Abstract/Summary The discovery of a cadaver or skeletal remains (hereinafter the "Remains") raises a number of questions, one of which is the matter of the identity of the remains. The answer to this particular question can be found through forensic identification and utilization of one of the methods thereof. The aim of my thesis is to provide a brief overview of the methods which are currently most commonly used for the purposes of identifying Remains and introduce the reader to their basics, options and limitations. In order to ensure a better understanding of the subject, I have included a section concerning the Remains and the post-mortem changes thereof. In this thesis, I will focus only on those parts of scientific fields, which are relevant for identification of the Remains, and, similarly with respect to information systems, I target only the information being collected and analyzed by such systems in cases of Remains whose identity is not know. In this thesis, I have chosen to proceed from general terms, division of forensic identification, activities being carried out upon the discovery of the Remains, to the individual methods of identification, information system and practical case studies. The thesis is divided into ten chapters. In the first chapter, I address the subject of general terms...

The human lumbar spine has been shown to support compressive loads of 1000 N in standing and walking, and up to many thousands of Newtons in strenuous activities such as lifting. The literature presents a number of biomechanical models that seek to replicate the load-carrying capacity of the spine while adhering to physiological constraints. While many of these models provide invaluable insights into the mechanisms governing spinal stability, there is a nearly universal disregard for the magnitude of the muscle forces required in the neutral standing posture. In compliance with constraints on metabolic cost and muscle fatigue, muscle activations in excess of 5% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) in the standing posture are physiologically infeasible. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the hypothesis that the passive structures of the lumbar spine are sufficient to produce static equilibrium under the body weight load in the neutral standing posture. A novel method of applying physiologic loads to the lumbar spine in vitro to determine its passive stability was developed. Five cadaver specimens were tested and a passive equilibrium posture was discovered for each. Further, the parameters defining the equilibrium posture correlate well with the standing posture as reported in the literature. This is an indication that the lumbar spine is inherently capable of remaining erect in the neutral posture with muscle activations below 5% MVC. It is postulated that the iliolumbar ligament and the thoracolumbar fascia, passive components that are not typically incorporated into stability models of the spine, have the potential to provide added passive stabilization to the system. It is recommended that biomechanical models of the spine incorporate this 5% MVC constraint and place greater emphasis on the contributions of passive structures to overall stability.

No description available.

No description available.

During an under-body blast (UBB) event, an improvised explosive device (IED) delivers a high-energy blast beneath a military vehicle, exposing mounted Warfighters to considerable risk of severe lower extremity injuries. Loftis and Gillich (2014) determined that the lower leg and ankle region is the most common body region to sustain skeletal injury in military mounted combat events, comprising twenty-one percent of cases reported in the Joint Trauma Analysis and Prevention of Injuries in Combat (JTAPIC) database between 2010 and 2012. Injuries of the lower extremity are not always life-threatening. However, from a survivability standpoint, these injuries may affect the ability of the Warfighter to self-extricate and ambulate in the immediate aftermath of an UBB event. In addition, lower extremity injuries can lead to long term health complications and reduced quality of life (Dischinger et al., 2004). While some comparisons can be drawn from the study of civilian automotive crashes; the impact level, rate, location, and directions in UBB are fundamentally different for the lower extremity. Therefore, substantial research efforts to characterize and assess injuries unique to UBB are essential. The Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin (WIAMan), the Tech Demonstrator version of which was introduced by Pietsch et al. (2016), is the only anthropomorphic test device (ATD) designed to evaluate injury patterns in UBB conditions. However, there are no known injury assessment tools for the female Warfighter at this time. The overarching goal of this research effort is to determine the origin of potential differences in the response of females and males in UBB conditions. The results of this work contribute to the body of research concerning high-rate axial loading of the lower extremity and form the first detailed biomechanical account of UBB effects on female PMHS. This work will inform future decisions regarding the requirements for a valid injury assessment capability for female Warfighters in the UBB environment and the subsequent research needed to support those requirements. Ultimately, advancements can be made in modeling and simulation capabilities, injury assessment criteria, test methodologies, and design approaches for safer military ground vehicles and personal protective equipment (PPE). Improvements in these technologies will reduce morbidity and mortality rates among the U.S. Warfighter population, both male and female. / During an under-body blast (UBB) event, an improvised explosive device (IED) delivers a high-energy blast beneath a military vehicle. Energy from the explosive is imparted to the occupants primarily through the floor and seats of the vehicle, exposing the occupants to considerable risk of injuries to the lower extremity. Compared to civilian automotive crashes, the lower extremities of occupants in UBB scenarios are exposed to greater forces, applied at higher rates, and in different locations and directions. To improve current vehicle systems and personal protective equipment (PPE), it is crucial to develop tools to evaluate injuries in UBB scenarios. One such tool is a test dummy, which is designed to quantify loads, deflections, and accelerations experienced by occupants during a crash. These measured values are compared to accepted thresholds, above which injury is likely to occur. The Warrior Injury Assessment Manikin (WIAMan), which is representative of the 50th-percentile male, is the only test dummy designed to evaluate injuries in UBB conditions. However, there are no known injury assessment tools for the female Warfighter at this time. The overarching goal of this research effort is to determine the origin of potential differences in the response of females and males in UBB conditions. The results of this work contribute to the body of research concerning high-rate axial loading of the lower extremity and form the first detailed biomechanical account of UBB effects on female post-mortem human surrogates (PMHS). The results will inform the development of injury assessment tools for female Warfighters, which will ultimately lead to improvements in technologies to reduce morbidity and mortality rates among the U.S. Warfighter population, both male and female.

No / This article reports on the use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS) for forensic geotaphonomy application. Gravesoil samples were collected at various depths and analyzed for their volatile organic compound (VOC) profile. A data processing procedure was developed to highlight potential candidate marker molecules related to the decomposition process that could be isolated from the soil matrix. Some 20 specific compounds were specifically found in the soil sample taken below the carcass and 34 other compounds were found at all depths of the gravesoil samples. The group of the 20 compounds consisted of ketones, nitriles, sulfurs, heterocyclic compounds, and benzene derivatives like aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, ethers and nitriles. The group of the 34 compounds consisted of methyl-branched alkane isomers including methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyl-, tetramethyl-, and heptamethyl-isomers ranging from C12 to C16. A trend in the relative presence of these alkanes over the various layers of soils was observed, with an increase in the amount of the specific alkanes when coming from the carcass to the surface. Based on the specific presence of these methyl-branched alkanes in gravesoils, we created a processing method that applies a specific script to search raw data for characteristic mass spectral features related to recognizable mass fragmentation pattern. Such screening of soil samples for cadaveric decomposition signature was successfully applied on two gravesoil sites and clearly differentiates soils at proximity of buried decaying pig carcasses from control soils.

INTRODUÇÃO: A tireoplastia tipo I é uma cirurgia freqüentemente utilizada para reabilitação de pacientes sintomáticos com paralisia laríngea. Consiste na medialização da prega vocal através da introdução de um implante por uma janela realizada na lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea. O conhecimento preciso da projeção da prega vocal sobre a lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea, para a correta confecção da janela da tireoplastia, é de crítica importância para o sucesso dessa cirurgia. Contudo a localização exata da projeção da prega vocal sobre a lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea é controversa na literatura. Outra etapa importante da cirurgia é a confecção do implante com formato e tamanho adequados para que ele medialize a prega vocal de maneira homogênea, em toda sua extensão, inclusive em sua porção posterior. OBJETIVO: Determinar, através da tomografia computadorizada, o local da projeção da prega vocal sobre a lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea e determinar o formato do implante para que haja uma medialização uniforme da prega vocal. MÉTODOS: Este estudo foi realizado na Disciplina de Otorrinolaringologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram analisadas 11 laringes humanas excisadas e definiu-se uma padronização para obtenção dos dados tomográficos necessários para determinar o local da projeção da comissura anterior sobre a linha média da cartilagem tireóidea e para determinar o local da projeção do terço posterior da borda livre da prega vocal sobre a lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea. Esses são os parâmetros utilizados para localizar a projeção da prega vocal sobre a lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea. Os dados obtidos na tomografia foram comparados a medidas anatômicas. A tomografia computadorizada também foi utilizada para calcular o formato e as dimensões de um implante ideal para cada laringe, cuja eficiência foi avaliada através da tireoplastia tipo I, realizada nas peças anatômicas. Os resultados obtidos com a tomografia e os resultados anatômicos foram analisados estatisticamente através do nível de concordância, calculado pelo método de Bland e Altman. RESULTADOS: As medidas tomográficas da projeção do terço posterior da borda livre da prega vocal apresentaram concordância com a avaliação anatômica em todos os casos. As medidas tomográficas da projeção da comissura anterior apresentaram um alto nível de concordância com as medidas anatômicas, sendo que 70% apresentaram um erro menor que 0,81mm (desvio padrão). O implante, calculado através da tomografia, foi considerado eficiente em todos os casos. CONCLUSÕES: Esse método mostrou-se simples e eficiente em determinar a projeção da prega vocal sobre o arcabouço laríngeo e em determinar um formato de implante individualizado, que medialize a prega vocal homogeneamente, inclusive em sua porção posterior. / Type I Thyroplasty is a common procedure and is indicated for symptomatic patients with vocal fold paralysis. It consists on medialization of the vocal fold by introduction of an implant through a window made in the thyroid cartilage lamina. The precise determination of the projection of the vocal fold upon the external surface of the thyroid cartilage is of great importance for the correct location of the window and, thus, for best postoperative results. However, the exact projection of the vocal fold upon the thyroid cartilage is still controversial in the literature. Another important step of this procedure is the creation of an implant that is appropriate in size and shape in order to uniformly medialize the vocal fold, including its posterior aspect. OBJECTIVE: To determine the vocal fold projection upon the external surface of the thyroid cartilage through computed tomography scan and also determine the implant format in order to satisfactory medialize the vocal fold. METHODS: This study was made in the Otolaryngology Department of the University of São Paulo Medical School. Eleven human cadaveric larynges were analyzed using Computed Tomography scans and the method to determine the projection of the anterior comissure upon the midline of the thyroid cartilage as well as the projection of the posterior third of the free edge of the vocal fold upon the external surface of the thyroid cartilage was estalished. Those parameters were used to determine the exact projection of the vocal fold upon the thyroid cartilage lamina. This data were compared to anatomic measures of the larynges. The Computed tomography was also used to establish the shape and dimensions of the appropriate implant for each larynx and its efficacy was tested through type I thyroplasty individually. The results obtained from Computed Tomography scan measurement were compared to anatomic data and analyzed through the level of agreement, calculated by Bland and Altman´s method. RESULTS: The Computed Tomography scan measurements to determine the projection of the posterior third of the vocal fold were correlated with the anatomic evaluation in all cases. The projection of the anterior comissure presented a high level of accordance, as 70% of cases presented an error less than 0.81mm (standard deviation). CONCLUSIONS: This method showed to be simple and effective to determine the vocal fold projection upon the larynx external surface and also to establish individualized shapes of implants that can medialize uniformly the vocal fold, including its posterior aspect.

INTRODUÇÃO: A tireoplastia tipo I é uma cirurgia freqüentemente utilizada para reabilitação de pacientes sintomáticos com paralisia laríngea. Consiste na medialização da prega vocal através da introdução de um implante por uma janela realizada na lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea. O conhecimento preciso da projeção da prega vocal sobre a lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea, para a correta confecção da janela da tireoplastia, é de crítica importância para o sucesso dessa cirurgia. Contudo a localização exata da projeção da prega vocal sobre a lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea é controversa na literatura. Outra etapa importante da cirurgia é a confecção do implante com formato e tamanho adequados para que ele medialize a prega vocal de maneira homogênea, em toda sua extensão, inclusive em sua porção posterior. OBJETIVO: Determinar, através da tomografia computadorizada, o local da projeção da prega vocal sobre a lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea e determinar o formato do implante para que haja uma medialização uniforme da prega vocal. MÉTODOS: Este estudo foi realizado na Disciplina de Otorrinolaringologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram analisadas 11 laringes humanas excisadas e definiu-se uma padronização para obtenção dos dados tomográficos necessários para determinar o local da projeção da comissura anterior sobre a linha média da cartilagem tireóidea e para determinar o local da projeção do terço posterior da borda livre da prega vocal sobre a lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea. Esses são os parâmetros utilizados para localizar a projeção da prega vocal sobre a lâmina da cartilagem tireóidea. Os dados obtidos na tomografia foram comparados a medidas anatômicas. A tomografia computadorizada também foi utilizada para calcular o formato e as dimensões de um implante ideal para cada laringe, cuja eficiência foi avaliada através da tireoplastia tipo I, realizada nas peças anatômicas. Os resultados obtidos com a tomografia e os resultados anatômicos foram analisados estatisticamente através do nível de concordância, calculado pelo método de Bland e Altman. RESULTADOS: As medidas tomográficas da projeção do terço posterior da borda livre da prega vocal apresentaram concordância com a avaliação anatômica em todos os casos. As medidas tomográficas da projeção da comissura anterior apresentaram um alto nível de concordância com as medidas anatômicas, sendo que 70% apresentaram um erro menor que 0,81mm (desvio padrão). O implante, calculado através da tomografia, foi considerado eficiente em todos os casos. CONCLUSÕES: Esse método mostrou-se simples e eficiente em determinar a projeção da prega vocal sobre o arcabouço laríngeo e em determinar um formato de implante individualizado, que medialize a prega vocal homogeneamente, inclusive em sua porção posterior. / Type I Thyroplasty is a common procedure and is indicated for symptomatic patients with vocal fold paralysis. It consists on medialization of the vocal fold by introduction of an implant through a window made in the thyroid cartilage lamina. The precise determination of the projection of the vocal fold upon the external surface of the thyroid cartilage is of great importance for the correct location of the window and, thus, for best postoperative results. However, the exact projection of the vocal fold upon the thyroid cartilage is still controversial in the literature. Another important step of this procedure is the creation of an implant that is appropriate in size and shape in order to uniformly medialize the vocal fold, including its posterior aspect. OBJECTIVE: To determine the vocal fold projection upon the external surface of the thyroid cartilage through computed tomography scan and also determine the implant format in order to satisfactory medialize the vocal fold. METHODS: This study was made in the Otolaryngology Department of the University of São Paulo Medical School. Eleven human cadaveric larynges were analyzed using Computed Tomography scans and the method to determine the projection of the anterior comissure upon the midline of the thyroid cartilage as well as the projection of the posterior third of the free edge of the vocal fold upon the external surface of the thyroid cartilage was estalished. Those parameters were used to determine the exact projection of the vocal fold upon the thyroid cartilage lamina. This data were compared to anatomic measures of the larynges. The Computed tomography was also used to establish the shape and dimensions of the appropriate implant for each larynx and its efficacy was tested through type I thyroplasty individually. The results obtained from Computed Tomography scan measurement were compared to anatomic data and analyzed through the level of agreement, calculated by Bland and Altman´s method. RESULTS: The Computed Tomography scan measurements to determine the projection of the posterior third of the vocal fold were correlated with the anatomic evaluation in all cases. The projection of the anterior comissure presented a high level of accordance, as 70% of cases presented an error less than 0.81mm (standard deviation). CONCLUSIONS: This method showed to be simple and effective to determine the vocal fold projection upon the larynx external surface and also to establish individualized shapes of implants that can medialize uniformly the vocal fold, including its posterior aspect.

Background Ablative tumor surgery often results in continuity defects of the mandible. When an immediate reconstruction using autologous bone grafts is not possible the bridging of the defects with a variety of bridging plates might be achieved. However, those bridging plates have the risk of plate fractures or exposure. Customized titanium implants manufactured using CAD/CAM and the LaserCUSING® technique might be an alternative. Methods In the present study, computed tomographies (CT) of porcine cadaver mandibles were generated and transferred into DICOM data. Following, different continuity defects were surgically created in the mandibles. Based on the DICOM data customized titanium implants were manufactured using CAD/CAM procedures and the LaserCUSING® technique. The implants were fixed to the remaining stumps with screws. Subsequently, the accuracy of the reconstructed mandibles was tested using plaster casts. Results The workflow from the CT to the application of the customized implants was proved to be practicable. Furthermore, a stable fixation of the customized implant to the remaining stumps could be achieved. The control of the accuracy showed no frictions or obstacles. Conclusion The customized titanium implant seems to be a promising approach to bridge continuity defects of the mandible whenever an immediate reconstruction with autologous bone is not possible.

Background Ablative tumor surgery often results in continuity defects of the mandible. When an immediate reconstruction using autologous bone grafts is not possible the bridging of the defects with a variety of bridging plates might be achieved. However, those bridging plates have the risk of plate fractures or exposure. Customized titanium implants manufactured using CAD/CAM and the LaserCUSING® technique might be an alternative. Methods In the present study, computed tomographies (CT) of porcine cadaver mandibles were generated and transferred into DICOM data. Following, different continuity defects were surgically created in the mandibles. Based on the DICOM data customized titanium implants were manufactured using CAD/CAM procedures and the LaserCUSING® technique. The implants were fixed to the remaining stumps with screws. Subsequently, the accuracy of the reconstructed mandibles was tested using plaster casts. Results The workflow from the CT to the application of the customized implants was proved to be practicable. Furthermore, a stable fixation of the customized implant to the remaining stumps could be achieved. The control of the accuracy showed no frictions or obstacles. Conclusion The customized titanium implant seems to be a promising approach to bridge continuity defects of the mandible whenever an immediate reconstruction with autologous bone is not possible.