Malgré la prise en compte grandissante des contextes de l’école, qu’ils soient institutionnels ou urbains, la sociologie de l’éducation donne relativement peu de réponses à la question des interactions entre ségrégations urbaines et ségrégations scolaires. La littérature scientifique concernant les interactions entre mondes urbains et mondes scolaires reste assez limitée :sociologie de l’éducation et sociologie urbaine restent deux champs relativement hermétiques l’un à l’autre. Il existe toutefois un point de rencontre entre ces deux domaines sociologiques. Ce croisement apparait autour de la littérature scientifique relative aux « effets de quartier ». Cette littérature prend pour objet l’étude des conséquences des quartiers ségrégués pour les populations qui y habitent et se focalise principalement sur l’enfermement local de ces populations. Cette focalisation peut mener à une vision dichotomique de la ville ainsi qu’à des visions normatives des pratiques de mobilité et d’ancrage territorial. En effet, les études relatives aux effets de quartier reposent, souvent implicitement, sur une valorisation positive de la mobilité spatiale et sur une connotation négative de l’ancrage territorial.<p>Tentant d’apporter une approche novatrice aux recherches relatives aux interactions entre mondes scolaires et mondes urbains et voulant éviter les limites des études relatives aux effets de quartier, notre thèse poursuit une démarche inductive basée sur ces lacunes théoriques. Le premier de ces objectifs est d’intégrer sociologie de l’éducation et sociologie urbaine dans une même approche afin d’appréhender de manière complète les questionnements liés aux recouvrements entre ségrégations scolaires et ségrégations urbaines. Notre deuxième objectif renvoie davantage au contexte de la recherche. Tant la sociologie de l’éducation que la sociologie urbaine ont tendance à se focaliser sur des contextes empiriques hautement ségrégués. Ces recherches montrent les logiques de hiérarchisation et de polarisation du système en opposant les écoles du haut et les écoles du bas de la hiérarchie scolaire. Les contextes scolaires favorisés sont très peu mis en avant en sociologie de l’éducation et les contextes intermédiaires ne le sont presque jamais. L’un des objectifs principaux de notre thèse consiste à investiguer le contexte des écoles dites « moyennes » dans les hiérarchies scolaires. L’objectif principal ici est de déterminer le profil de ces écoles du point de vue des populations scolaires, mais également du point de vue des politiques d’établissement et des vécus que cette position d’école « moyenne » suscite tant chez les élèves que chez les enseignants.<p>Concernant notre approche méthodologique, nous avons mis en place un dispositif de recherche très construit afin de sélectionner des écoles « moyennes ». Cette sélection s’opère par choix raisonné afin de définir clairement les situations étudiées. Deux critères ont été utilisés à cet effet concernant les deux principales formes de hiérarchisation de notre système scolaire :les filières d’enseignement et le niveau socioéconomique des établissements scolaires. Dans les établissements retenus, nous avons utilisé des méthodes mixtes de recueil de données :entretiens, questionnaire, données sur la géographie des lieux de résidence et cartes mentales. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ce travail analyse la localisation du commerce de détail bruxellois sous l'angle des facteurs de localisation différentielle, c'est-à-dire en examinant les caractéristiques des lieux qui ont une influence sur le fonctionnement du commerce, en terme de chiffre d'affaire ou de bénéfice, qui contribuent à la survie d'un commerce et qui engendrent des localisations diverses selon les types de commerces. Pour mettre en évidence ces facteurs, les analyses exploitent le postulat selon lequel la localisation à un moment donné d’un commerce ayant certaines caractéristiques répond à des contraintes, les facteurs de localisation, qui sont prises en compte de manière explicite ou implicite. La géographie du commerce dans la ville à un moment donné en traduit l'influence combinée. L'analyse mobilise un inventaire détaillé décrivant la localisation du commerce bruxellois en 1997. Une première exploitation, dans une logique déductive, a permis de tester systématiquement l'effet de distinctions spatiales jugées pertinentes sur la structure des fonctions commerciales. Cela a surtout eu pour objet de mettre en évidence, sur une base empirique cohérente (unité de temps, de lieu et de nomenclature), la sensibilité des divers types de commerces aux facteurs de localisation différentielle les plus communément cités (hiérarchie, micro-centralité, spécialisation, standing, population non-résidentes, caractéristiques de l'environnement et du bâtiment). Pour ce faire, on a d'abord cherché à classer les lieux selon leurs propriétés vis-à-vis du facteur de localisation considéré et à discerner si ces différenciations contribuaient à moduler les profils de localisation des différents types de commerces. Sur base de ce profil de localisation, la réponse des types de commerces aux contraintes imposées par le facteur de localisation et les mécanismes de différenciation qu'il entraîne ont été mis en lumière. Enfin, le classement des types de commerces vis-à-vis de chaque facteur de localisation différentielle a servi à construire de nouveaux indicateurs permettant de décrire les caractéristiques et le fonctionnement de l'espace commercial sur la base d'inventaires commerciaux. Une seconde démarche, dans une logique inductive, a consisté à explorer l'ensemble des données disponibles dans la SitEx en vue d'en dégager les discriminations les plus marquantes. Cette analyse de la structuration spatiale du commerce à Bruxelles avait pour but la recherche d'affinités spatiales, qui ont ensuite été interprétées en terme de facteur de localisation différentielle. Les résultats ont confirmé qu'il est possible de discerner par des outils géostatistiques classiques les affinités spatiales du commerce dans la ville et que ces affinités peuvent être souvent raccrochées aux facteurs de localisation énumérés par la littérature. Mais surtout, ces analyses multivariées contribuent à l'évaluation de l'importance relative de ces différents facteurs dans la différenciation des paysages commerciaux. Après avoir examiné l'impact des évolutions récentes (1997-2002, dans les principaux nodules commerçants) sur les résultats engrangés sur base des données exhaustives de 1997, les éléments en faveur d'une approche des facteurs de localisation différentielle par l'analyse des inventaires commerciaux ont été synthétisés, des applications pratiques évoquées et des compléments d'investigation proposés.

The aim of this study is to define and further the understanding of the practice of lobbying as it manifests in the participants’ interactions with each other and to identify its specific conditions (rules, standards, traits). A research overview shows that lobbying as a political phenomenon is well researched, but that the action per se tends to been taken for granted as ‘talking’. Communication between lobbyists and politicians has predominantly been reconstructed as transmission, informationexchange. The study addresses this deficiency by applying an ethnographic method, shadowing, and by focussing on the micro-level of lobbying as a socio-political phenomenon. Lobbying is researched in moments of interaction between interest representatives and representatives of the political system, i.e. MEPs and their assistants. Seven lobbyists and politicians in Brussels have been shadowed for one week each; a further 34 interviews were conducted. The analytical strategy was to infer from the actors’ impression management (Goffman). The study is informed by a neo-institutional perspective. It assumes that cognitive, normative, and regulative structures provide meaning to social behavior, and that these resources are identifiable. Goffman’s concept of team and the distinction between frontstage and backstage emerged as central categories. My results suggest that the small world of the EU’s capital results in a sense of ‘us in Brussels’ shared by lobbyists, politicians and assistants alike. Lobbying-interaction in frontstage-mode is governed by strict conventions; ignorance or transgression are sanctioned as unprofessional. The key result, however, is that lobbyists actively work towards engagement on other terms. Lobbyists employ various strategies and build relations with politicians in order to create moments of backstage-interaction. In backstage-mode, lobbyists not only gain access to soft information, but can negotiate ways of working together with politicians in pursuit of different, but partly overlapping agendas.

Investigations were carried out on the seasonal changes of aphids, particularly Myzus persicae (Sulz.), on hrussels sprouts and the importance of their natural enemies, from autumn 1968 to spring 1971 in the area around Edinburgh. M. persicae overwintered anholocyclically on weeds, particularly on dock plants, hut rarely on brassica crops. Plants in glasshouses also provided overwintering sites for M. persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). These aphids started gradually to infest the brussels sprout plants during the end of June in a constant but irregular movement. Both M. persicae and M.euphorbiae have no fixed patterns of population changes throughout the field nor from year to year. During early July the initially low densities of M. persicae and M. euphorbiae populations increased fast. By early August parasitism and predation increased; condensation of water droplets on the aphids also appeared in August and drowned some of them. Subsequently these mortality factors caused a sharp decline of the first peak of M. persicae abundance, and complete disappearance of H. euphorbiae from the field by mid-September. Favourable weather and reduced activities of natural enemies caused another peak of M. persicae to be reached in September. A slight drop in abundance occurred again, due mainly to parasitism; the third and last peak of a season appeared during late October and early November. The fall of this peak was attributed to the cold weather which reduced the rate of reproduction and hastened the abscission of bottom leaves which carried the aphid population. Eighteen species in eight genera of aphid parasites and at least eight species in five genera of hyperparasites were recorded. All the eleven species of primary parasites and five genera containing at least eight species of hyperparasites noted as parasites of M. persioae; and fifteen species of primary parasites and five genera of at least eight species of the hyperparasites listed tinder M. euphorbias were first records of any such parasites in Scotland. The M. persicae records as aphid host of seven species of primary parasites and two genera of at least three species of hyperparasites; and M. euphorbiae also as an aphid host of seven species of primary parasites and two genera of at least four species of hyperparasites were new records in Britain. Three and four species of primary parasites listed respectively under M, persicae and M. euphorbiae as aphid host were found to he new records in the general literature. Praon volucre (Hal.) was the dominant species of the primary parasites followed by Diaeretiella rapae Mcintosh and Aphidius picipes (Hees) which were about half and one third as numerous as the dominant species. Asaphes vulgaris Walker was the dominant species of the hyperparasites with cynipids about equally abundant. Some aspects of the bionomics of hyperparasites and primary parasites, particularly P. volucre, were given. Factors which limited the effectiveness of the parasites, particularly P. volucre, included 1. the fast developmental rate and the lower threshold of the aphid host (M, persicae) as compared to that of thep parasite (P. volucre). 2. hyperparasitism; - in 1969 and 1970 aphids on brussels sprouts were hyperparasitised respectively to the extent of 39.4% and 46.9% 3. harvesting of brassica crops during autumn which destroyed some of the aphid mummies and the aphid populations which could be parasitised to increase the numbers of the overwintering mummies. 4. overwintering of the parasites which started during late summer and early autumn while the aphid hosts were reproducing.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the extent of how have recent decisions of ECJ in cases Gasser, Turner and Owusu compromised the efficiency of jurisdiction agreements under Brussels I. Regulation. The main and most important aim of European Union, as a political and economic union, is facilitation of trade among Member States. Commercial transactions, especially in international framework are heavily regulated by contracts, wherein parties tend to regulate all potential issues in order to prevent applications of national laws. Therefore in international trade, the importance of party autonomy is even more significant than, in any other branch of contractual relations. One specific expression of party autonomy is incorporation of jurisdiction agreements into contracts, whereby parties determine which national court will have jurisdiction in the case of potential dispute. These so-called prorogation agreements are at the European level, regulated by Brussels I Regulation. However the ECJ has in several recent cases prioritized other principles, such as mutual trust and avoidance of irreconcilable judgements to the prejudice of party autonomy, which has together with very literal approach in construction lead to uncertainty in efficiency of application of jurisdiction agreements. This thesis...

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Právnická fakulta Tereza Přecechtělová NAŘÍZENÍ BRUSEL I A JINÉ PROCESNÍ PŘEDPISY EVROPSKÉHO MEZINÁRODNÍHO PRÁVA SOUKROMÉHO (se zaměřením na pojem uznání) Diplomová práce Vedoucí diplomové práce: JUDr. Bc. Jan Brodec, LL.M., Ph.D. Katedra obchodního práva Datum vypracování práce: 10. června 2014 Abstract The Diploma thesis "Regulation Brussels I and other procedural legislation of European private international law (with regards to the concept of recognition)" focuses on the analysis of the so-called "fifth freedom" - the free circulation of judgments within the EU. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the procedural legislation of European private international law concerning their approach to the concept of recognition using the descriptive-analytical method. The thesis is mainly focused on the newly adopted Regulation of European Parliament and of the Council (EU) No 1215/2012 of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (herein also referred to as the Brussels I bis Regulation) and to the Council Regulation (EC) No 1346/2000 of 29 May 2000 on Insolvency Proceedings (herein also referred to as the Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings). In detail, for both deals with analysis of application of the principle...

Topic of this diploma thesis is "Brussels I Regulation and other procedural laws of European private international law". The thesis focuses on the analysis of the problems that its name suggests. The procedural rules of private international law underwent during the past fifteen years relatively significant changes. Due to the application of the principles of free movement of persons, capital, goods and services, it results necessary to develop effective instruments for performing the law accross the member states borders. It occurs in procedural area primarily through the adoption of instruments of the European secondary legislation, particularly through regulation. The most important and most widely used procedural rules of European private international law was until recently Regulation (EC) no. 44/2001 of the 22nd December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, which was since the 10th of January 2015 replaced by the regulation of the European Parliament and Council Regulation (EU) no. 1215/2012 of the 12th December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. The subject of this paper is to examine the procedural rules of European private international law with a particular...

This thesis deals with issues raised by the emergence of the Internet and e-commerce for the private international law. Using the Internet to conduct business brings up new situations that must be reflected and dealt with by law. It is to be solved whether just accommodation of current rules will be enough or new regulation will have to be adopted. At first the thesis describes specific characteristics of the Internet, such as low costs of addressing users regardless of their geographic location or possibility of performing contracts in digitalized form and legal consequences of these characteristics. The following chapter deals with principles from which stems the difference in between jurisdictional rules in common law and civil law states. It examines jurisdictional rules stated in Brussels I Regulation in relation to e-commerce, especially consumer contracts. These firm rules are aimed to secure predictability of forum and in times of the Internet they have to overcome some difficulties through autonomous definitions of European Court of Justice. The next chapter describes the approach of US courts to Internet related disputes. Since they have wide discretion they are able to react much more flexibly to technological developments. Their decisions therefore may be an inspiration for the...

<p>Tourism is an important source of economic growth for destinations, which is why the interest for destination branding has grown in recent years. Meanwhile, Destination Marketing Organisations (DMOs) often struggle to promote their destination successfully. For instance, many stakeholders influence the perception of a destination and therefore it is difficult to create a coherent image. Some destinations have a more successful destination branding, which not only depends on their marketing methods but also the pre-requisites of the city. Hence, destination branding is a complex process where there is no standard solution. Therefore, three different destinations are used as a basis for the thesis; Brussels, Istanbul and Stuttgart. What can be learned from the marketing methods in these destinations? The purpose of this thesis is to examine the current market position of Brussels, Istanbul and Stuttgart as tourist destinations and their marketing strategies and methods used to promote the destinations. We will identify general recommendations on how to improve the destination branding, and propose specific recommendations to selected DMOs in the destinations.</p><p>Through the use of specific descriptive criteria, such as unique selling points (USPs), image and marketing channels, as well as the conducting of interviews with employees in higher administrative positions within the selected DMOs, the thesis aims at providing the reader with a deeper knowledge in the field of destination branding. The Tourist Area Lifecycle Model was used to analyse the destinations to understand their situation today and future possibilities and challenges in marketing the cities as tourist destinations. Moreover, the concepts of comparative and competitive advantages and the integrative model by Ritchie and Croutch was used to discuss the competitiveness of the destinations. The research shows that DMOs face problems, such as the lack of a coherent image, common goals, the coordination of activities between DMOs in different levels and cooperation between different stakeholders. These are areas that need attention from the DMOs in order to achieve successful destination branding and are included in the conclusion, which helps DMOs to improve their marketing methods in order to achieve success in the promotion of their destination.</p>