No description available.

The kinetic mechanism of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been determined to be random in the direction of MgADP phosphorylation by using initial velocity studies in the absence and presence of the product, phospho-Serpeptide (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser[P]-Leu-Gly) , and dead-end inhibitors. In contrast to the kinetic parameters obtained in the direction of Serpeptide phosphorylation, the only kinetic parameters affected by Mg^2+ are the dissociation constants for E:phospho-Serpeptide and E:MgADP, which are decreased by about 4-fold. The dead-end analog MgAMPCP binds with an affinity equal to that of MgADP in contrast to MgAMPPCP, which binds weaker than MgATP. The ratio of the maximum velocities in the forward and reverse reactions is about 200, and the Haldane relationship gives a K-eq of (7.2 ± 2) x 10^2. The latter can be compared to the K-eq obtained by direct measurement of reactant concentrations (2.2 ± 0.4) x 10^3 and 31-P NMR (1 ± 0.5) x 10^3. Data for the pH dependence of kinetic parameters and inhibitor dissociation constants for the cAMP dependent protein kinase are consistent with a mechanism in which reactants selectively bind to an enzyme with the catalytic base unprotonated and an enzyme group required protonated for Ser-peptide binding. Preferentially MgATP binds fully ionized and requires an enzyme residue (probably lysine) to be protonated. The maximum velocity and V/K-MgATP are pH independent. The V/K for Serpeptide is bell-shaped with estimated pK values of 6.2 and 8.5. The dependence of 1/K-i for Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ala-Leu-Gly is also bell-shaped, giving pK values identical with those obtained for V/K-Serpeptide, while the K-i for MgAMPPCP increases from a constant value of 650 μM above pH 8 to a constant value of 4 mM below pH 5.5. The K-i for uncomplexed Mg^2+ obtained from the Mg^2+ dependence of V and V/K-MgATP is apparently pH independent.

In nature, non-covalent interactions are as important and dynamic as they are elusive. As such, the study of non-covalent interactions both in vivo and in vitro has proven to be challenging. Given the potential benefits of elucidating protein-protein, ligand-receptor, and other biologically relevant interactions, the development of methodologies for the study of non-covalent interactions is an attractive goal.Biologically encoded protein and peptide libraries that connect the genotypic information with the expressed phenotype have emerged in recent years as powerful methods for studying non-covalent interactions. One of the quintessential platforms for the creation of such libraries is phage display. In phage display, the connection between genetic information and the corresponding protein allows for the iterative isolation and amplification of library members that possess a desired function. Hence, an in vitro selection can be used to isolate epitopes that bind to desired targets or display specific attributes.We have sought to develop novel phage display methodologies that have the potential to expand the scope of this in vitro selection platform. Specifically, we developed a method for the non-covalent attachment of a small molecule ligand to a cyclic peptide library. This system localizes the phage display library to the ligand binding site, thus allowing for the translation of the selected cyclic peptides to a covalently tethered bivalent inhibitor.The first class of biological molecules that we chose to target with our methodology is the biologically and therapeutically important class of enzymes called protein kinases. In the first demonstration of this strategy, we were able to isolate cyclic peptide ligands for the model kinase PKA (cAMP-dependent protein kinase), which were subsequently translated to a bivalent inhibitor. This inhibitor showed both increased affinity and selectivity for PKA in relation to other protein kinases.In a separate project, we sought to develop a method for the isolation of small molecule-responsive mutants of a well-characterized protein scaffold from a phage display library. During these investigations, we discovered interesting homologous single-point mutations of the protein that resulted in large spherical oligomers that may mimic species relevant to the study of protein misfolding diseases such as Alzheimer's.

No description available.

DL-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, an isostere of phosphoserine, was incorporated into the heptapeptide sequence, Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-(DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid)-Leu-Gly, for kinetic mechanistic studies of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. To block the phosphono hydroxyl groups, methyl, ethyl and 4nitrobenzyl esters were studied as possible protecting groups. The phosphono diethyl ester of the N-Fmoc-protected amino acid was utilized in the synthesis of the heptapeptide. Two configurational forms of the protected peptide were obtained and were separated by C18-reverse phase HPLC. Characterization of the two isomeric forms was accomplished by 3 1P NMR, 1H NMR, 13C% NMR and amino acid analysis. The protecting groups of the isomeric phsophonopeptides were removed by HBr/AcOH and purified by cation exchange HPLC. Both phosphonopeptides were found to be inhibitors of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, having Ki values of 0.6 mM (peptide A) and 1.9 mM (peptide B).

Vários estudos clínicos demonstram que existem fatores adicionais ao efeito reforçador primário das drogas que determinam por que alguns indivíduos permanecem usuários ocasionais, enquanto outros progridem para a farmacodependência. Evidências clínicas apontam o estresse como uma variável importante na iniciação, manutenção e recaída ao uso da cocaína ou morfina. Em roedores, a cocaína induz a sensibilização comportamental que se caracteriza pelo aumento progressivo da atividade motora no decorrer do seu uso prolongado. Esse fenômeno é um dos eventos que emergem no decurso temporal das adaptações que levam à farmacodependência. Recentemente foi sugerido que a sensibilização é a gênese do uso compulsivo de drogas. Muitos estudos revelam que o estresse induz a sensibilização comportamental cruzada com os psicostimulantes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilização cruzada entre o estresse e a cocaína, bem como os mecanismos neurais subjacentes. Para tanto foram avaliados as concentrações plasmáticas da corticosterona, a atividade locomotora basal e a induzida por cocaína, e a atividade da PKA nos animais expostos aos estresses agudo ou crônico, previsível ou imprevisível. A exposição ao estresse crônico previsível (EP) aumentou a atividade locomotora basal e a induzida por cocaína. A exposição ao EP aumentou as concentrações basais da corticosterona mas não alterou a atividade da PKA no núcleo acumbens e no corpo estriado. Assim, podemos concluir que a exposição a EP induziu sensibilização comportamental cruzada à cocaína, sendo que esse efeito não se correlacionou com as alterações na atividade da PKA. / A potential etiologic factor in substance abuse is stress, and it is possible that chronic exposure to stressful life’s events is related to the development of drug dependence and relapse. Behavioral sensitization is defined as an augmentation of a response to a drug during repeated drug exposure. Behavioral sensitization has been shown to occur to the locomotor and reinforcing effects of cocaine, amphetamine and other drugs of abuse. It has been suggested that sensitization is the genesis of compulsive drug use. Converging evidence suggests that exposure to stress induces behavioral sensitization to psychostimulant drugs. The present study investigates behavioral and molecular aspects of the cross-sensitization between stress and cocaine. We evaluated the basal and cocaine-induced locomotor activity, corticosterone plasma levels and protein kinase cAMP-dependent (PKA) activity in animals exposed to acute or chronic predictable and unpredictable stress. Increased basal and cocaine-induced locomotor activity was observed in animals exposed to chronic predictable stress. Chronic predictable stress increased basal corticosterone levels but did not change protein kinase A activity in both accumbens and striatum. In conclusion, predictable stress produced sensitization to locomotor effects of cocaine but this effect did not correlate with changes in PKA activity.

CYP17 is an ACTH/cAMP inducible gene in the human adrenal cortex encoding a cytochrome P450 enzyme with sterol 17α-hydroxylase activity and 17,20 lyase activity essential for biosynthesis of cortisol and androgens. Studies carried out during the past decade have shown that acclerated transcription of inducible eukaryotic genes involves sequential chromatin modifications by cooperative promoter-specific transcription factors and the class of proteins called transcriptional coregulators. In the present work, we aimed to first identify important chromatin modifications and chromatin modifying complexes at the CYP17 transcription start site and nearby steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) binding site. Then, we asked what modifications to SF-1 occur during the interaction of this nuclear receptor with the CYP17 promoter, and what their function may be. Finally, we asked how ACTH/cAMP signaling affects SF-1-containing chromatin-modifying complexes during the early phase of transcriptional induction of CYP17. Results from chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and mammalian two hybrid experiments identified complexes including one comprised of SF-1, steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), and the histone acetyltransferase general control nonderepressed 5 (GCN5) as cAMP-inducible, but sensitive to the SF-1 antagonist sphingosine, and able to act in stimulating CYP17 transcription. Moreover, ATPases on the promoter coincided with manipulation of nucleosome histone H2 dimer content. Next, we found that SF-1 phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), reciprocal dephosphorylation by phosphatase(s), and acetylation by GCN5 at nearby sites at the ligand binding pocket opening were required for efficient CYP17 transcription. This leads us to propose that ligand binding to SF-1 is controlled by these post-translational modifications. Finally, we determined that the corepressors E1A C-terminal binding proteins (CtBP) 1 and 2 are protein kinase A (PKA) targets and are sensitive to PKA-dependent NADH accumulation. These effects of PKA activation by ACTH/cAMP in adrenal cortex cells enforce CYP17 transcription concomitant with dimerization of CtBP1 and CtBP2.

Adenoviruses have been extensively studied in the field of gene regulation, since their genes are subjected to a tightly controlled temporal expression during the virus lifetime. The early-to-late shift in adenoviral gene expression distinguishes two completely different programs in gene expression. The adenoviral L4-33K protein, which is the subject of this thesis, was previously implicated to be a key player in the transition from the early to the late phase of infection. Here we show that L4-33K activates late gene expression by functioning as a virus-encoded alternative RNA splicing factor activating splicing of transcripts containing weak 3’ splice sites; a feature common to the viral genes expressed at late times of infection. The splicing enhancer activity of L4-33K was mapped to a tiny arginine/serine (RS) repeat in the carboxyl-terminal domain of the protein. Also, the subcellular distribution to the nucleus with enrichment in the nuclear membrane and subnuclear redistribution to viral replication centers during a lytic infection was observed to depend on this motif. RS repeats are common features for the cellular splicing factors serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins, which in turn are regulated by reversible phosphorylation. We further show that L4-33K is phosphorylated by two cellular protein kinases, the double-stranded DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and protein kinase A (PKA) in vitro. Interestingly, DNA-PK and PKA have opposite effects on the control of the temporally regulated L1 alternative RNA splicing. DNA-PK functions as an inhibitor of the late specific L1-IIIa pre-mRNA splicing whereas PKA functions as an activator of L1-IIIa pre-mRNA splicing. In summary, this thesis describes L4-33K as an SR protein related viral alternative splicing factor. A tiny RS repeat conveys splicing enhancer activity as well as redistribution of L4-33K to replication centers. Finally, DNA-PK and PKA that phosphorylates L4-33K are suggested to be novel regulatory factors controlling adenovirus alternative splicing.

Vários estudos clínicos demonstram que existem fatores adicionais ao efeito reforçador primário das drogas que determinam por que alguns indivíduos permanecem usuários ocasionais, enquanto outros progridem para a farmacodependência. Evidências clínicas apontam o estresse como uma variável importante na iniciação, manutenção e recaída ao uso da cocaína ou morfina. Em roedores, a cocaína induz a sensibilização comportamental que se caracteriza pelo aumento progressivo da atividade motora no decorrer do seu uso prolongado. Esse fenômeno é um dos eventos que emergem no decurso temporal das adaptações que levam à farmacodependência. Recentemente foi sugerido que a sensibilização é a gênese do uso compulsivo de drogas. Muitos estudos revelam que o estresse induz a sensibilização comportamental cruzada com os psicostimulantes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilização cruzada entre o estresse e a cocaína, bem como os mecanismos neurais subjacentes. Para tanto foram avaliados as concentrações plasmáticas da corticosterona, a atividade locomotora basal e a induzida por cocaína, e a atividade da PKA nos animais expostos aos estresses agudo ou crônico, previsível ou imprevisível. A exposição ao estresse crônico previsível (EP) aumentou a atividade locomotora basal e a induzida por cocaína. A exposição ao EP aumentou as concentrações basais da corticosterona mas não alterou a atividade da PKA no núcleo acumbens e no corpo estriado. Assim, podemos concluir que a exposição a EP induziu sensibilização comportamental cruzada à cocaína, sendo que esse efeito não se correlacionou com as alterações na atividade da PKA. / A potential etiologic factor in substance abuse is stress, and it is possible that chronic exposure to stressful life’s events is related to the development of drug dependence and relapse. Behavioral sensitization is defined as an augmentation of a response to a drug during repeated drug exposure. Behavioral sensitization has been shown to occur to the locomotor and reinforcing effects of cocaine, amphetamine and other drugs of abuse. It has been suggested that sensitization is the genesis of compulsive drug use. Converging evidence suggests that exposure to stress induces behavioral sensitization to psychostimulant drugs. The present study investigates behavioral and molecular aspects of the cross-sensitization between stress and cocaine. We evaluated the basal and cocaine-induced locomotor activity, corticosterone plasma levels and protein kinase cAMP-dependent (PKA) activity in animals exposed to acute or chronic predictable and unpredictable stress. Increased basal and cocaine-induced locomotor activity was observed in animals exposed to chronic predictable stress. Chronic predictable stress increased basal corticosterone levels but did not change protein kinase A activity in both accumbens and striatum. In conclusion, predictable stress produced sensitization to locomotor effects of cocaine but this effect did not correlate with changes in PKA activity.