A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physiotherapy Johannesburg, 2017 / Background: Burns are a significant cause of paediatric injuries, particularly in low and middle-income countries, where more than 90% of burn-related paediatric deaths occur. Physiotherapy is an essential, sometimes painful, component of burn rehabilitation therapy. The popularity of the video game use in burns rehabilitation has grown because, in addition to facilitating range of motion (ROM) in an effort to prevent joint contracture formation, the virtual imaging characteristics of these games provides additional benefit of distraction from pain. Video games provide a more efficient, effective and enjoyable method training, and are a helpful adjunct to rehabilitation. Aim: To investigate the effect of using the Xbox Kinect™ on discharge outcomes and early activity levels of children in the Paediatric Burns Unit (PBU) at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH) Methods: This non-equivalent post-test only control group design study took place over a period of time until the total number of children required was achieved for each group. The control group was the first group of children recruited to the study and received standard physiotherapy treatment and rehabilitation. The experimental group was the second group of children recruited to the study who received standard physiotherapy treatment and rehabilitation as well as the Xbox Kinect™. Comparisons were made only after the intervention and analysed. Outcome measures for each participant were ROM, Activities Scale for Kids© participation (ASK©p) and a modified Wong-Baker FACES® enjoyment rating scale. On discharge from the unit, ROM assessments and the modified Wong-Baker FACES® enjoyment rating scale were administered. On follow-up one week post discharge, ROM re-assessments were done and the ASK©p was administered. A questionnaire regarding the use of the Xbox Kinect™ was completed by health professionals working within the PBU. Results: Seventy children were recruited into the study of which the data for 66 were analysed. Thirty five children were part of the control group and 31 were part of the Xbox intervention group. No significant difference was found between groups regarding demographic characteristics, the median age was seven years old and 55% of the participants were male. There was one mortality and five children in total were lost to follow up. The majority burns were as a result of hot water attributing to more than 50% of admissions, followed by flame burns (30%) and electrical burns (12%). This study population showed an overall total burn surface area (TBSA) of nine percent which were superficial partial in depth; this is seen as a minor burn injury. Forty percent were seen to have moderate-severe injury and three children were considered to have severe major burns > 30 % TBSA. We observed a greater proportion of injury involving the lower limbs (23.10%) and upper limbs (21.10%), followed by injury involving the trunk (11.40%), buttocks and genitalia (7.50%) and the head and neck regions (6.80%). There was no difference in length of stay (LoS) or the chance of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay between the two groups. In the intervention group 75% of the children received 2 or more Xbox Kinect™ sessions. The Xbox Kinect™ was shown to be significant in achieving higher active range of movement (AROM) at discharge (p< 0.01) and at follow up (p< 0.01), and highlights the advantages it has in providing a more amusing and comfortable option as part of the burns rehabilitation process. By allowing the children to be more engaged in the Xbox Kinect™ experience and games, they were distracted and thus experienced less pain. In this study we found that TBSA% was a predictor of ASK©p scores (p= 0.03), thus the higher the burn percentage the lower the ASK©p scores. We also found that age (p= 0.05) and AROM (p= 0.04) were associated with ASK©p scores, thus the younger the child or a child with reduced AROM would have lower ASK©p scores. Fun and enjoyment (p<0.01) was found to be significant in this study, thus highlighting the fun and enjoyment factor the Xbox Kinect™ offers as part of therapy and as an adjunct to burns rehabilitation. Thirty one questionnaires regarding the value and use of the Xbox Kinect™ were completed by health professionals working within the PBU. Many highlighted the value of fun, enjoyment and distraction the Xbox Kinect™ offered as part of the rehabilitation, as well as assisting in achieving more AROM but also indicated that the Xbox Kinect™ sessions still needed to be supervised and guided. Conclusion: This study was the first study done in South Africa involving video game technology during physiotherapy within the paediatric burns population. The use of the Xbox Kinect™ as seen in this study has proven to be beneficial and a useful adjunct to burns rehabilitation within in the paediatric burns population. This distraction and decline in pain assists in reducing the fear associated with movement these burns children experience and assist in improvements related to activity and ultimately age-appropriate play and activities of daily living (ADLs). / MT2017

Introdução: A assistência hospitalar a pacientes portadores de queimaduras é altamente dispendiosa devido aos recursos humanos, materiais e estruturais necessários à sua viabilização. O conhecimento financeiro relativo a essa temática ainda é escasso, especialmente no que tange aos custos dos procedimentos executados por profissionais de enfermagem a pacientes, grandes queimados, em condições críticas. Objetivo: Identificar o custo direto médio (CDM) dos procedimentos realizados, com maior frequência, por profissionais de enfermagem, a pacientes grandes queimados internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de Queimaduras (UTIQ). Método: Esta pesquisa quantitativa, exploratório-descritiva, do tipo estudo de caso único, foi conduzida na UTIQ da Unidade de Queimaduras do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. O CDM foi calculado multiplicando-se o tempo (cronometrado) despendido por profissionais de enfermagem na execução dos procedimentos, objeto de estudo, pelo custo unitário da mão de obra direta, somando-se ao custo dos materiais e soluções/medicamentos. Para a realização dos cálculos utilizou-se a moeda brasileira (R$). Resultados: A partir de 1354 observações, relativas a 12 procedimentos frequentemente realizados na UTIQ, obteve-se o CDM de R$ 1,88 (DP=1,04) para controle dos sinais vitais; R$ 28,78 (DP=69,74) para administração de medicamentos via intravenosa; R$ 16,97 (DP=7,92) para mensuração de diurese; R$ 2,68 (DP=1,20) para verificação de glicemia capilar; R$ 6,71(DP=2,20) para administração de medicamentos via sonda nasoenteral; R$ 50,07 (DP=11,89) para higiene íntima no leito; R$ 3,64 (DP=2,01) para auxílio alimentação; R$ 55,88 (DP=18,98) para banho no leito/arrumação da cama; R$ 287,11 (DP=372,87) para curativo; R$ 6,65 (DP=2,09) para higiene oral; R$ 3,13 (DP=1,08) para administração de medicamentos via oral e R$ 8,51 (DP=1,79) para administração de medicamentos via subcutânea. Conclusão: A apuração dos custos dos recursos consumidos nos procedimentos requeridos pelos pacientes, grandes queimados, em UTI, pode fundamentar as tomadas de decisão gerenciais subsidiando a sua eficiência alocativa, evitando a ocorrência de desperdícios e, quando possível, indicando estratégias de contenção/minimização de custos sem prejuízos à qualidade da assistência de enfermagem. / Introduction: Hospital care for critical burn patients is highly costly due to human, material and structural resources required for its viability. The financial knowledge concerning this subject is still scarce, especially in regard to the cost of procedures performed by nurses in critical burn patients. Objective: To identify the average direct cost (ADC) of the nursing procedures carried out with greater frequency for burn patients admitted into the burn intensive care unit (BICU). Methodology: This quantitative exploratory and descriptive single case study was conducted in BICU at the Burn Unit of the Hospital das Clinicas of the Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo. The ADC was calculated by multiplying the time (chronometering) spent by nursing professionals in procedures, object of this study, by the unit cost of direct labor adding to the cost of materials and solutions/drugs. For the purposes of the calculation, the Brazilian currency (R$) was used. Results: Based on 1354 observations related to 12 procedures often performed in BICU, it was obtained the ADC of R$ 1.88 (SD=1.04) for \"control the vital signs\"; R$ 28.78 (SD=69.74) for \"administering medication intravenously\"; R$ 16.97 (SD=7.92) for \"measurement of diuresis\"; R$ 2.68 (SD=1.20) to \"check Capillary Blood Glucose\"; R$ 6.71 (SD=2.20) for \"drug administration via nasogastric tube\"; R$ 50.07 (SD=11.89) for \"patient intimate hygiene; R$ 3.64 (SD=2.01) for \"food aid\"; R$ 55.88 (SD=18.98) for \"bed bathing/make the bed\"; R$ 287.11 (SD=372.87) for \"dressing\"; R$ 6.65 (SD=2.09) for \"oral hygiene\"; R$ 3.13 (SD=1.08) for \"oral drug administration\" and R$ 8.51 (SD=1.79) for \"drug administration subcutaneously\". Conclusion: The calculation of the resource costs spent in the procedures required by critical burn patients, in ICU, justify the decision making of subsidizing its allocative efficiency, avoiding the occurrence of waste and, when possible, indicating control strategies/minimizing strategy costs without impairing the quality of nursing care

Introdução: A assistência hospitalar a pacientes portadores de queimaduras é altamente dispendiosa devido aos recursos humanos, materiais e estruturais necessários à sua viabilização. O conhecimento financeiro relativo a essa temática ainda é escasso, especialmente no que tange aos custos dos procedimentos executados por profissionais de enfermagem a pacientes, grandes queimados, em condições críticas. Objetivo: Identificar o custo direto médio (CDM) dos procedimentos realizados, com maior frequência, por profissionais de enfermagem, a pacientes grandes queimados internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de Queimaduras (UTIQ). Método: Esta pesquisa quantitativa, exploratório-descritiva, do tipo estudo de caso único, foi conduzida na UTIQ da Unidade de Queimaduras do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. O CDM foi calculado multiplicando-se o tempo (cronometrado) despendido por profissionais de enfermagem na execução dos procedimentos, objeto de estudo, pelo custo unitário da mão de obra direta, somando-se ao custo dos materiais e soluções/medicamentos. Para a realização dos cálculos utilizou-se a moeda brasileira (R$). Resultados: A partir de 1354 observações, relativas a 12 procedimentos frequentemente realizados na UTIQ, obteve-se o CDM de R$ 1,88 (DP=1,04) para controle dos sinais vitais; R$ 28,78 (DP=69,74) para administração de medicamentos via intravenosa; R$ 16,97 (DP=7,92) para mensuração de diurese; R$ 2,68 (DP=1,20) para verificação de glicemia capilar; R$ 6,71(DP=2,20) para administração de medicamentos via sonda nasoenteral; R$ 50,07 (DP=11,89) para higiene íntima no leito; R$ 3,64 (DP=2,01) para auxílio alimentação; R$ 55,88 (DP=18,98) para banho no leito/arrumação da cama; R$ 287,11 (DP=372,87) para curativo; R$ 6,65 (DP=2,09) para higiene oral; R$ 3,13 (DP=1,08) para administração de medicamentos via oral e R$ 8,51 (DP=1,79) para administração de medicamentos via subcutânea. Conclusão: A apuração dos custos dos recursos consumidos nos procedimentos requeridos pelos pacientes, grandes queimados, em UTI, pode fundamentar as tomadas de decisão gerenciais subsidiando a sua eficiência alocativa, evitando a ocorrência de desperdícios e, quando possível, indicando estratégias de contenção/minimização de custos sem prejuízos à qualidade da assistência de enfermagem. / Introduction: Hospital care for critical burn patients is highly costly due to human, material and structural resources required for its viability. The financial knowledge concerning this subject is still scarce, especially in regard to the cost of procedures performed by nurses in critical burn patients. Objective: To identify the average direct cost (ADC) of the nursing procedures carried out with greater frequency for burn patients admitted into the burn intensive care unit (BICU). Methodology: This quantitative exploratory and descriptive single case study was conducted in BICU at the Burn Unit of the Hospital das Clinicas of the Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo. The ADC was calculated by multiplying the time (chronometering) spent by nursing professionals in procedures, object of this study, by the unit cost of direct labor adding to the cost of materials and solutions/drugs. For the purposes of the calculation, the Brazilian currency (R$) was used. Results: Based on 1354 observations related to 12 procedures often performed in BICU, it was obtained the ADC of R$ 1.88 (SD=1.04) for \"control the vital signs\"; R$ 28.78 (SD=69.74) for \"administering medication intravenously\"; R$ 16.97 (SD=7.92) for \"measurement of diuresis\"; R$ 2.68 (SD=1.20) to \"check Capillary Blood Glucose\"; R$ 6.71 (SD=2.20) for \"drug administration via nasogastric tube\"; R$ 50.07 (SD=11.89) for \"patient intimate hygiene; R$ 3.64 (SD=2.01) for \"food aid\"; R$ 55.88 (SD=18.98) for \"bed bathing/make the bed\"; R$ 287.11 (SD=372.87) for \"dressing\"; R$ 6.65 (SD=2.09) for \"oral hygiene\"; R$ 3.13 (SD=1.08) for \"oral drug administration\" and R$ 8.51 (SD=1.79) for \"drug administration subcutaneously\". Conclusion: The calculation of the resource costs spent in the procedures required by critical burn patients, in ICU, justify the decision making of subsidizing its allocative efficiency, avoiding the occurrence of waste and, when possible, indicating control strategies/minimizing strategy costs without impairing the quality of nursing care

Introdução: A ressuscitação fluídica agressiva, com volume superior ao preconizado por Baxter, com objetivo de evitar a hipoperfusão de órgãos e restabelecer a volemia rapidamente, se tornou uma tendência nos últimos anos. Esta prática vem sendo discutida mais recentemente após a caracterização do fenômeno fluid creep e pode ser causa de aumento da morbidade e mortalidade em crianças queimadas. A hiperhidratação impacta negativamente a evolução desses pacientes e já se estabeleceram associações do fenômeno fluid creep com diversas complicações, como, por exemplo, a síndrome compartimental abdominal. Pacientes queimados estão sob alto risco para infecção e sepse devido à perda da integridade da pele e à exposição prolongada ao ambiente nosocomial. A principal causa de óbito, se o paciente sobreviver à fase inicial do choque do queimado é a disfunção de múltiplos órgãos e sistemas secundária a sepse. Objetivos: Avaliar a associação entre o fluid creep e episódios infecciosos em crianças queimadas submetidas a duas estratégias diferentes de reanimação hídrica envolvendo albumina. Realizar análises de curvas de probabilidade livre de infecção, além de comparar o tempo de internação e número de procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados nestes grupos de pacientes. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte histórica envolvendo 46 crianças queimadas admitidas no Centro de Tratamento de Queimados do Hospital Universitário de Londrina entre junho de 2012 e janeiro de 2014 e que incluiu casos oriundos de um ensaio clínico randomizado controlado realizado no mesmo período. Foram incluídas crianças entre 1 e 12 anos, com queimaduras entre 15% e 45% de Superfície Corporal Queimada (SCQ) e profundidade de 2º e 3º graus, admitidas até a 12ª hora após o acidente. Todos os pacientes receberam reanimação fluídica com Ringer Lactato (RL), nas primeiras 24 horas, segundo a Fórmula de Parkland modificada (3ml/kg/%SCQ) ajustada de acordo com o débito urinário (DU). Os pacientes do grupo A = Exposto (n=23) receberam albumina 5% entre 8 e 12 horas do momento do acidente, e os do Grupo B= Não Exposto (n=23) receberam albumina 5% partir da 24a hora do acidente. Os grupos foram comparados quanto ao surgimento do fenômeno fluid creep, tempo de internação, número de procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados e infecção até a alta hospitalar. Resultados: Os pacientes do grupo A tiveram menos dias de internação comparadamente ao grupo B (p=0,007). O surgimento do fenômeno fluid creep foi maior em crianças no grupo B (p < 0,001). O tempo de internação maior de 14 dias assim como a presença de fluid creep foi associado com a presença de infecção, respectivamente p=0,002 e p=0,020. O tempo de internação bem como a presença de fluid creep apresentaram diferenças nas curvas de probabilidade livre de infecção (p < 0,05). Todas as crianças do grupo B receberam debridamento comparado com 73,9% daquelas incluídas no grupo A (p=0,022), assim como os enxertos foram mais frequentes no grupo B (p=0,032). Conclusões: Crianças queimadas que receberam albumina entre 8 e 12 horas após o acidente apresentaram significativamente menos fluid creep, menor tempo de internação e menor número de procedimentos cirúrgicos (debridamentos e enxertos) comparativamente ao grupo que recebeu albumina após 24 horas. A presença do fluid creep e o tempo de internação superior a 14 dias apresentaram diferenças nas curvas de probabilidade livre de infecção, demonstrando pior prognóstico infeccioso / Introduction: Aggressive fluid resuscitation, defined as the administration of a superior volume to the parameters recommended by Baxter, intend to rapidly set the euvolemia and avoid organ hypoperfusion in burn individuals. The practice became a trend during the last years and has been extensively discussed after the establishment of the fluid creep phenomenon and has been considered as a possible mortality and morbidity factor in burn children. A strong association of fluid creep development has already been established with many conditions, as abdominal compartment syndrome. Burn patients are at high risk of infection and subsequent progression to sepsis due to the loss of skin integrity and long-term exposure to hospital environment. If those patients survive to the burn shock, their main cause of death is the multiple organ failure secondary to sepsis, what highlights the importance of comprehensive knowledge of infectious complications in burn children. Objectives: Assess the association between fluid creep and infection episodes in burn children that were exposed to two different fluid resuscitation strategies with the use of albumin. Analyze the patients infection-free probability curves, length of stay and number of surgery procedures needed. Methods: We developed a historic cohort of 46 burn children admitted at the Burn Treatment Center, State University of Londrina. The same patients were simultaneously enrolled in a parallel clinical trial. In this study, were included patients from 1 to 12 years old, with 15% to 45% of the body surface area (BSA) compromised, second or third-degree burns, admitted up to 12 hours after the accident. Both groups were compared according to the exposure. All the patients received fluid resuscitation with Ringer Lactate (RL) in the first 24 hours, respecting the modified Parkland formula (3 ml/kg/% TBSA) adjusted according to the urine output (UO). Patients from group A were exposed to 5% albumin between 8 and 12 hours from the accident moment and the patients from group B received 5% albumin after 24 hours from the accident. The outcomes observed were development of fluid creep phenomenon, length of stay, number of surgery procedures needed and infection until the hospital discharge. Results: Compared to the group B, the group A had a shorter median length of stay (p=0,007). Fluid creep development had higher rates on group B compared to group A (p < 0,001). The length of stay for more than 14 days, as the fluid creep arising, was associated with infection (respectively, p=0,002 and p=0,02). Both the length of stay and the fluid creep presence showed difference at the infection-free probability curves (p < 0,05). All the patients from group B were submitted to debridement compared to 73,9 from group A (p=0,022). The need of skin graft procedure was also more frequent in patients from group A (p=0,032). Conclusion: Burn children that received albumin between 8 and 12 hours from the accident moment presented significant less fluid creep, shorter length of stay, and smaller number of surgery procedures (as debridement and skin graft) compared to the group that received albumin after 24 hours from the accident. Fluid creep development and length of stay superior to 14 days presented differences at the infection-free probability curves, providing a negative infectious prognosis

O processo de reparação tecidual evolui tardiamente com alteração das propriedades físicas da pele, cuja gravidade varia, entre outros fatores, em função da profundidade original da lesão. Clinicamente a pele é seca, descamativa, discrômica e com diminuição da elasticidade, especialmente em cicatrizes hipertróficas. As características do tegumento pós-queimadura podem ser melhoradas com agentes de uso tópico normalmente utilizados em patologias como acne e fotoenvelhecimento. Foram avaliados 77 pacientes portadores de seqüela de queimadura peri-oral, entre seis e 46 anos de idade. O tipo de tegumento foi classificado como restaurado, quando epitelizado espontaneamente, ou enxertado. O tratamento tópico consistiu de tretinoína (0,01-0,05%) e ácido glicólico (5-7%) durante três meses. Duas distâncias foram medidas com paquímetro digital em abertura bucal máxima, a inter-dentária (D) e a inter-labial (L). Houve aumento significativo (p£0,01) de D e L nos grupos tratados quando comparados aos respectivos controles, tanto nos pacientes com tegumento restaurado como nos enxertados. O aumento de L foi significativamente maior que D. Sugerimos a utilização da medida inter-labial como parâmetro complementar à medida inter-incisal como método de avaliação indireta da elasticidade cutânea no tegumento pós-queimadura. / Tissue repair processes evolve with alterations of the cutaneous physical properties, which are proportional, among other factors, to the original depth of the lesion. At examination, the skin is dry, dyschromic and less elastic, specially in hypertrophic scars. Post-burn skin characteristics can be improved by topical agents regularly used in pathologies like acne or photodamage. We evaluated 77 patients who had peri-oral burn sequela. The ages ranged from six to 46 years old. The tegument was classified as restored, when spontaneously healed, or skin grafted. The topical treatment consisted of tretinoin (0,01-0,05%) and glycolic acid (5-7%) for three months. Inter-incisal (D) and inter-labial (L) distances were measured at maximal mouth opening with a digital pachymeter. Both inter-incisal and inter-labial distances increased significantly in the groups treated when compared to respective controls (p£0,01). This fact was similar in both types of tegument. Inter-labial distance (L) increased significantly more than D. We suggest its use as a complementary measure to inter-incisal distance for indirect evaluation of skin elasticity in the post-burn tegument.

O processo de reparação tecidual evolui tardiamente com alteração das propriedades físicas da pele, cuja gravidade varia, entre outros fatores, em função da profundidade original da lesão. Clinicamente a pele é seca, descamativa, discrômica e com diminuição da elasticidade, especialmente em cicatrizes hipertróficas. As características do tegumento pós-queimadura podem ser melhoradas com agentes de uso tópico normalmente utilizados em patologias como acne e fotoenvelhecimento. Foram avaliados 77 pacientes portadores de seqüela de queimadura peri-oral, entre seis e 46 anos de idade. O tipo de tegumento foi classificado como restaurado, quando epitelizado espontaneamente, ou enxertado. O tratamento tópico consistiu de tretinoína (0,01-0,05%) e ácido glicólico (5-7%) durante três meses. Duas distâncias foram medidas com paquímetro digital em abertura bucal máxima, a inter-dentária (D) e a inter-labial (L). Houve aumento significativo (p£0,01) de D e L nos grupos tratados quando comparados aos respectivos controles, tanto nos pacientes com tegumento restaurado como nos enxertados. O aumento de L foi significativamente maior que D. Sugerimos a utilização da medida inter-labial como parâmetro complementar à medida inter-incisal como método de avaliação indireta da elasticidade cutânea no tegumento pós-queimadura. / Tissue repair processes evolve with alterations of the cutaneous physical properties, which are proportional, among other factors, to the original depth of the lesion. At examination, the skin is dry, dyschromic and less elastic, specially in hypertrophic scars. Post-burn skin characteristics can be improved by topical agents regularly used in pathologies like acne or photodamage. We evaluated 77 patients who had peri-oral burn sequela. The ages ranged from six to 46 years old. The tegument was classified as restored, when spontaneously healed, or skin grafted. The topical treatment consisted of tretinoin (0,01-0,05%) and glycolic acid (5-7%) for three months. Inter-incisal (D) and inter-labial (L) distances were measured at maximal mouth opening with a digital pachymeter. Both inter-incisal and inter-labial distances increased significantly in the groups treated when compared to respective controls (p£0,01). This fact was similar in both types of tegument. Inter-labial distance (L) increased significantly more than D. We suggest its use as a complementary measure to inter-incisal distance for indirect evaluation of skin elasticity in the post-burn tegument.