M.A. / A study is conducted into the roles of women living in the late Byzantine period between the 6th Century to 1453, using demotic or ‘popular’ poetry which can be quite significant in shedding some light into Byzantine history and society. An in depth analysis of these songs is carried out and compared to valid historical texts in order to create a proper account on history. Some questions that will be examined are as follows: How did women fit into society? What was their expected role? Did they ever go beyond their conventional role? Were they treated differently at different stages or circumstances in their life? Do the clues that are found in these songs correspond to the previously written historical texts that were predominantly written by men? It is no secret that, women portrayed in historical texts which refer to that period, were subjugated to the men in their lives and had very different roles to their partners, fathers, or brothers. Using demotic poetry, one is able to understand the voice of common folk and their worldview, thereby collecting accounts of the society’s ideas and ideals at grassroots level. A collection of about 20 songs has been gathered for this study and each song has been analysed in detail alone and in its contexts. It is tremendously interesting to discover how important women were in their society and how they often seem to have influenced men’s behaviour indirectly.

No description available.

This thesis investigates the relationship between Christianity and urban monumental space in the late antique Levant. Through the analysis of both textual and archaeological evidence it seeks to clarify both the motives and the stages of the process of Christian takeover of the urban space of Levantine cities from the 4th to the 7th century AD. In doing so Christians were in essence both projecting their growth as the predominant religion and, at the same time, creating an entirely new monumental landscape. The case studies are presented in three separate groups, selected on the basis of the principal strategy that was chosen in the process of Christianisation of urban space. The first section analyses the cases of Gerasa, Jerusalem, Heliopolis, and Petra to illustrate the first of these strategies: the main method for occupying the symbolic space of the city was the construction of a contrast between the surviving ruins of the earlier, Hellenic, temples and the new Christian churches. The second group of case studies includes Scythopolis, Caesarea Maritima, Gaza, and to a certain extent Heliopolis. This section deals with those cities where the main strategy was the physical demolition of all or at least the most pre-eminent Hellenic buildings and their direct replacement with a new, and often grand, church. The third group, and the last, consists of the cities of Bostra, Gadara, Apamea, where rather than having to engage with a major Hellenic monument the main competitor was the secular state whether local or imperial. This is found to have resulted in a search for integration into the landscape rather than active competition.

In 533, Justinian I ordered the conquest of the former Roman provinces of Africa, which had been lost to the Vandals a century earlier. The 'reconquest' has been regarded, by contemporaries and modern scholars alike, as one of the defining successes of the reign. However, despite the evident achievements of the campaign, Roman victory over the Vandals marked little more than the beginning of the Eastern Roman Empire's attempt to consolidate its position in Africa. The unanticipated threat posed by hostilities from the Berber tribes would continue until 548. Roman-Berber relations, unlike other aspects of Justinian's foreign relations, have received comparatively little attention, and this study aims to reassess the establishment of Roman authority in Africa and the Eastern Roman Empire's response to the Berber threat. In particular, it considers whether this response should be seen as a series of ad hoc reactions to immediate circumstances, or whether it is possible to identify a coherent Roman policy vis-à-vis the Berbers. The major conclusions of this study fall in two areas. First, it argues that Roman objectives in Africa were far more limited than has generally been supposed, with the empire's territorial ambitions not extending beyond key coastal positions which offered strategic and commercial advantages, and from which the empire could project its limited authority into the interior. Second, this study concludes that the Eastern Roman Empire's actions with respect to the Berber tribes lacked coherence. Attempts to implement a system of client rulers were unsuccessful, partly as a result of the competition between individual Berber leaders as they sought to establish independent polities within the frontiers of the former Roman Empire; and partly as a result of an increasing lack of resources, as well as the instability caused by constantly changing leadership within the African civil and military administrations, which prevented the development of coherent long term strategies for addressing the Berber threat.

No description available.

M.A. / The main purpose of this postgraduate study has been to record and investigate the ways in which Byzantine history is presented in the history textbooks of the Hellenic general education. Our attempt has been to demonstrate the ways in which this part of the Hellenic history is presented within the curriculum and syllabi, in order to investigate the various parameters (social, political, cultural, pedagogic and religious) that affect the historic Donsciouness of the Hellenic Primary and Secondary school learners.For research purposes, we contemplated that the study should be separated into two parts. In the first part we examined the theoretical constituents which define History as a subject under the subheadings of "What is history", "Historical event and its elements", "Historical knowledge and validity" as well as "History in general education". We then attempted to sketch out a rough outline of Byzantium and its history through a timeline of the dynasties. In the beginning of each dynasty, we referred to the ruling emperors and then attempted to identify the main factors which, in our opinion, had shaped each period so that the reader can, at least, conceptualize the long, eventful and diverse history of the Byzantine Empire. In the beginning of the second part, we refer to articles and paragraphs of the Hellenic constitution and Hellenic legislation that form the framework within which are defined: the overall purpose of Hellenic education, the structure and function of Primary and Secondary education, the framework for dealing with cross-cultural issues, as well as the general framework and defming directives that are set to promote the development of the European citizen's awareness but also to sustain the national and cultural identity. We, then, proceeded in dealing exclusively with the aforementioned Hellenic general education textbooks.

A querela iconoclasta bizantina do século VIII já foi considerada a maior crise deste período e teve por consequência a legitimação dos ícones enquanto parte da tradição da Igreja. O fenômeno não esteve, no entanto, restrito ao mundo Oriental, tendo desencadeado reações tanto do papado, que se opôs ao iconoclasmo imperial desde seu início, quanto dos carolíngios, que se afirmavam enquanto um novo elemento entre os poderes cristãos. A reunião do concílio de Nicéia II, em 787, quando o culto aos ícones foi definido pela primeira vez como parte da tradição da Igreja, não foi bem recebida pela corte franca, que discordou tanto dos procedimentos quanto das decisões da assembléia, o que deu origem a um tratado, conhecido por libri carolini. Esta obra é sem dúvida um dos mais importantes trabalhos de teologia do governo de Carlos Magno, mas além disso, ele é uma tomada de posição do rei o tratado foi escrito em nome de Carlos Magno que não apenas reivindica a participação na resolução dos assuntos da fé, como se apresenta superior aos gregos, acusados no tratado de arrogância e entendidos como inaptos a interpretar de maneira correta as Escrituras, bem como os testemunhos dos Pais. Os LC são portanto não apenas uma demonstração da teologia de imagens carolíngia, mas um registro do posicionamento do futuro imperador do Ocidente. / The Byzantine Iconoclastic struggle of the eight century has been considered the greatest crisis of this period and had as a consequence the legitimation of icons as part of the churchs traditions. The phenomenon was not restricted to the Oriental world, and unleashed reactions from the papacy, who was opposed to the imperial Iconoclasm from its beginning, as much as from the carolingians, a new element between the Christian powers. The reunion of the second council of Nicaea, in 787, where the cult of icons was established for the first as a Tradition of the church, was not well received by the Frankish court, which disagreed with the procedures and the decisions of the assembly. The Carolingian opposition to the reunion originated a treatise known as libri carolini. This work is with no doubt one of the most important theological writings composed under Charlemagne\'s rule, but also a stand taking of the king who not only revindicates the participation on church matters as presents himself as superior to the Greeks, who are pictured as arrogant and bad interpreters of the Gospels and the Fathers. The LC are, therefore, not only a testimony of the Carolingian theology of images, but a register of the position of the future emperor of the Occident.

A querela iconoclasta bizantina do século VIII já foi considerada a maior crise deste período e teve por consequência a legitimação dos ícones enquanto parte da tradição da Igreja. O fenômeno não esteve, no entanto, restrito ao mundo Oriental, tendo desencadeado reações tanto do papado, que se opôs ao iconoclasmo imperial desde seu início, quanto dos carolíngios, que se afirmavam enquanto um novo elemento entre os poderes cristãos. A reunião do concílio de Nicéia II, em 787, quando o culto aos ícones foi definido pela primeira vez como parte da tradição da Igreja, não foi bem recebida pela corte franca, que discordou tanto dos procedimentos quanto das decisões da assembléia, o que deu origem a um tratado, conhecido por libri carolini. Esta obra é sem dúvida um dos mais importantes trabalhos de teologia do governo de Carlos Magno, mas além disso, ele é uma tomada de posição do rei o tratado foi escrito em nome de Carlos Magno que não apenas reivindica a participação na resolução dos assuntos da fé, como se apresenta superior aos gregos, acusados no tratado de arrogância e entendidos como inaptos a interpretar de maneira correta as Escrituras, bem como os testemunhos dos Pais. Os LC são portanto não apenas uma demonstração da teologia de imagens carolíngia, mas um registro do posicionamento do futuro imperador do Ocidente. / The Byzantine Iconoclastic struggle of the eight century has been considered the greatest crisis of this period and had as a consequence the legitimation of icons as part of the churchs traditions. The phenomenon was not restricted to the Oriental world, and unleashed reactions from the papacy, who was opposed to the imperial Iconoclasm from its beginning, as much as from the carolingians, a new element between the Christian powers. The reunion of the second council of Nicaea, in 787, where the cult of icons was established for the first as a Tradition of the church, was not well received by the Frankish court, which disagreed with the procedures and the decisions of the assembly. The Carolingian opposition to the reunion originated a treatise known as libri carolini. This work is with no doubt one of the most important theological writings composed under Charlemagne\'s rule, but also a stand taking of the king who not only revindicates the participation on church matters as presents himself as superior to the Greeks, who are pictured as arrogant and bad interpreters of the Gospels and the Fathers. The LC are, therefore, not only a testimony of the Carolingian theology of images, but a register of the position of the future emperor of the Occident.

Texte remanié de : Ph.D. Thesis : ? : Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University : 1992. / Bibliogr. p. 231-253. Index.

Habilitationsschrift--Munich. / Interpretation of a Byzantine treatise (Cod, marc. gr. 173, f.276vo-281ro) published for the first time by W. Ashburner, in the Journal of Hellenic studies v. 35, 1915, p. 76-84, with title A Byzantine treatise on taxation. The present treatise is mainly devoted to the explanation of the numerous technical terms--Cf. Vorwort. "Die 2. auflage ist ein unveränderter abdruck der 1. auflage, die als heft 9 des Byzantinischen archivs 1927 erschienen war. Die vom verfasser vorgenommenen berichtigungen und ergänzungen finden sich auf den seiten 161 ff." Includes bibliographical references (p. [1]-2).