Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Robert Erik Grip. / M.S.

<p>  </p> <p>In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of integrating wind turbines into tall buildings to harness wind energy in urban areas. Advanced computer simulations will be used to analyze the complex wind patterns and turbulence around tall buildings. We will also study the optimization of wind turbine placement to maximize energy production. We focus on two types of wind turbines, the savonius and a modified savonius, using the Myring formula. We evaluated their performance in turbulent urban areas using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The simulations will also help us understand the wind flow behavior around tall buildings, informing wind turbine placement optimization.</p> <p>Our findings contribute to the understanding of urban wind energy production. This may lead to further advancements in wind turbine design and application in urban environments, promoting sustainable and clean energy production in densely populated areas.</p> <p>We also evaluate the economic feasibility of wind power as an energy source and its potential for commercial applications. Our study's insights are significant for wind energy research, urban planning, and sustainable energy production in cities.</p> <p>To achieve our objectives, we will use state-of-the-art computational tools such as the ANSYS Fluent Student software and the Steady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (SRANS) K-ε model and K-ω SST models for simulating wind flow around tall buildings.</p> <p>In summary, the goal of this research is to develop a methodology for integrating wind turbines into tall urban buildings to harness wind energy potential. This will contribute to the understanding of urban wind energy production and its economic feasibility for commercial applications.</p>

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg 2017 / The present study investigates the possibility of designing a catenary barrel vault, which can be implemented in regions where extreme tropical storms are frequently experienced. It moreover investigated the effect of non-uniform wind loads on catenary barrel vaults, and how to solve for these load conditions efficiently. The effects of high, non-uniform wind loads were assessed, and possible solutions were explored to determine a structurally efficient solution in resisting the loads applied. Different analysis and design techniques were explored in this research. These techniques included the optimization of the geometry, in resisting the applied loads most efficiently, as well as the structural design of the section in ensuring a durable and safe structure. The study revealed that the geometry of the structure cannot be optimised to resist the applied loads in a catenary fashion without external aid. By draping the vault in a post-tensioned basalt geogrid mesh, axial compression can be increased in the section and geometry optimisation can be achieved in resisting the applied loads in a catenary fashion. Three post-tensioning techniques were investigated and discussed. / MT 2018

by David Luke Cronin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-156). / Investigation into The Dynamics of Waste Air Dispersal from High-Rise Residences --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Contents --- p.iv / List of Illustrations --- p.viii / Preface / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- The Development of Building Technology in Response to the Forces of Wind and Water --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Roman concrete --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Requirement for a stronger mortar --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3. --- Discovery of an improved mortar --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2. --- Development of Wind Engineering --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3. --- Computational Wind Engineering --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4. --- Development of Building Regulations concerning Ventilation and Light in Hong Kong --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.1. --- First building regulations --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2. --- Chadwick's enquiry --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.3. --- First requirement for windows in rooms --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.4. --- Public Health Ordinance --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.5. --- Building Ordinance --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.6. --- Plot ratio regulations and natural ventilation --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5. --- Plot Ratio and Site Coverage --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.1. --- Gross Floor Area (GFA) --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5.2. --- Cruciform tower --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.3. --- Re-entrant --- p.30 / Chapter 1.6. --- Summary --- p.35 / Chapter 2. --- VENTILATION OF RESIDENTIAL DWELLINGS AND THE REMOVAL OF AIRBORNE WASTES --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1. --- High-rise Buildings in Hong Kong and Ventilation --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2. --- "Climatic Conditions in Hong Kong, and the Requirement for Air-conditioning" --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3. --- Typical Practice in Hong Kong High-rises --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4. --- Source Ventilation --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5. --- Traditional Recommendations for a Tropical Climate --- p.42 / Chapter 2.6. --- Building Regulations Concerning Ventilation of Residences --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6.1. --- Hong Kong Government building regulations --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6.2. --- UK building regulations --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.3. --- US building regulations --- p.46 / Chapter 2.7. --- Summary --- p.47 / Chapter 3. --- MODELLING OF WIND FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1. --- Summary of CFD Methods for Air Flow around Buildings --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Validation of the k-ε model for wind pressures on buildings --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2. --- Atmospheric Boundary Layer --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3. --- Use of Wind Tunnels to Predict Wind Effects on Tall Buildings --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Local wind climate --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Pressure study --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Aeroelastic study --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.4. --- Wind environment study --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4. --- Architectural Aerodynamics --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Reynolds number --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Pressure coefficient --- p.56 / Chapter 4. --- PREDICTION OF OUTDOOR POLLUTION AND AIR QUALITY --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1. --- Computer Modelling of Pollution Dispersion --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2. --- Exhaust Dispersion from Buildings - Distance Dilution Model --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Wall exhaust discharges in residential ventilation --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Acceptable levels of kitchen exhaust in the outside air --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Distance dilution model with corrections for building size --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3. --- Gaussian Plume Model --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4. --- Wind Tunnel Models of Pollution Dispersion in a Built-up Area --- p.65 / Chapter 5. --- INDOOR AIR QUALITY - COOKING FUMES --- p.67 / Chapter 5.1. --- Local Exhaust Ventilation and Efficiency of Pollutant Capture --- p.67 / Chapter 5.2. --- Indoor Pollution due to Cooking Stove Smoke --- p.68 / Chapter 5.3. --- Cooking Oil Detected in Hong Kong Air --- p.69 / Chapter 6. --- THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: RELEVANT ASPECTS OF CFD USED IN THIS STUDY --- p.71 / Chapter 6.1. --- Mathematical Model --- p.71 / Chapter 6.2. --- Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equations --- p.71 / Chapter 6.3. --- SIMPLE method --- p.74 / Chapter 6.4. --- Wall Shear Stress Calculations --- p.75 / Chapter 6.5. --- Wall Boundary Conditions for k and ε --- p.77 / Chapter 6.6. --- Species Calculations --- p.77 / Chapter 6.7. --- Thermal Transfer --- p.78 / Chapter 6.8. --- Grid System and Boundary Conditions --- p.81 / Chapter 6.8.1. --- Geometry and grid --- p.81 / Chapter 6.8.2. --- Boundary conditions --- p.85 / Chapter 6.9. --- Natural Convection Flows --- p.85 / Chapter 7. --- MODELLING PROCEDURE --- p.87 / Chapter 7.1. --- Dispersal of Exhaust Air from Kitchens --- p.87 / Chapter 7.1.1. --- Kitchen range hood exhaust rates --- p.87 / Chapter 7.1.2. --- Exhaust air release rates modelled --- p.88 / Chapter 7.1.3. --- Initial approximation of dilution in the re-entrant --- p.89 / Chapter 7.2. --- Modelling of Waste Heat Dispersal from Air-conditioning Units --- p.90 / Chapter 7.2.1. --- Typical air-conditioner energy figures --- p.90 / Chapter 7.2.2. --- Representation of condenser heat in a CFD model --- p.92 / Chapter 7.2.3. --- Approximation of temperature increase --- p.94 / Chapter 7.3. --- Representation of the High-rise Tower --- p.94 / Chapter 7.4. --- Power-law Profile: Increasing Wind Speed with Height --- p.95 / Chapter 7.5. --- Wind Tunnel Verification --- p.97 / Chapter 7.5.1. --- Wind velocities and pressures --- p.97 / Chapter 7.5.2. --- Wind tunnel prediction of contaminant dilution --- p.98 / Chapter 7.6. --- Summary of Simulations --- p.99 / Chapter 7.6.1. --- Kitchen exhaust air dispersal --- p.100 / Chapter 7.6.2. --- Air-conditioner waste heat dispersal --- p.100 / Chapter 8. --- DISCUSSION OF RESULTS --- p.102 / Chapter 8.1. --- Wind Patterns in the Re-entrant --- p.103 / Chapter 8.1.1. --- Wind into re-entrant --- p.104 / Chapter 8.1.2. --- Wind at 90° to the re-entrant --- p.104 / Chapter 8.1.3. --- Re-entrant on the leeward side of the building --- p.105 / Chapter 8.2. --- Exhaust Air Concentration --- p.112 / Chapter 8.2.1. --- Wind into re-entrant --- p.113 / Chapter 8.2.2. --- Wind at 90° to the re-entrant --- p.113 / Chapter 8.2.3. --- Re-entrant on the leeward side --- p.114 / Chapter 8.3. --- Temperature Increase in the Re-entrant --- p.121 / Chapter 8.3.1. --- Wind into the re-entrant --- p.122 / Chapter 8.3.2. --- Wind at 90° to the re-entrant --- p.123 / Chapter 8.3.3. --- Re-entrant on leeward side --- p.123 / Chapter 8.4. --- Summary of Findings --- p.130 / Chapter 9. --- NATURAL CONVECTION MODELLING --- p.132 / Chapter 10. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.136 / Chapter 10.1. --- Waste Air --- p.136 / Chapter 10.2. --- Waste Heat --- p.138 / Chapter 10.3. --- Implications --- p.139 / Chapter 10.4. --- Suggestions --- p.140 / APPENDIX A: SIMULATION CASE DEFINITIONS / Chapter A.1 --- Definitions used for all simulations --- p.142 / Chapter A.1.1 --- Boundary Conditions used in all simulations --- p.145 / Chapter A. 1.2 --- Equations used in all simulations --- p.145 / Chapter A.2 --- Simulation of Wind Flow around the Building --- p.145 / Chapter A.3 --- Air-conditioner Waste Heat Dispersal Simulations --- p.146 / Chapter A.1.1 --- Additional boundary conditions used to represent air-conditioners --- p.146 / Chapter A. 1.2 --- Additional equations used --- p.146 / Chapter A.4 --- Exhaust Air Dispersal from Kitchens --- p.147 / Chapter A.1.1 --- Additional boundary conditions used to represent air-conditioners --- p.147 / Chapter A. 1.2 --- Additional equations used --- p.147 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.149 / Books --- p.148 / Papers --- p.149 / Other Sources --- p.152 / Notes --- p.153

Antarctic Wind Engineering deals with the effects of wind on the built environment. The assessment of wind induced forces, wind resource and wind driven snowdrifts are the main tasks for a wind engineer when participating on the design of an Antarctic building. While conventional Wind Engineering techniques are generally applicable to the Antarctic environment, there are some aspects that require further analysis due to the special characteristics of the Antarctic wind climate and its boundary layer meteorology. <p>The first issue in remote places like Antarctica is the lack of site wind measurements and meteorological information in general. In order to complement this shortage of information various meteorological databases have been surveyed. Global Reanalyses, produced by the European Met Office ECMWF, and RACMO/ANT mesoscale model simulations, produced by the Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research of Utrecht University (IMAU), have been validated versus independent observations from a network of 115 automatic weather stations. The resolution of these models, of some tens of kilometers, is sufficient to characterize the wind climate in areas of smooth topography like the interior plateaus or the coastal ice shelves. In contrast, in escarpment and coastal areas, where the terrain gets rugged and katabatic winds are further intensified in confluence zones, the models lack resolution and underestimate the wind velocity. <p>The Antarctic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is characterized by the presence of strong katabatic winds that are generated by the presence of surface temperature inversions in sloping terrain. This inversion is persistent in Antarctica due to an almost continuous cooling by longwave radiation, especially during the winter night. As a result, the ABL is stably stratified most of the time and, only when the wind speed is high it becomes near neutrally stratified. This thesis also aims at making a critical review of the hypothesis underlying wind engineering models when extreme boundary layer situations are faced. It will be shown that the classical approach of assuming a neutral log-law in the surface layer can hold for studies of wind loading under strong winds but can be of limited use when detailed assessments are pursued. <p>The Antarctic landscape, mostly composed of very long fetches of ice covered terrain, makes it an optimum natural laboratory for the development of homogeneous boundary layers, which are a basic need for the formulation of ABL theories. Flux-profile measurements, made at Halley Research Station in the Brunt Ice Shelf by the British Antarctic Survery (BAS), have been used to analyze boundary layer similarity in view of formulating a one-dimensional ABL model. A 1D model of the neutral and stable boundary layer with a transport model for blowing snow has been implemented and verified versus test cases of the literature. A validation of quasi-stationary homogeneous profiles at different levels of stability confirms that such 1D models can be used to classify wind profiles to be used as boundary conditions for detailed 3D computational wind engineering studies. <p>A summary of the wind engineering activities carried out during the design of the Antarctic Research Station is provided as contextual reference and point of departure of this thesis. An elevated building on top of sloping terrain and connected to an under-snow garage constitutes a challenging environment for building design. Building aerodynamics and snowdrift management were tested in the von Karman Institute L1B wind tunnel for different building geometries and ridge integrations. Not only for safety and cost reduction but also for the integration of renewable energies, important benefits in the design of a building can be achieved if wind engineering is considered since the conceptual phase of the integrated building design process.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished