου στο μέσω του διακένου, τα φασικά ρεύματα και η ηλεκτρομαγνητική ροπή, από τη μελέτη των οποίων βγαίνουν τα πρώτα συμπεράσματα για τη λειτουργία και την κατάσταση του κινητήρα. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 παρουσιάζεται αρχικά η μέθοδος FFT και μετά παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα αυτής της ανάλυσης στα φασικά ρεύματα και στη ροπή. Από τη σύγκριση των φασμάτων της υγιούς κατάστασης και των σφαλμάτων βρίσκονται οι διαγνωστικοί δείκτες για την κατάσταση της μηχανής. Τέλος, καταγράφεται η βιβλιογραφία που χρησιμοποιήθηκε. / In this thesis for diploma a Brushless DC (BLDC) is studying at healthy condition and under different kinds of faults. The purpose of this thesis for diploma is the For the purposes of this thesis for diploma a BLDC motor was simulated for the healthy condition and the faults. The faults under study are the uniform and the partial demagnetization of one permanent magnet, static and dynamic eccentricity. The variables that are studying are the phase currents and the electromagnetic torque of the motor. First, the waveforms of those variables were studying for the finding of the first conclusions and for the study of the behavior of the motor for those conditions. Furthermore, those variables were analyzed with the use of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The amplitudes of the harmonics of the phase currents and of the electromagnetic torque for the different faults were compared with the healthy condition for the finding of diagnostic indicators for the different faults.

The alternators in today's automobiles are of the claw-pole or Lundell construction, which is a readily manufactured, low-cost derivative of the conventional rotating dc field synchronous generator. The efficiency of the Lundell system is low due to a complicated magnetic circuit of predominantly solid steel and a high windage rotor structure. As the number of electrical devices in a car increases, so does the demand on the generator system. The Lundell alternator is not able to meet the demands and numerous alternative systems are under investigation. This led to the development of the brushless doubly-fed alternator system with the advantages of regulation over a wide speed range, competitive system cost based on inexpensive machine construction, low rating controller, diode rectifier and robust, low maintenance configuration. The conventional alternator has only one degree of control (de excitation), whereas the doubly-fed alternator has three control quantities: excitation magnitude, frequency and phase sequence. Excitation magnitude is used to regulate the output voltage, which leaves two control parameters to optimize efficiency over the alternator speed range. Simulation tools were developed for conducting design studies on the BDFM alternator system. Various stator and rotor configurations were studied through simulation and a few prototypes were built. A proof-of-concept prototype built in an existing induction machine frame achieved comparable efficiency characteristics to the Lundell System and exceeded the Lundell performance over part of the speed range. Significant performance improvements are expected for a new, optimized prototype which will not rely on the induction machine laminations, but will utilize custom components designed for this low voltage, high frequency application. Since the increase in automotive power demand is likely to be coupled with an increase in system voltage, a 24V, 2kW alternator system is investigated and simulation results are presented. / Graduation date: 1993

No description available.

Thesis deals with the challenges in the field of BLDC motors control with the utilization of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). Using the modular dSPACE hardware with the FPGA board, these issues are solved: sensored and sensorless control, real-time simulation of BLDC motor and control of BLDC motor in degraded mode. FPGA design is made using the System Generator for DSP from Xilinx. The side effect of work is to show that with the expansion of high-level tools for FPGA design, the implementation of algorithms for FPGA is relatively quick and efficient and does not require years of experience and big knowledge of field programmable gate arrays. The implementation of algorithms on FPGA instead of processors brings many advantages, in the first place the high speed processing and low latency.