Five lithologic units, ranging in age from Middle Miocene to Recent, are defined on the basis of continuous seismic reflection profile records. Two of the units are Miocene sedimentary and volcanic rocks that have been truncated to form a major unconformity (post-orogenic surface) related to the most recent major tectonism of the region. The remaining units are post-orogenic unconsolidated sediments. The fault pattern offshore is generally related to that exhibited on the island. The pattern conforms to a wrench-fault system hypothesized by Moody and Hill (1956) modified by a general north-south tensional fracturing. The San Clemente Fault is assumed to be the primary wrench fault of the system. Anomalies in the thicknesses and the structure of the unconsolidated sediment and rock units tend to confirm the structural model. A canyon (Eel Ridge Canyon) off the west side of San Clemente Island appears to have been caused by pivotal faulting and erosion, and represents a boundary between different structural trends north and south. A prominent terrace around the island is postulated to have been wave-cut during and since the Late Pleistocene. The island has been tilted slightly to the west by Recent tectonism. A steep magnetic gradient off the east side of the island is considered the consequence of faulted volcanic flows comprising the island itself and a deep basic rock mass responsible for a large positive magnetic anomaly off the northwest side. Other magnetic anomalies reflect major structural trends. Earthquake epicenter data suggest a recent and possibly cyclical occurrence of fault activity in the northern Continental Borderland region and the study area. Fault offsets at the sea floor and earthquake epicenters along the San Clemente fault zone imply recent adjustments along the fault. Wrench-fault movement resulting from a simple shear or shear couple is considered to have caused the zone of brecciation along the San Clemente Fault and produced the fault-trace curvature so evident in a series of en echelon, northwest-striking major faults of the Borderland. Tensile release during periods of wrench-fault development has been a fundamental factor in the structural development of the Borderland basins. The entire structure of the Continental Borderland is believed to have developed by right-lateral movement along the series of wrench faults. These faults are believed to have resulted from a translation of force by sea-floor spreading originating on the East Pacific Rise in the Gulf of California region. This force is considered to have moved a northern Continental Borderland crustal plate westward by east to west release along major wrench faults bordering the north and south ends of this plate. Sediments, transported along channels developed along faults in the island block, were deposited in basins developed by faulting and folding of the pre-orogenic rocks. Transportation appears to have been by means of turbidity-current flows, sand flows, and slides. A maximum average depositional rate of 35 to 47 centimeters per 1,000 years is estimated for post-orogenic sediments. The following findings are suggested for inclusion in the Neogene history of the island: (1) the top 365 meters of Miocene andesitic lavas were deposited above sea level and tend to become slightly more basic in composition with depth; (2) subsidence of the island region and temporary sea-level stand(s) occurred after the deposition of the volcanic rocks, with possible periods of foundering to about the Late Pliocene; (3) emergence, lengthy subaerial exposure, and a period of partial submergence took place from about Late Pliocene through Early Pleistocene; (4) a north-south compressive force developed or recurred across the Borderland during Late Pliocene, developing the present northwest-southeast and east-west wrench-fault systems that have been intermittently active to the present time; (5) much of the present Borderland topography formed during the Pleistocene to Recent. / Graduation date: 1969

Large burrowing owl (Aihene cunicularia) populations exist in areas of intensive agriculture in California, and pesticide exposure has been identified as a potential threat to population persistence. I evaluated breeding season use of agricultural fields by adult male owls using radio telemetry, and examined egg contaminant residues to estimate population-level effects on reproduction and survival. Reproduction and survival were estimated annually, and an index of diet was inferred from pellet samples. A total of 11 adult males in 1998 and 22 in 1999 were successfully radio-tracked. Mean fixed kernel home range sizes were 172 ha (SE=68) in 1998 and 98 ha (SE=16) in 1999. Pellet analyses indicated a substantial increase in the numbers of rodents consumed in 1999, associated with an observed population explosion of California voles (Microtus calfornicus). Distance to the nest was the most important factor in differentiating between foraging and random locations, and there was no tendency to select or avoid any cover type. Owls did forage in agricultural fields, but I failed to find evidence of selection or avoidance of fields recently treated with pesticides. A total of 92 eggs were collected over 5 years. Egg contaminants were generally limited to the presence of p,p'DDE, which fluctuated by 4 orders of magnitude among years, from 0.05 ug/g to 33 ug/g fresh weight p,p'DDE. There was a general pattern of decline in egg residues over time for individual birds. The levels of p,p'DDE I documented did not appear to have any effect on either productivity or survival of adult females, nor were they clearly related to diet. I modeled the effects of various pesticide exposure impacts on demographic rates and determined that exposure rates based on field data would lead to relatively minor declines in population growth rate. An elasticity analysis of burrowing owl demographic parameters revealed a variable pattern, but generally indicated that factors influencing anyone of the demographic parameters of burrowing owls can have a substantial impact on population growth rate. / Graduation date: 2002

Detailed mapping and geochemical analysis of Oligocene to early Pliocene volcanic rocks in the Little Walker volcanic center, Mono County, California have revealed a complex eruptive history. After eruption of widespread rhyolitic ash flows of the Valley Springs Formation in the Oligocene, Miocene to early Pliocene volcanism of the western Great Basin and northern Sierra Nevada was dominated by eruption of calc-alkalic, andesitic lavas bearing abundant hydrous mafic phenocrysts, and, thus, high H���O contents. These kinds of calc-alkaline magmas are associated with most of the major epithermal Au-Ag districts of the western Great Basin. A highly potassic latitic pulse of volcanism occurred at the Little Walker volcanic center about 9.5 m.y. ago during the ongoing calc-alkalic activity. The latitic series is unusually enriched in K and other incompatible elements, as well as Fe compared to the surrounding calc-alkaline rocks. The latites have mineralogic evidence of much lower H���O content than the calc-alkaline lavas; yet early latitic magmas were rich enough in volatiles to produce very large, welded ash-flow sheets (e.g., the Eureka Valley Tuff). Rapid evacuation of the magma reservoir beneath the Little Walker center during the ash-flow activity resulted in formation of the Little Walker caldera. Intracaldera volcanism culminated with extrusion of viscous, phenocryst-rich plug domes and coulees of transitionally calc-alkaline, low-K latite lava of the Lavas of Mahogany Ridge. The low-K latite series is severely depleted in all incompatible elements relative to early latitic rocks and has mineralogic, geologic, and trace element evidence of higher H���O content relative to early latites. Significant phenocrystic hornblende, association with hydrothermal alteration, and high Eu����� /Eu����� all suggest significant H���O concentration in the low-K latite magmas. These rocks probably come from a source region intermediate between that of the calc-alkaline and latite series. Trace and major element data favor generation of latitic magmas from a primitive mantle diapir. The diapir rose into a subduction zone that was actively generating widespread calc-alkalic lavas throughout the region from hydrous mantle and, possibly, lower crustal sources. The latite magmas were drier and hotter than the calc-alkaline magmas, but were also enriched in volatiles, particularly CO���, and incompatible elements from their undepleted mantle source. Rising latitic magmas may have gained additional incompatible elements by wall rock reaction and zone refining of upper mantle and lower crustal rocks. Extensive qualitative trace element evidence of crystal fractionation shows that incompatible elements may have been further concentrated by variable amounts of crystal settling. High-pressure (plagioclase-poor, pyroxene-rich) fractionation of the early, dry latitic series produced low-Ca-Mg latites with high Fe/Mg and A1���0��� but low Si0���. Low-pressure (plagioclase rich) differentiation of the early latitic magmas produced quartz latite ash flows with high Si0��� and moderate Fe/Mg, while low-pressure differentiation of hydrous low-K latite magmas yielded silicic low-K latite and quartz latite lavas with low Fe/Mg. More extensive separation of olivine relative to pyroxenes at low pressures and increased stability of subsilicic hydrous crystals and Fe-Ti oxides in the hydrous magmas account for changes in differentiation trends caused by Ptotal and PH���O variations. Lack of giant welded ash-flow sheets in the hydrous calc-alkaline series and common eruption of such ash flows from volcanic centers with rather anhydrous magmas led to the conclusion that H���0/CO��� as well as total volatile content are critical controls on the likelihood of large scale, hot ash-flow eruptions. Giant, hot ash-flow sheets and associated calderas are favored in magmas with low H���0/CO��� and high total volatile content. Basaltic and latitic volcanism in areas of thick sialic crust, where crystal fractionation is extensive are, therefore, the best sources of giant ash-flow sheets. H���0/CO��� and total volatile content were also critical controls of the probability of hydrothermal ore deposition. Magmas with high H���0/CO��� and moderate total volatile contents are most favored for ore deposition, because such magmas tend to form mesozonal or epizonal plutons rather than volcanic rocks. Plutonic crystallization of hydrous magma will yield a fluid phase capable of transferring incompatible metals and geothermal heat to ground water. If permeable structures and rocks are present, as in a caldera, widespread mineralization will be favored, but there may be no genetic relation between ore-forming magmas and magmas which produce calderas. / Graduation date: 1980 / For master (tiff) digital images of maps contained in this document contact scholarsarchive@oregonstate.edu

Management of deer populations is directed toward multiple objectives. Deer populations on public and private lands belong to the public and thus management is a political process. Four components for an effective management system for deer populations are identified. These are the set of objectives relating to the resource, the set of regulations which will achieve the objectives, knowledge of the expected population response to alternative management strategies, and a means of monitoring these responses to determine whether or not the objectives are being achieved. Deer provide benefits mainly through the associated recreational opportunities and cause costs by interacting with land based economic activities such as agricultural crop production and reforestation. At certain times of the year deer may also compete with domestic livestock for forage. Deer also cause significant costs through collisions with automobiles on the highways. The extent of these benefits and costs, and others, is related to the biosystem through parameters such as the size and composition of the population, the extent of the hunting kill, and so on. In this thesis a computer simulation model of the Mendocino County, California, deer population is presented. The population is modeled as a density dependent birth and death process. Hunting strategies are potentially the most flexible management tool. Thus the model is structured to permit detailed examination of the response over time of the population to alternative hunting strategies. In California, a bucks-only hunting strategy has been followed since about the turn of the century. This study demonstrates that the bucks-only strategy neither effectively controls the size of the deer population, nor does it provide for the greatest recreational opportunities. The extent of the costs referred to above are directly related to the size of the population and the consumptive recreational benefits, that is those due to hunting, are directly related to the size of the hunting kill. Experiments with the model show that population control can be achieved and the hunting kill can be increased by a mixed buck and antlerless deer hunting strategy. Other results show that the computer simulation model can provide information about the biosystem which is not otherwise available. Simulation methods permit considerable insights into the operation and control of complex biosystems where the status of the systems is time dependent and the systems are influenced by uncontrollable elements so that at best the outcomes resulting from particular management actions are uncertain. The simulation model used in this study is applicable to other deer populations and other wildlife species. / Graduation date: 1972

In the summer of 2000, divers recovered a large shipping crate from the wreck of the Brother Jonathan, a steamboat that sank off of Crescent City, California on 30 July 1865. Ownership of the crate was taken over by the state of California and was sent to Texas A&M’s Conservation Research Laboratory for excavation and conservation. As soon as work began, it became clear that the crate contained a shipment of a variety of hardware most likely destined for a general store as each of the artifacts discovered was found in high quantities. Also, there was a wide variety of artifacts discovered, tools, architectural pieces, food preparation, fur trapping, and personal items. The crate was shipped from San Francisco from the warehouse of the Russell and Erwin Manufacturing Company; however, its final destination is unknown. Records for this warehouse and for the boat were destroyed in the earthquake and fire of 1906, so the destination for these goods is purely speculative. Using information from the excavation of the crate and a historical analysis of the contents led to a plausible theory. After careful review, it seems most likely that the crate was intended for a general store in a small town with a rural customer base.

In the summer of 2000, divers recovered a large shipping crate from the wreck of the Brother Jonathan, a steamboat that sank off of Crescent City, California on 30 July 1865. Ownership of the crate was taken over by the state of California and was sent to Texas A&M’s Conservation Research Laboratory for excavation and conservation. As soon as work began, it became clear that the crate contained a shipment of a variety of hardware most likely destined for a general store as each of the artifacts discovered was found in high quantities. Also, there was a wide variety of artifacts discovered, tools, architectural pieces, food preparation, fur trapping, and personal items. The crate was shipped from San Francisco from the warehouse of the Russell and Erwin Manufacturing Company; however, its final destination is unknown. Records for this warehouse and for the boat were destroyed in the earthquake and fire of 1906, so the destination for these goods is purely speculative. Using information from the excavation of the crate and a historical analysis of the contents led to a plausible theory. After careful review, it seems most likely that the crate was intended for a general store in a small town with a rural customer base.

Thesis--University of California (Los Angeles). / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ed.D.) -- California State University San Marcos ; University of California, San Diego, 2010. / Abstract: leaves xiii-xiv. Committee members: Jennifer Jeffries (chair), Mark Baldwin, Alan Daly. Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-177) Also issued online

Thesis (M.S. in Physical Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Edward B. Thornton, Timothy Stanton. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-62). Also available online.

Thesis (M.S. in Physical Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003. / Thesis advisor(s): Curtis A. Collins, Mary L. Batteen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-80). Also available online.