The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between role ambiguity, role conflict, win-loss record at current position, career win-loss record, school enrollment, total years as a head coach, total years as an assistant coach, and number of sports coached and burnout in men's varsity and junior varsity head high school basketball coaches. The subjects were all male coaches (n=64) from twenty-four counties in southwestern Virginia. The multiple regression analyses indicated that role ambiguity and role conflict did not differentiate a higher level of burnout. The remaining demographic variables were not significant predictors of burnout. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were best explained by school enrollment. Personal accomplishment was best explained by total years as a head coach and number of sports coached. / Master of Science

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Background: Burnout is significantly high among helping professionals and poses serious risks to one’s mental and physical health. Despite the high stress of environmental activists’ work and the importance of their role, there is little research on their mental health. Environmental activists protect the mental and physical health of the general population by advocating for environmental justice, pushing for large-scale changes to impede climate change, and providing education and resources for communities to navigate climate change-related events. This preliminary study aimed to contribute to the literature by gathering more information about burnout among environmental activists. Methods: A mixed methods framework employed a quantitative survey and qualitative individual interviews to ascertain the rates and experience of burnout from the point of view of the activists themselves. Activists were recruited from organizations throughout New York State that focus on climate change, climate justice, and environmental justice in community settings. Burnout, the main dependent variable, was measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Independent variables included psychological distress, climate change-related anxiety, perceived organizational support, a variety of psychosocial workplace factors, and styles of coping. Correlation analyses were used to assess the relationship between burnout mean scores and mean scores on each of the independent variables. Qualitative interview data were analyzed by inductive Thematic Analysis and findings were organized and presented with the additional use of Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) frequency methods. Results: Thirty-two participants completed the survey and eight activists agreed to subsequently complete the qualitative interview. Quantitative scales showed moderate burnout comprised of high emotional exhaustion and decreased feelings of accomplishment, and low depersonalization. Psychological distress was generally mild and climate change anxiety was high, but not impairing. Activists rated perceived organizational support as high and workplace factors as satisfactory. Emotional exhaustion was positively correlated with psychological distress and demands at work, and negatively correlated with perceived organizational support, interpersonal relationships and leadership, social capital, and health and wellbeing. Feelings of personal accomplishment were positively correlated with work organization and job contents, interpersonal relationships and leadership, and adaptive coping styles, specifically the use of emotional support, use of institutional support, and planning. Depersonalization was positively correlated with maladaptive coping styles involving denial, behavioral disengagement, and self-blame. The qualitative study interviews identified eight thematic areas associated with the experience of burnout, risk and protective factors, and factors unique to activism, activism and personal identity, and activism and current events. Qualitative outcomes aligned with quantitative outcomes, clarifying motivations for engaging in activism and experience of activism. Conclusions: This exploratory study helps illuminate important factors relevant to environmental activists’ mental health and offers recommendations for future research and mental health organizational policies. Future studies are needed with greater sample size, systematic sampling, and multiple assessment points, to better determine predictive relationships between these variables and burnout.

Human-caused forest fires have increased in magnitude and frequency, affecting global vegetation and requiring a re-evaluation of fire regimes. Changing fire regimes have led to reduced burned areas in fire- dependent ecosystems and increased areas in fire-independent ecosystems, resulting in changes in land cover and posing a threat to native plant communities. This study focuses on monitoring vegetation recovery after fires in California, USA, using the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from MODIS time series. The goal is to determine the full recovery time and half recovery time (HRT) after forest fires in year 2017 and analyze the influence of burn severity on three land cover classes in two different climate zones in California.Analyzes show that the "Closed Forest" land cover type exhibits the longest recovery period, followed by the "Open Forest" type and “Herbaceous/Shrub” type in both climate zones but no general connection between recovery time and climate zone was observed. It is found that burn severity degree affects HRT but not the full recovery time in both Mediterranean and Semi-arid climate zones. The study mainly highlights the variations in forest fire recovery patterns between land cover types, as well as differences observed between climate zones.

This study builds on the small but growing body of research examining the antecedents and effects of burnout on police and corrections officers. A review of the extant literature on burnout in general and on the literature exploring police and correctional officer burnout in particular identified several variables that contribute to the social-psychological condition of burnout. The variables identified in the literature review were grouped according to biographical factors (gender, race/ethnicity, and age), biographical stressors (marital status and level of education), organizational factors (occupational field, agency size, tenure, and rank), workplace stressors (recent promotions, transfers or discipline, and perceptions of fairness in promotions, discipline, and transfers), or life-event stressors. This study utilized the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) to assess burnout. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) developed by Holmes and Rahe (1996) was used to identify life-event stressors. The sample for this study was drawn from police and correctional officers attending professional development training at a regional criminal justice training center in Central Florida. Of the 577 students surveyed, 417 remained in the sample after duplicates were eliminated. A multi-stage analysis, which included analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent sample t-tests, and ordinary least squared techniques (OLS), was conducted to explore the influences of different correlates of burnout on police and correctional officers. Multiple one-way ANOVA models and independent sample t-tests were run first, followed by several stages of multiple regression analysis. In the initial OLS regression models, only the variables for biographical factors, biographical stressors, and occupational factors were entered in the models. In following stage, workplace stressors were added to the regression models, followed by the addition of life-event stressors into the final regression models. The correlates of burnout found to be most significant included race/ethnicity, agency size, and perceptions of fairness in promotions and discipline. Of the correlates that were significant, race/ethnicity and perceptions of fairness were the most noteworthy, since the data indicated White/Caucasian officers experienced greater levels of burnout than minority officers, a finding that appeared related to an officer's perceptions of fairness in promotions and discipline. In addition, a statistically significant difference in professional efficacy scores was detected between officers from smaller agencies (99 officers or fewer) and officers from the largest agencies (1,000 officers or more). The findings from this study seem to suggest that burnout may be influenced by perceptions of fairness in promotional and disciplinary processes, which may be confounded by an officer's race/ethnicity. To address this matter, police and correctional agency administrators might want to consider designing promotional and disciplinary procedures that stress transparency and emphasize merit-based outcomes rather than equality-based outcomes. With regard to agency size, administrators from small agencies should consider steps that make the job more rewarding to their officers so they are less susceptible to burnout.

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