The scope of this thesis is regulation (EC)No. 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters. The provisions of Regulation is aiming the improvement and simplification of the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements within the territory of the EU. According to the title of regulation this tesis is diveded in several parts explaining the key elements of developing the other maxime of the EU-free movement of judgements. First part includes the general fundamentals for determination of jurisdiction in cases with transborder element which is essential for aplication of this regulation as a part of legislation on international private law. Thanks to the nearly identical wording of Brussels I Regulation and Convention dealing with the same matter from the year 1968, all legal opinions of European Court of Justice related to that Convention can be invoked nowdays. Second part and third part turn to recognition and enforcement of foreign judgements in order to ensure the situation when "the declaration that a judgement is enforceable should be issued virtually automatically after purely formal checks of the documents supplied, without there being any possibility for the court to raise of its own motion on any of the ground for non-enforcement provided by this Regulation". The last part contents future trend in this sphere which can be seen from application of other regulation (European enforcement order, European order for payment procedure)giving rise to rapid and simple mechanism in specific cases. Especially it treats of cancellation special exequator proceeding which should be undertaken to achieve that foreign judgement would be enforceable.

The objective of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the contributions of Czech Centres with a focus on promotion of export activities and to suggest possible strategies for the improvement. More detailed analysis is specialized on Czech Centre in Brussels. At first, the theoretical basis of Czech Centres is defined together with their administrative and organizational structure, funding and target groups. Then, the activities of Czech Centres are analysed with a focus on promotion of export activities. That analysis includes detailed focus on the contribution of website www.export.cz - its existence was initiated by Czech Centre. Further activities of Czech Centres are evaluated through SWOT analysis and the Strategy for 2012 - 2015. In conclusion, the thesis focuses on the activities of Czech Centre in Brussels with the concentration on promotion of export activities together with the specific strategic proposals to improve its promotion of export policy.

Bc. Daniel Verner Vesmír z Bruselu Master's Thesis Abstract The master thesis analyzes reflections of exploration of the Outer Space in Czechoslovak art in years 1957-1963. The first part of this thesis summarizes the "Space Races" in said period, the main task, however, is to analyze space motives in Czechoslovak art and culture during those years; it also comments on possible interpretations and typologies. The research is based on contemporary magazines, illustrated books for children and grown-ups, toys, films, applicated art, design, architecture, paintings and sculptures.

Les services avancés à la production (APS) dans les domaines de la comptabilité, de la publicité, de la finance, des services juridiques et du conseil en gestion, ainsi que de l'informatique aident leurs clients à développer des stratégies d'accumulation financière et assurent la coordination et la gouvernance des réseaux de production mondiaux. Néanmoins, alors que les réseaux mondiaux ont été richement documentés par la recherche sur les villes mondiales, cette thèse tente de comprendre les processus moins étudiés qui structurent la géographie des APS dans la ville mondiale de Bruxelles. Pour ce faire, je réexamine deux hypothèses qui restent peu étudiées et implicites. D'une part, il est supposé que les firmes APS s'agglomèrent et constituent des réseaux de collaboration de firmes APS au sein des villes, un complexe APS. D'autre part, alors que les réseaux mondiaux de firmes APS ont été minutieusement documentés, le rôle de commandement et de contrôle attribué aux villes mondiales reste souvent supposé découler directement de ces réseaux. Pour explorer ces hypothèses, j'ai développé trois types d'analyses appliqués au cas de Bruxelles, une ville dont l'internationalisation est basée sur sa fonction politique et sa forte insertion dans les réseaux APS :une analyse géographique des processus d’agglomération des APS, une enquête auprès des professionnels APS pour caractériser les interactions au sein et entre les secteurs APS et une étude de cas sur les collaborations concrètes entre les entreprises APS dans le cas de processus de restructurations bancaires. Les résultats conjoints des trois analyses m'amènent à soutenir que la notion de complexe APS doit être nuancée avec l'idée que la finance fonctionne comme l'élément central dans les relations entre les APS avec des secteurs auxiliaires autour de la finance. Comme cette explication n'éclaire pas complètement la notion de contrôle et de commandement de l'économie, je recommande de prendre en compte la recherche constante de la rentabilité qui fait pression sur l'organisation des entreprises. Je plaide donc pour une meilleure articulation entre les réseaux mondiaux des APS et le capitalisme financiarisé. Pour conclure, je montre que Bruxelles occupe une position intermédiaire dans la division internationale du travail et que ce rôle se limite de plus en plus à la seule coordination du marché national. / Option Géographie du Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

1 Abstract: Regulation of international jurisdiction of courts in Brussels Ibis Regulation The master thesis deals with the regulation of international jurisdiction of courts regulated by Brussels Ibis Regulation. The main aim of the master thesis is to analyse the topic of prorogation, in particular the general definition of the prorogation agreement and the regulation of prorogation in the Brussels Ibis Regulation, including prorogation agreements concluded with weaker contracting party. The thesis is divided into 4 chapters, which are further divided into subchapters. The first chapter introduces the Brussels Ibis Regulation and defines its substantive, temporal, personal and territorial scope of application. The presence of an international element is also required for the application of Brussels Ibis Regulation. The thesis deals with the rules of general, alternative, special, exclusive, agreed international jurisdiction and of submission to international jurisdiction. It also describes the hierarchy of these rules. The second chapter focuses on the topic of prorogation, which is essential for the thesis. It clarifies the concept of the prorogation agreement, explains its importance and character. It deals with the effects of the prorogation agreement and divides prorogation agreements into exclusive...

Impact of Brexit on Private International Law Abstract The thesis deals with the withdrawal of Great Britain from the European Union (Brexit) and analyses its consequences on private international law. Prior to Brexit, private international law in Czech-British relations was covered mostly by EU regulations. Great Britain ceased to apply regulations such as Brussels Ibis, Rome I and Rome II under the terms of the Withdrawal Agreement from 1 January 2021. The aim of the thesis is to identify and analyse possible substitutes for those no longer applicable EU regulations. Instruments eligible to ensure continuity of judicial cooperation in civil and commercial matters are the existing or newly concluded international treaties or the national laws. The thesis first examines the membership of Great Britain in the EU in a broader legal context, the procedure of the withdrawal, the position of Great Britain as a third state, the impact of Brexit on legal systems of Great Britain and on so-called EU external agreements. The following chapters focus on three essential issues of private international law - applicable law, international jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judicial decisions. The issue of the law applicable to contractual and non- contractual obligations has been resolved by the retention...

This dissertation investigates language policy in a Dutch-medium secondary school in Brussels. The school in question endeavours to implement a language policy in which languages other than Dutch are formally included, which is in stark contrast to their peers, who often implement a strict, Dutch-only policy in order to respond to the increasing linguistic diversity and “Frenchification” in Brussels Dutch-medium education. This thesis addresses the question of how the teachers negotiated such a pro-multilingual language policy in this setting. The research is designed as a (socio)linguistic ethnographic case study based on a conceptualisation of language policy as (1) operating on different levels; (2) consisting of three components; and inseparable from the social world in which it is effectuated. The study combines ethnographic field work and participant observation with interview data, linguistic analyses of interactional data, document analysis and analyses of elements of the linguistic landscape to gain insights into the nature and extent of the school’s unique pro-multilingual project. Although the school profiles itself as an institution which aims to prepare its pupils for future educational and professional success by increasing their language skills, the school’s policy declarations harbour an ambivalent stance vis à vis multilingualism. In terms of individual teachers’ perceptions and practices, then, we demonstrate that they, too, voiced contradictory sentiments and displayed behaviour in the classroom which was at once welcoming of pupils’ use of linguistic resources other than monolingual Dutch, and restrictive of it. / Doctorat en Langues, lettres et traductologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The European Union enacted a comprehensive reform of its chemical safety laws, the Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) in 2006. The EU rewrote the safety rules governing the chemical industry, the fifth largest manufacturing industry in the world in terms of revenue. After REACH, the EU’s rules became the most comprehensive and stringent in the world and at which point REACH became the de facto standard of compliance for international chemical companies and triggered de jure adjustments of the national laws of many of EU’s leading trading partners, including the US. The EU announced its “strategy” in 2001 with the twin aspirational goals of committing all member states to a high level of regulatory stringency and protecting Europe’s role as a major hub of the chemical industry and leader in science and innovation. The EU used this appeal to gain cooperation of key stakeholders, including industry, trade unions and international environmental NGOs. The EU divided responsibility for drafting and legislating REACH among Environment and Competitiveness directorates within the Commission and analogous groupings within Council and committees within Parliament to ensure that the intended balance between reform goals and economic priorities be maintained. The strategy featured an important international component and was expressed in the unprecedented way that the EU involved international stakeholders in its drafting process and the efforts of its diplomats to address concerns raised by trading partners, particularly in the Technical Barriers of Trade Committee of the WTO. This study will build on work of Anu Bradford, David Vogel and other institutionalist scholars to confirm that EU’s success in making its REACH regulation a template for reform of chemical safety laws was due in part to the large size of the EU Single Market and feedback loops based on the economics of product markets that Vogel and Bradford have focused on in building their theories of “leveling up.” The empirical findings of this work suggest that these authors have not given sufficient consideration to the political strategies followed by global regulatory innovators. In the case of REACH, the EU’s success was not assured as the reform sparked a great deal of political opposition which could have derailed the reform effort at various stages from conception through implementation. EU leadership pushed back on a US-led diplomatic campaign to prevent REACH from being enacted and led a campaign of persuasion in the WTO that was successful enough to buy enough to time to allow the law to take effect and REACH implementation programs to win acceptance by industry that REACH could serve as the de-facto standard of chemical safety compliance globally. Eventually REACH triggered a series of de-jure changes in law among leading trading partners towards increasing stringency and broader coverage, including in the US where Congress surprisingly passed a bi-partisan reform of its existing TSCA law in 2016. This study will incorporate into its theory of global regulatory politics an important place for the characteristic political strategy practiced by the main political movements that dominate the EU. This approach, which I call the Global Political Strategy approach, builds on Vogel, Bradford and institutionalist approaches but extends it in ways that may allow researchers to make better predictions about when attempts to shift global governance in important issue areas will succeed and when they will fail. According to this Global Political Strategy approach, EU has achieved governance success with REACH for four reasons. First, it has sufficient economic power expressed in the size of its home market for chemicals. Second, the EU can deploy the regulatory capacity needed to write and enforce REACH, with such capacity understood chiefly as the power to successfully establish a universal registration requirement and exclude products and services from its home market if they are not registered or if they are deemed unreasonably dangerous and excluded from the marketplace. Third. the markets for chemical products display characteristics that make exit from the European market costly for both European and International actors and encourages “trading up” to higher standards more generally (i.e. the markets exhibit “inelasticity” and “non-divisibility”). Finally, the EU deployed an effective political strategy that overcame international opposition to its preferred policies and discouraged rivals. This last element has not yet been sufficiently explored in previous studies of the case, and is an important gap filled by this work. Through its well-thought out and flexible political strategy, EU gained first-mover advantage in chemicals policy and thereby molded of the behavior of key actors to win international acceptance of its policy preferences despite strong international resistance led by the United States. Careful examination of REACH using the tools of process tracing sheds light on mechanisms that could lead to a better understanding of global governance and to more precise specification of boundary conditions under which assertions of state economic power over global markets succeed and when they do not. / Political Science

Au-delà des perspectives offertes par les premières études historiques dans le domaine de l’hôtellerie, nous avons voulu souligner au travers de cette thèse combien l’hébergement temporaire payant dans la ville ne pouvait clairement pas se concevoir de manière unidimensionnelle. L’hôtellerie ne doit pas être considérée comme une industrie tournée exclusivement vers les habitudes touristiques des plus fortunés, ni être cantonnée aux chambrées ouvrières misérables. Entre ces deux extrêmes, quantité de maisons se sont adaptées à une multitude de demandes. A cet égard, Bruxelles, ville capitale, constitue entre 1880 et 1940 un terrain de recherche idéal qui permet d’adopter un angle d’approche très large pour étudier l’industrie de l’accueil temporaire urbain.<p>Notre étude s’articule autour de trois points principaux.<p>Tout d’abord, préalable indispensable, nous avons analysé de manière extensive la nature de notre objet d’étude afin de dépasser les simplifications arbitraires posées antérieurement entre hôtellerie de tourisme et autres établissements d’accueil. Notre première partie s’attache donc à donner sens aux différentes matérialisations de l’hébergement payant dans la ville (hôtels, pensions, palaces, garnis, meublés…) à travers leurs définitions lexicologique, littéraire, corporative, officielle et législative. Quelles sont les caractéristiques de l’hôtellerie de tourisme et quand cesse-t-elle de l’être ?Quel regard portent les autorités publiques sur ce monde protéiforme, fondamentalement hétérogène et par conséquent insaisissable ?<p>Dans la seconde partie, nous donnons un visage et une voix à cette hôtellerie bruxelloise en identifiant plus précisément les acteurs du milieu, notamment par le biais de ses associations professionnelles et de ses dirigeants. Nœud central de notre exposé, l’image négative traditionnelle véhiculée par le métier pèse encore de manière significative au XIXe mais aussi au XXe siècle dans les jugements portés sur la profession. La perception identitaire propre des hôteliers de leur métier en est profondément influencée. Ces opinions nourrissent un besoin fondamental de la grande hôtellerie de se différencier des petites maisons familiales amateures par le biais notamment du développement à cette période d’une formation professionnelle nouvelle et rationalisée et d’une position ambiguë par rapport aux revendications des organisations de classes moyennes. <p>Enfin, la troisième partie de la thèse s’attache à adjoindre corps à notre travail en replaçant l’hôtellerie dans sa réalité physique au sein de la ville de Bruxelles. Cette question essentielle est développée grâce à la réalisation systématique de plusieurs cartes de localisation basées sur des sources variées telles que des annuaires de commerces, des guides, des cartes postales etc. Au terme de cette analyse, c’est une nouvelle carte des usages de la ville aux logiques spécifiques qui se dessine, celle de ses consommateurs migrants, mobiles ou étrangers.<p>Notre thèse se veut donc d’abord un témoignage de la nature complexe de l’industrie de l’accueil à Bruxelles et de ses transformations incessantes au cours d’une phase décisive de son évolution. Par ce portrait humain et spatial, il s’agit de souligner l’empreinte originale indéniable que le secteur a laissée dans la vie de la capitale. L’hôtellerie, même si elle se tourne prioritairement vers les voyageurs, appartient fondamentalement au passé de la capitale. Ses pensions, ses meublés comme les maisons de plus grande importance, ont tous participé directement au développement de la cité et ont permis que cette dernière puisse réguler efficacement les flux démographiques et migratoires qu’elle a de tout temps suscités. Elle ne constitue donc pas un corps étranger, extérieur ou anecdotique à la ville qui justifierait un trop long silence académique.<p><p>------------<p><p>Beyond the prospects offered by the first historical studies in the field of hospitality, we wanted to show through this thesis how temporary accommodation in the city could not be seen as a one-dimensional sector. Hotel should not be considered as an industry exclusively focused on wealthy tourists habits, or be confined to the wretched workers pensions. Between these two extremes, different houses offered specific services to a multitude of clients. Brussels, as a capital city, allows adopting a broad angle for studying the urban temporary hospitality industry between 1880 and 1940.Our study focuses on three main points.<p>First of all, we have extensively analyzed our subject’s nature to exceed the arbitrary simplifications previously done between tourism hotel and other forms of inns. Therefore, first chapter attaches to give meaning to accommodations’ different implementations in the city (as hotels, boarding houses, palaces…) by studying their definitions in dictionaries, literature, professional press, legislative texts, etc. <p>In the second part, we gave a face and a voice to this Brussels hotel industry by specifically identifying its hoteliers, its professional associations and its leaders. Central point of our presentation, the ancient and traditional negative image of the hotel industry still exists in the 19th and 20th c. Hoteliers’ self perception is profoundly influenced by this negative reputation. These opinions feed luxury hotels’ desperate need to differentiate themselves from small family boarding houses.<p>Finally, third chapter attaches to add body to our study by analyzing Brussels’ hotel industry in its physical reality. This essential question is developed through several location maps which are based on varied archives such as almanacs, travel guides, postcards etc. This way, a new map of the uses of the city emerges: a map of migrants and foreign consumers’mobilities.<p>This thesis shows the complex nature of hospitality industry in Brussels and its transformations in a decisive historical phase. Pensions as palaces are deeply involved in Brussels’ urban development. They have regulated demographic and migratory flows to the capital. Therefore they cannot anymore be considered as superficial and anecdotic actors in urban life.<p> / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished