Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-12T11:26:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Norberto Silva Rocha.pdf: 1212597 bytes, checksum: 348564fc2134bb9135658be25a94d180 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-12T11:26:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Norberto Silva Rocha.pdf: 1212597 bytes, checksum: 348564fc2134bb9135658be25a94d180 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-04 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do RJ - FAPERJ / This research was carried on at Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, at DNAP/IZ, Forage and Pasture Department, Serop?dica, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Four tropical forage legumes cultivation were assessed: (Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo), Pueraria phaseoloides (puero), Macrotyloma axillare (archer) and Neonotonia wightii (perennial soybean)) submitted under artificial increasing shade levels (0, 30, 50 and 70% shade) during rainy and dry seasons. Randomized blocks experimental design with four replications and 4x4 factorial arrangement was performed. The qualitative variable (species) by SNK test at 5% probability as well as the quantitative one (shade) by regression statistic analysis were evaluated. The estimated parameters were: dry matter production (DMP), crude protein level (CP), crude protein production (CPP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HEM) and lignin (LIG), leaf/steam ratio (RL/S) and also mineral composition (calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)). Puero and the archer presented the biggest PMS during rainy and dry season, respectively. Gains on legumes DMP according to increasing shade levels during both evaluation periods were observed. Exclusively during rainy season, highest DMP under 30% shade level was presented by calopo. The puero and the archer presented bigger PMS while submitted to 50% shading treatment, during both evaluation periods. At 70% in rainy season as at 50% in dry one, highest DMP by perennial soybean was demonstrated. The biggest CP contents were observed by puero species and perennial soybean in both evaluation periods. For the CP content, only during dry season an increment has been seen according to the shading levels. The biggest CPP has been observed with the puero on the rainy season and with the archer on the dry one. The smallest and biggest NDF and CEL contents were observed with the species calopo and puero, respectively, during rainy seasons. On this evaluation the HEM and LIG contents did not varied (P>0.05) among legumes. During dryness, perennial soybean presented lowers NDF, CEL and HEM contents, while the biggest contents were observed on puero. For the shading levels purpose, it has been observed an increase on the NDF, CEL and HEM contents with the shading improvement on both evaluation seasons. No effect on LIG were observed on species or shading levels, during both seasons. Calopo and perennial soybean presented bigger RL/S on the rainy season and during the dry one bigger RL/S was shown with the perennial soybean. Regarding shading effects over RL/S values, a reduction related to studied treatments have been observed. For the mineral composition there was no difference on the Ca and P contents for the legumes focused on this study, however a lower K content was got by archer during rainy season. On dry season, the Archer obtained bigger P content and lower Ca and K ones. No difference on P and K contents for puero and perennial soybean legumes. A bigger Ca content was obtained by perennial soybean during that time. The increasing shading levels leads to increments on Ca, P and K contents, during both evaluated periods. Under an intensified shading level the biggest increase was observed on the studied minerals. Nevertheless, the best result for the tropical forage legumes cultivation, submitted to different shading levels, was presented on the 50% shade level, where the biggest DMP concentration, intermediate gains in fiber composition and increment to the forage have occurred under this condition. / O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, no Setor de Forragicultura e Pastagem do DNAP/IZ, Serop?dica, RJ. Foi estudado o cultivo de quatro leguminosas forrageiras tropicais (Calopogonium mucunoides (calopog?nio), Pueraria phaseoloides (kudzu tropical), Macrotyloma axillare (macrotiloma) e Neonotonia wightii (soja perene)) submetidas a n?veis de sombreamento artificiais (0, 30, 50 e 70% de sombra), durante os per?odos das ?guas e seca. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com esquema fatorial 4x4, com quatro repeti??es. A vari?vel qualitativa (esp?cie) foi estudada utilizando-se o teste SNK a 5% de probabilidade, e a vari?vel de car?ter quantitativo (sombreamento) foi avaliada por meio de an?lise de regress?o. Os par?metros avaliados foram: produ??o de mat?ria seca (PMS), teor de prote?na bruta (PB), produ??o de prote?na bruta (PPB), a composi??o da fra??o fibrosa (fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ?cido (FDA), celulose (CEL), hemicelulose (HEM), lignina (LIG)), a rela??o folha/haste (RF/H) e a composi??o mineral: c?lcio (Ca), f?sforo (P) e pot?ssio (K). O kudzu tropical e o macrotiloma apresentaram as maiores PMS durante os per?odos das ?guas e seca, respectivamente. Foram observados incrementos na PMS das leguminosas estudadas em fun??o dos n?veis de sombreamento, durante os dois per?odos de avalia??o. O calopog?nio apresentou maior PMS sob o n?vel de 30% de sombra, sendo somente avaliado no per?odo das ?guas. O kudzu tropical e o macrotiloma apresentaram maior PMS quando submetidas ao tratamento de 50% de sombreamento, durante os dois per?odos de avalia??o. A soja perene apresentou maior PMS sob o n?vel de 70% na ?poca das ?guas e no tratamento de 50% no per?odo seco. Os maiores teores de PB foram obtidos pelas esp?cies kudzu tropical e soja perene nos dois per?odos de avalia??o. Para o teor de PB, somente durante o per?odo seco foi observado incremento em fun??o dos n?veis de sombreamento. A maior PPB foi observada para o kudzu tropical na ?poca das ?guas e para o macrotiloma na ?poca seca do ano. Os menores e os maiores teores de FDN e CEL foram observados nas esp?cies calopog?nio e kudzu tropical, respectivamente, durante a esta??o das ?guas. Nesta avalia??o os teores de HEM e LIG n?o diferiram (P>0,05) entre as leguminosas. No per?odo seco, a soja perene apresentou os menores teores de FDN, CEL e HEM, sendo observado os maiores teores no kudzu tropical. Para o efeito dos n?veis de sombreamento, foi observado aumento no teor de FDN, CEL e HEM ? medida que o sombreamento foi intensificado, nos dois per?odos de avalia??o. N?o foram observados efeitos da esp?cie e dos n?veis de sombreamento para o teor de LIG, durante as duas esta??es do ano. O calopog?nio e a soja perene apresentaram maior RF/H na ?poca das ?guas e, durante a seca foi observado maior RF/H na soja perene. Quanto ao efeito dos n?veis de sombreamento sobre a RF/H foi observada redu??o nesses valores em fun??o dos tratamentos estudados, durante os dois per?odos de avalia??o. Quanto a composi??o mineral n?o houve diferen?a entre os teores de Ca e P para as leguminosas estudadas, entretanto o menor teor de K foi obtido pelo macrotiloma, durante o per?odo das ?guas. Na ?poca seca, o macrotiloma obteve maior teor de P e menores teores de Ca e K. N?o houve diferen?a entre os teores de P e K para as leguminosas kudzu tropical e soja perene. O maior teor de Ca foi obtido pela soja perene neste per?odo. Os n?veis crescentes de sombreamento acarretaram incremento nos teores de Ca, P e K, durante os dois per?odos avaliados. Sob o n?vel de sombreamento mais intenso foi observado o maior incremento dos minerais estudados. Contudo, a melhor resposta obtida para o cultivo de leguminosas forrageiras tropicais, submetidas a diferentes intensidades de sombreamento, foi apresentada sob o n?vel de 50% de sombra, onde concentraram maior PMS, acr?scimos intermedi?rios na composi??o fibrosa e incremento de minerais ?s forrageiras quando produzidas nessa condi??o.

Submitted by Leticia Schettini (leticia@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-10T14:09:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Tatiana Oliveira da Silva.pdf: 1137658 bytes, checksum: 31af0cd49ed243269ee071f1dbf32c78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T14:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Tatiana Oliveira da Silva.pdf: 1137658 bytes, checksum: 31af0cd49ed243269ee071f1dbf32c78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-04 / Legumes have some characteristics which make them able to improve pasture productivity, since they act as green manure and prevent soil erosion by weather agents. They contribute, furthermore, to maintaining or increasing soil organic matter level, since they draw carbon and fix atmospheric Nitrogen, so mobilize and recycle nutrients, increasing microbiological soil activity. Considering the useful potential of these forage plants the seed dispersal of five legume species (Pueraria phaseoloides, Neonotonia wightii, Calopogonium mucunoides, Macrotyloma axillare and Stylosanthes cv. Mineir?o) through bovine feces in an established pasture of B. decumbens was studied in two trials. In the first one seeds mixed with concentrate were offered in the late afternoon to five crossbred (Holsten-Zebu) heifers weighing 250 kg. This experiment was carried out in a crop-pasture rotation system with five paddocks occupied for 4 days. Field evaluation were made from 12 to 30 hrs after seed ingestion, consisting in marking with sticks of different colors the sites of animal droppings in order to discriminate legume species. After 73 days of pasture vacancy was made the first evaluation in order to set the number of sprouts in the research field and Pueraria phaseoloides (puero) showed the best results, followed by Macrotyloma axillare (archer) and Calopogonium mucunoides (calopo). We accessed, in addition, the drought resistance after 266 days of pasture closure counting the survival legume plants in the pasture. The best performance for plant survival after dry season was observed in archer, followed by calopo. Concerning germination after the dry season of seeding made at the beginning of the experiment, best results were found by perennial soybean, despite its low results during the dry season. A second experiment was conducted using only archer seeds as they showed the best results concerning drought persistence. Five heifers were fed with 40 g of archer seeds; the animals were kept grazing for four days at the paddock in the crop-pasture system. At the first evaluation of this experiment we observed 215 archer plants in the research field. At the second evaluation the botanical composition analysis was made revealing the presence of 6,4% of the research area covered by archer plants (global mean of 380 plants). / As leguminosas possuem algumas caracter?sticas que contribuem para a produtividade do pasto, assim como a aduba??o verde, protegendo o solo dos agentes clim?ticos. Al?m disso, as leguminosas seq?estram o carbono e fixam o nitrog?nio atmosf?rico e, assim, apresentam potencial para manter ou elevar o teor de mat?ria org?nica, mobilizar e reciclar nutrientes e favorecer a atividade biol?gica do solo. Levando em considera??o o potencial ben?fico destas planta forrageiras objetivou-se avaliar a dispers?o de sementes de cinco leguminosas forrageiras tropicais (Pueraria phaseoloides, Neonotonia wightii, Calopogonium mucunoides, Macrotyloma axillare e Stylosanthes cv. Mineir?o) atrav?s das fezes de bovinos em pastagem j? estabelecida de Brachiaria decumbens. O primeiro experimento foi realizado em sistema de lota??o rotacionada, com 5 piquetes e 2 dias de ocupa??o. As sementes das cinco leguminosas foram oferecidas a cinco novilhas mesti?as (holand?s x zebu), pesando m?dia de 250 kg, misturadas ao concentrado no fim da tarde. Entre 12 e 30 horas ap?s a ingest?o das sementes era feita uma avalia??o a campo que consistia na marca??o com bambus de diversas cores do local das deje??es dos animais, diferenciando as esp?cies. Ap?s 73 dias de descanso foi realizada a primeira avalia??o quanto ao n?mero de plantas germinadas na ?rea experimental, sendo o Pueraria phaseoloides (kudzu tropical) a esp?cie que apresentou o melhor resultado, seguido pelo Macrotiloma axillare (macrotiloma) e Calopogonium mucunoides (calopog?nio). Ainda foi avaliada a persist?ncia ? seca, ap?s 266 dias de veda??o da pastagem, contabilizando o n?mero de plantas presentes no pasto. O melhor desempenho quanto ao n?mero m?dio de plantas ap?s a seca foi alcan?ado pelo macrotiloma, sendo seguida pelo calopog?nio. Quanto ? germina??o ap?s o per?odo de seca, das sementes implantadas no in?cio do experimento, o melhor resultado foi obtido pela soja perene, apesar da sua baixa contribui??o no per?odo de seca. O segundo experimento foi realizado apenas com sementes de macrotiloma devido ao bom resultado desta esp?cie quanto ? persist?ncia ? seca. Foram oferecidos a cinco novilhas 40g de sementes de macrotiloma; os animais permaneceram no piquete por 4 dias pastejando em sistema de lota??o rotacionada. Na primeira avalia??o deste experimento obteve-se uma m?dia de 215 plantas de macrotiloma na ?rea experimental. Na segunda avalia??o foi realizado o levantamento da composi??o bot?nica da pastagem, no qual o macrotiloma teve participa??o em 6,4% da ?rea experimental, com uma m?dia total de aproximadamente 380 plantas.