In many countries, the agricultural subsidy is the existence, whether in order to protect the livelihood of farmers, or to ensure a stable supply of domestic agricultural products, the agricultural subsidy is the subject which may not neglect easily. This article uses new viewpoint which is brought by the economic geography, discusses the influence which the agricultural subsidy brings. We find that: (1) Agricultural subsidy would cause worker's nominal wage to change, causing further changes in production costs, thus affecting the equilibrium output of firms. (2) When subsidies some agricultural region, not necessarily improve the level of subsidy region. (3) If the degree of freedom of trade is low level , subsidies will make up the region's income level.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of interstate migration in the United States (US) from the perspective of institutions and agglomeration economies. Dependent variables used in this study relate to the net interstate migration of four distinct demographic groups; migrants as whole (MIGRATE), migrants aged between 22 and 39 years of age (MIGR2239), migrants aged between 22 and 39 years of age educated to the undergraduate level (BAMIGR), and migrants aged between 22 and 39 years of age educated to the postgraduate level (MAMIGR). Independent variables proxying for institutions are sourced from both the Mercatus Center and the Fraser Institute. The Mercatus Center¡¦s economic freedom index (the MEFI) and overall freedom index (MOFI) represent the relative economic and overall freedoms enjoyed by residents of the 50 states. The Fraser Institute¡¦s economic freedom index (FIEFI) also measures economic freedom. Agglomeration economy proxies relate to both creativity levels in state, measured by Richard Florida¡¦s creativity index (SCI06), and education levels, measured by the percentage of a state¡¦s population educated to the undergraduate level (EDUBPLUS). It is well established that crime and climate are factors that influence migration and these variables are controlled for in this study by using murder rates in the largest in-state city (MURDER) and the average annual number of heating degree days (HDD) in a state. This study uses multivariate linear regression to analyze the variables and the findings emphasize the importance of both institutions and agglomeration economies in explaining the migration decisions of US citizens. Institutions, proxied for by greater economic and overall freedoms, are shown to be more important than agglomeration economies for migrants across a broad range of demographic. Institutions are less important, however, for younger, better educated migrants who reveal preferences for good agglomeration economies and particularly creativity.

This is a quantitative study aimed at analyzing the migration patterns across the fifty United States of America and the determinants thereof. This research is founded upon the theories and study of agglomeration economies and institutional factors to evaluate each state in terms of creativity and freedom. Values for creativity and institutional freedom serve as the independent variables. The dependent variable is actual state to state migration data during the 2004-2008 period from the Internal Revenue Service. Measures for education, climate, population, distance, and crime rates serve as control variables in this study. All 34 models of this study were analyzed via multivariate linear regression using the SPSS 17.0 software package. All models were highly significant with high coefficients of determination. The results show that creativity is highly significantly and positively correlated with circulatory migration flows. Economic, personal, and overall freedom were very significant predictors of migration in terms of attraction and circulation. Apart from education, all the control variables examined were significant predictors of migration flows. This study also creates a new measure of overall freedom: the FRASERMPFI, which outperformed all other independent variables. The results of this study have several implications for workers, businesses, and policy makers. It is hoped that the results of this study can serve as a reference for future economic growth and promotion of freedom in the U.S.

No description available.

No description available.

As a post-Soviet economy, Ukraine has inherited substantial production assets and qualified personnel. However, the economy was dominated by large-scale enterprises designed for much bigger markets. After the collapse of the Soviet Union Ukrainian firms faced lack of planning, breaks in contacts with their former suppliers and customers, and distortion of prices. There was a clear need in restructuring of the entire economy. Restructuring included splitting firms into smaller parts and privatization. The first phase of transition was completed by 2000 when the output grew for the first time after a long recession in nineties, and most firms became private property. In this work I explore trends in geographic and industrial concentration of Ukrainian manufacturing firms over the period of 2001 to 2005. I found that this period was characterized by relocation of firms between sectors and between regions, as well as by an increase in economic concentration of industries. The speed of adjustment was different for various sectors and even for different industries within manufacturing. Even though the economy is still dominated by large firms, the average firm size decreases due to a rapid growth in the number of new firms. Geographically, manufacturing tends to increasingly concentrate mostly around a few big cities, apparently at the expense of other regions. I also estimate the external scale effects and compare them with Western studies. In particular I focus on machinery and high tech. I found strong localization and urbanization effects in both industry groups. An important contribution of this work is the analysis of the effect of ownership structure on agglomeration economies. I found that private firms tend to enjoy external scale effects to a greater extent than state owned, and foreign owned firms appear to be the most efficient in extracting benefits form agglomeration. Aggregation of the data may distort the estimates of agglomeration effects. I show that most effects take place at the nearest neighborhoods. When the physical distance between firms increases agglomeration effects attenuate quickly. However, localization effects reveal themselves at different level of industrial aggregation for various industries. This may reflect more complicated relationships within sectors and requires further analysis.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-05T15:32:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Bruno Andrade.pdf: 1074192 bytes, checksum: 8d81eef1869977ddc28d7fa412aa1089 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T15:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Bruno Andrade.pdf: 1074192 bytes, checksum: 8d81eef1869977ddc28d7fa412aa1089 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / FACEPE / Esse trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a influência de fatores locais, tais como, potencial de mercado, custo da produção e, principalmente, de economias de aglomeração (externalidades marshallianas), nas decisões de localização das firmas formais da indústria têxtil e de confecção do estado de Pernambuco. Num primeiro momento, são obtidas informações sobre a gênese e crescimento recente dos segmentos em estudo, além da identificação da aglomeração espacial e especialização produtiva desses segmentos no âmbito das microrregiões do estado. Posteriormente, a partir dos microdados ao nível da firma da Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), para o período de 2006 a 2010, é efetuada a estimação do modelo de escolha discreta logit condicional. Os principais resultados sugerem que as firmas do setor têxtil-confecção do estado desfrutam das vantagens associadas à aglomeração, principalmente daquelas provenientes da especialização setorial. / This study aims to investigate the influence of local factors, such as market potential, cost of production and, especially, of agglomeration economies (marshallians externalities), in the location decisions of formal firms in the textile and apparel industry of Pernambuco state. At first, information are obtained about the genesis and the recent growth of the segments under study, as well as identifying spatial agglomeration and productive specialization of these segments within the micro-regions of the state. Later, from the micro level dates of the firm provided by RAIS, for the period 2006 to 2010, it is made the estimation of discrete choice model conditional logit. The main results suggest that firms in the textile-apparel sector of the state enjoy the advantages associated with agglomeration, especially those from the sectoral specialization.

Les services avancés à la production (APS) dans les domaines de la comptabilité, de la publicité, de la finance, des services juridiques et du conseil en gestion, ainsi que de l'informatique aident leurs clients à développer des stratégies d'accumulation financière et assurent la coordination et la gouvernance des réseaux de production mondiaux. Néanmoins, alors que les réseaux mondiaux ont été richement documentés par la recherche sur les villes mondiales, cette thèse tente de comprendre les processus moins étudiés qui structurent la géographie des APS dans la ville mondiale de Bruxelles. Pour ce faire, je réexamine deux hypothèses qui restent peu étudiées et implicites. D'une part, il est supposé que les firmes APS s'agglomèrent et constituent des réseaux de collaboration de firmes APS au sein des villes, un complexe APS. D'autre part, alors que les réseaux mondiaux de firmes APS ont été minutieusement documentés, le rôle de commandement et de contrôle attribué aux villes mondiales reste souvent supposé découler directement de ces réseaux. Pour explorer ces hypothèses, j'ai développé trois types d'analyses appliqués au cas de Bruxelles, une ville dont l'internationalisation est basée sur sa fonction politique et sa forte insertion dans les réseaux APS :une analyse géographique des processus d’agglomération des APS, une enquête auprès des professionnels APS pour caractériser les interactions au sein et entre les secteurs APS et une étude de cas sur les collaborations concrètes entre les entreprises APS dans le cas de processus de restructurations bancaires. Les résultats conjoints des trois analyses m'amènent à soutenir que la notion de complexe APS doit être nuancée avec l'idée que la finance fonctionne comme l'élément central dans les relations entre les APS avec des secteurs auxiliaires autour de la finance. Comme cette explication n'éclaire pas complètement la notion de contrôle et de commandement de l'économie, je recommande de prendre en compte la recherche constante de la rentabilité qui fait pression sur l'organisation des entreprises. Je plaide donc pour une meilleure articulation entre les réseaux mondiaux des APS et le capitalisme financiarisé. Pour conclure, je montre que Bruxelles occupe une position intermédiaire dans la division internationale du travail et que ce rôle se limite de plus en plus à la seule coordination du marché national. / Option Géographie du Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

No description available.

一般聚集經濟可區分為內部規模經濟及外部經濟，而外部經濟又可區分為 地方化經濟與都市化經濟兩種。由於製造業廠商或產業具有聚集經濟效果 ，因此產生了區位比較利益，影響廠商或產業之設置區位選擇，因為聚集 經濟效果若以都市化經濟為主，則表示都市規模愈大，對產業的生產愈具 效率，產業內各廠商依附都市發展的程度亦愈高，政府如欲以產業分散發 展政策達到區域均衡發展之目的，較不容易成功。反之，產業的聚集經濟 效果若以地方化經濟為主時，區域均衡發展透過產業分散發展政策之擬訂 較易達成 。本研究運用生產函數的理論與模型，利用工商普查資料，針 對臺灣地區中分類製造業進行實證分析，結果發現臺灣地區製造業的聚集 經濟型態乃是以地方化經濟為主。 因此，以區域經濟均衡發展的觀點 而言，臺灣地區在擬訂公共投資政策與工業區發展（製造業產業區位）政 策時，應可考慮以製造業產業分散化政策為重要手段。 In general, agglomeration economies has been devided into interior scale economy and exterior economy, whereas the latter can further be catoglorized into two kinds, namely localization economy and urbanization economy. The agglomeration economies effect of manufacturing industries or industries which creates comparative location advantages, will influence the choice of location for establishment of manufacturers' plants on the grounds that if the agglomeration economies effect is dominated by urbanization economics, the larger the city scale; the more effective the industry production, and the higher the adherence the urban development. If the government's industry decentralization development policy intends to achieve the purposes of reginal balance development, that will not succeed easily. On the contrary, if the agglomeration economies effect is dominated by localization economy, it will be easier to reach regional balance development through regulating industry decentralization development policy. The present analysis incorporates the theory and model of production function and makes use of data of Industrial and Commerce Censuses of Taiwan- Fukien District of The Republic of China to proceed the empirical analysis of manufacturing industries (classified at the two digit SIC level) which results in the agglomeration economies model of the manufacturing industries of Taiwan is indeed dominated by localization economics. Therefore, from the viewpoint of balancing regional economy development, the Taiwan Government shall consider the industry decentralization policy as a vital measure to implement the public investment and Industrial District policy.