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Master of Science / Department of Clinical Sciences / Daniel Ulan Thomson / Consulting veterinarians (CV; n=23) representing 11,295,000 head of cattle on feed in the United States and Canada participated in a beef cattle health and well-being recommendation survey. Veterinarians were directed to an online survey to answer feeder cattle husbandry, health and preventative medicine recommendation questions. The CV visited their feedyards 1.7 times per month. All CV train employees on cattle handling and pen riding while only 13% of CV speak Spanish. All CV recommend IBR and BVD vaccination for high-risk (HR) calves at processing. Other vaccines were not recommended as frequently by CV. Autogenous bacterins were recommended by 39.1% CV for HR cattle. Metaphylaxis and feed-grade antibiotics were recommended by 95% and 52% of CV, respectively, for HR calves. Banding was more frequently recommended than surgical castration as calf body weight increased. The CV recommended starting HR calves in smaller pens (103 hd/pen) and allowing 13 inches/hd of bunk space. The CV indicated feedlots need to employ one feedlot doctor per 7,083 hd of HR calves and one pen rider per 2,739 hd of HR calves. Ancillary therapy for treating respiratory disease was recommended by 47.8% of CV. Vitamin C was recommended (30.4%) twice as often as any other ancillary therapy. Cattle health risk on arrival, weather patterns and labor availability were most important factors in predicting feedlot morbidity while metaphylactic antibiotic, therapy antibiotic and brand of vaccine were least important. This survey has provided valuable insight into feeder cattle health recommendations by CV and points to needed research areas.

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La contamination des équipements d’alimentation des veaux en pré-sevrage est une préoccupation de santé importante dans l’industrie laitière, et peut être associée à une augmentation des taux de morbidité et de mortalité. Les producteurs laitiers et intervenants ont donc besoin d’un outil pratique, rapide et fiable pour évaluer la propreté des équipements, compte tenu que l’évaluation visuelle seule est insuffisante. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de développer une méthode standardisée pour évaluer la propreté de plusieurs équipements grâce à la luminométrie, d’estimer la prévalence de contamination et décrire les pratiques de gestion recommandées pour le nettoyage. Un total de 7 troupeaux laitiers du Québec a été choisi par convenance. Après l’évaluation visuelle de l’hygiène, la propreté des équipements a été évaluée par écouvillonnage direct pour les seaux et les tétines avec des écouvillons Hygiena UltraSnap®. Une technique de rinçage a été utilisée pour les tubes à gaver, les biberons et les distributrices automatiques de lait (AMF) avec des écouvillons UltraSnap®, AquaSnap® et MicroSnap®. Pour valider la technique d’écouvillonnage direct des seaux, une étape avec le même opérateur et entre plusieurs opérateurs a été réalisée, ainsi qu’une culture bactérienne conventionnelle. Au total, 519 écouvillons ont été prélevés sur 201 équipements. La contamination médiane (intervalle interquartile) en RLU pour le biberon, le tube à gaver, l’AMF, le seau et la tétine est de 2 (1;6), 2 (0;12), 52 (19;269), 886 (128;7,230) et 899 (142;6 928), respectivement. La technique d’écouvillonnage direct, qui consiste à écouvillonner directement la surface d’un équipement, a montré une excellente corrélation pour la fidélité intra-opérateur (corrélation intra-classe (ICC) = 0,93; IC95%: 0,88-0,96). La fidélité inter-opérateur (2 sessions avec 3 opérateurs différents) a montré une corrélation élevée (ICC = 0,88; IC95%: 0,78-0,94 pour la 1ère session et ICC = 0,89; IC95%: 0,79-0,95 pour la 2e). Le score visuel (qui grade de 1 à 4 la propreté des équipements selon la quantité de matières organiques) des tubes à gaver, de l’AMF et des seaux a été positivement associé aux valeurs du luminomètre. Une corrélation positive entre la culture bactérienne et l’écouvillonnage direct des seaux a été trouvée pour l’UltraSnap (rho de Spearman (rs) = 0,653; IC95%: 0,283-0,873; P = 0,0003) et le MicroSnap (rs = 0,569; IC95%: 0,309-0,765; P = 0,002). Cette étude décrit une technique standardisée d’écouvillonnage à la ferme pour évaluer le statut hygiénique des équipements par luminométrie, qui peut être intégrée dans la gestion des problèmes de santé des veaux laitiers en pré-sevrage. / The contamination of equipment used to feed pre-weaned calves is an important health issue for the dairy industry, which can be associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, dairy producers and consultants need a practical, quick, and reliable tool to assess equipment cleanliness, since visual assessment alone is insufficient. The objectives of this cross-sectional study are to develop a standardized robust method to evaluate the cleanliness of several types of feeding equipment on-farm by using luminometry, with special emphasis on a direct swabbing technique to sample buckets, and to estimate the prevalence of contamination and the recommended management practices for cleaning and describing equipment. A total of 7 Quebec commercial dairy herds were selected conveniently. Following visual hygiene scoring, the cleanliness of available piece of feeding equipment was assessed using direct surface swabbing for buckets and nipples with Hygiena Ultra-Snap® swabs. A liquid rinsing technique was used for esophageal feeders, bottles, and automatic milk feeders (AMF) with UltraSnap®, AquaSnap®, and MicroSnap® swabs. To validate the direct swabbing technique of buckets, a comparison within and between operators was realized, as well as a conventional bacterial culture. A total of 519 swab samples were obtained from 201 pieces of equipment. The median (interquartile range) contamination in RLU for a bottle, esophageal feeder, AMF, bucket and nipple was 2 (1;6), 2 (0;12), 52 (19;269), 886 (128;7,230) and 899 (142;6,928), respectively. The direct swabbing technique, which consists in swabbing directly the surface of an equipment, showed an excellent correlation for inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.93; 95%CI: 0.88–0.96). The inter-operator (2 sessions with 3 different operators) reliability showed high correlation (ICC = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.78–0.94 for the 1st session, and ICC = 0.89; 95%CI: 0.79–0.95 for the 2nd session). The visual score (who ranks equipment cleanliness from 1 to 4 according to the quantity of organic matter) of esophageal feeders, AMF and buckets was positively associated with luminometer values. A positive correlation between bacterial culture and direct swabbing of buckets was found for the UltraSnap (Spearman’s rho (rs) = 0.653; 95%CI: 0.283–0.873; P = 0.0003) and MicroSnap (rs = 0.569, 95%CI: 0.309–0.765; P = 0.002). This study describes a standardized and practical on-farm swabbing technique for assessing the hygienic status of feeding equipment by luminometry, which can be integrated in the investigation of preweaning dairy calves’ health problems.