Thesis (Ed.D.)-California State University San Marcos ; University of California, San Diego, 2010. / Abstract: leaves xvi-xvii. Committee members: Carolyn Huie Hofstetter (chair), Richard Bray, Moses Ochanji. Includes bibliographical references (177-187). Also issued online

Thesis (Ed.D.)-California State University San Marcos ; University of California, San Diego , 2010. / Abstract: leaves xiii-xiv. Committee members: Janet Chrispeels (co-chair), Carolyn Hofstetter (co-chair), Delores Lindsey. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-195). Also issued online

Humorous map of California with faces and heads drawn around the bays of San Francisco and San Diego, holding a conversation about the "Los Angeles 'Navel' Station".

Evidence is growing that agrochemicals are playing a role in the decline of amphibians in California. An area of concern is the Sierra Nevada Mountains, where insecticides used in the Central Valley are aerially transported to amphibian habitats. I examined the effects of two of these insecticides, endosulfan and chlorpyrifos, in two experiments on anuran larvae. For the first experiment I exposed Sierra Mountain yellow-legged frog (Rana sierrae) larvae starting at Gosner stage 25 to each insecticide for 63 d to determine median lethal concentrations (LC50) and sublethal effects on growth and development. In the second experiment Sierran treefrog (Pseudacris regilla) larvae were exposed to chlorpyrifos and endosulfan individually and in combination from Gosner stage 25 through metamorphosis to evaluate the interaction between these insecticides. In the first experiment the endosulfan LC50 was 19.8 µg/L (95% confidence interval, 15.3-52.2 µg/L) and the chlorpyrifos LC50 was 595 µg/L (95% confidence interval could not be determined). Endosulfan concentrations greater than 8 µg/L reduced growth but had no effect on time to metamorphosis. No larvae exposed to chlorpyrifos reached metamorphosis. All larvae exposed to greater than 737 µg/L died before the end of the experiment. Growth was reduced above 325 µg/L and cholinesterase was depressed at 737 µg/L compared to controls. In the second experiment the interactive effects of the insecticides depended on concentration and exposure duration. Chlorpyrifos alone did not affect survival or body size after 30 d, even at concentrations greater than the previously reported LC50. Survival and body size decreased with increasing endosulfan concentrations. In combination, 137 µg/L chlorpyrifos inhibited the negative effects of endosulfan on growth and survival and the positive effects of endosulfan on cholinesterase.

A continuous line of fetal rhesus monkey kidney cells, FRhK-4, has been used for the propagation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) to prepare diagnostic antigen. While studying the fine structure of HAV grown in these cells, I discovered an unsuspected polyomavirus in both HAV-inoculated and control, uninoculated cultures. The virus, designated FRKV, was also detected in low pass FRhK-4 cultures and in FRhK-6, a cell line used in the development of a live, attenuated hepatitis A vaccine. The presence of an adventitious polyomavirus in FRhK-6 cultures poses questions about the suitability of these cells for vaccine preparation. I have used immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) to identify FRKV, which is not antigenically related to the primate polyomaviruses SV40, SA12, BKV or JCV, but reacts with antibodies that are present in fetal, newborn and adult bovine sera. By IEM the virus is indistinguishable from WRSV, a polyomavirus isolated from calf kidney. FRKV is antigenically similar to recently isolated calf kidney polyomaviruses. I have demonstrated that a commercial pool of fetal bovine serum contains infectious virus and its antibody. FRKV is therefore almost certainly a bovine polyomavirus. IEM has also shown that FRKV is indistinguishable from STMV and CMKV, the polyomaviruses isolated from cultures of stump-tailed and cynomolgus macaque kidney, and is antigenically similar to a polyomavirus from another monkey kidney cell line, LLC-MK2. By implication FRKV is similar to HD, the STMV-like polyomavirus from Vero cells. It thus appears that various monkey kidney cultures from several laboratories have been contaminated with a bovine polyomavirus. It follows that highly sensitive techniques are required for screening bovine sera used in culture media, especially those used in vaccine production. I have explored the use of antibody-coated grids to increase the sensitivity of EM but conclude that the greater sensitivity of DNA amplification techniques might be more appropriate for this purpose.

Promoted as state-of-the-art desegregation devices, educational parks were large campus-like schools designed and sited to draw students from many neighborhoods. In the mid-1960s, the educational park movement featured prominently in debates about race and education in the United States, winning the support of numerous influential individuals and organizations, yet today the educational park movement is nearly forgotten, akin to a wave that swelled, crested, and crashed, leaving only a muddy wash. How could so many thoughtful and energetic people—1960s educational park advocates—work so hard yet achieve so little? This question can only be answered by reference to a wide-ranging 1960s debate about the appropriate role of the federal government in public education, a debate during which educational parks became emblematic of a federal government intent on remaking public schools to advance its own socially progressive ends. Whereas advocates for an expanded federal role in public education portrayed educational parks as cutting-edge alternatives to outdated and inequitable neighborhood schools, opponents of federalism in education presented the parks as staging areas for federal invasions of old-line school districts. In the end it was the latter vision—with its scenes of federal officials revising textbooks and drawing up lesson plans—that won the day, transforming educational parks into menacing symbols of federal overreach.

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