This thesis investigates the relationship between the self image and the degree of assimilation in children. There are two parts to the hypothesis: firstly, there are self image characteristics which are common to members of one national group that distinguish them from members of other national groups, and secondly, these distinguishing characteristics decrease as the members of one national group become assimilated with another national group. The hypothesis was tested in the Vancouver shool system. An interviewing program was undertaken with three matched groups of school children: German immigrants, settled Canadians, and migrant Canadians. The purpose of the first two groups was to form a basis on which to compare the self images of children who were well assimilated and children who were poorly assimilated. The main function of the third group was to provide a basis on which to distinguish any self image characteristics which may be common to all children who are 'uprooted' and not only to children who immigrate to another country. If such characteristics were found they could not be regarded as distinguishing characteristics of any one national group. The self images of the Canadian and German children were found to differ in their social and institutional identification. The poorly assimilated German children identified mainly within the home and family; while the Canadian children identified within many additional institutions and people. As the German children became better assimilated their identification broadened. Therefore, a limited amount of evidence was found to support both parts of the hypothesis. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

Canadian geography and the development of Canada since Confederation have dictated that the Dominion should be divided into several almost distinct regions with different views regarding rates for the transportation of their products. In this essay the author endeavours to trace the history of the strong representations which the provincial governments, independently or in groups, have made to the Dominion Government, from time to time, regarding various freight questions or the need for railway facilities and also what they have attempted to do on their own behalf. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

This thesis studies the possibilities for greater development of unions for professional engineers in Canada. The analysis of the paper serves the purpose of supporting or reflecting the initial belief that more widespread participation in union activities is likely for engineers. The method of investigation is to analyze all relevant factors through use of published material, unpublished material, interviews and conference data. The general conclusion is that greater involvement in union activities are likely. Throughout the paper it is clear that factors which inhibit union formation are becoming less prevalent in Canada while the need for engineering unions is growing, A new type of "professional' union" is then discussed with original contributions in the areas of union functions, procedural details, union structure and the company side of unionization. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The Report of the Royal Commission on Taxation, 1967, stated that tax treatment of leases was of great concern if the system of capital cost allowances was not to be undermined. In spite of this warning, nothing has been done since the repeal of former Section 18 of the Canadian Income Tax Act, in 1963, to remedy the situation. Section 18 was repealed because it was found to be administratively inoperable. A study of current accounting and business practice, of theoretical and research committee recommendations, and of legislation in the United States appears to isolate the reason for legislative difficulties. The premise on which Canadian legislation was based is much too narrow. Only those leases which had purchase options were dealt with. In fact, most long term leases, regardless of whether or not they have purchase options, have most of the attributes of purchases. These attributes include property rights acquired in assets, useful life of assets, equity accumulation in assets, and the fair -market value of assets in relation to the present value of total payments required under the lease. In most long term leases, the present value of contract payments, including options, comprises the major part of the fair market value. Current opinion and practice, as expressed by most writers, by research committees, and as evidenced by accounting practice and business acceptance in balance sheet footnoting of long term leases, effectively treats such acquisition as quasi-purchases. In this regard, both theory and practice is far ahead of legislation. The inequity in the tax treatment of long term leases is much more consequential than is generally realized. Not only is there substantial tax postponement for an ever burgeoning number of realty and equipment leases, but there is 'proper' tax avoidance under the long term lease through depreciation of land for tax purposes, effectively available to lessees, but not available to purchasers. When the thousands of service station and supermarket outlets, and the fact that most are under long term lease in Canada, are considered, tax avoidance from this source alone amounts to many, many, millions of dollars annually. Since leasing is always initially more expensive than purchasing, and the major reason for many leases is tax advantage, it is not unfair to say that legislative inaction contributes considerably to business inefficiency. This taxation problem is examined under varying aspects, including historical applications of the Canadian Income Tax Act; present legislation and its effectiveness; pertinent tax cases in Canada and in the United States; current accounting and business trends, and Carter Report suggestions. Finally, suggested legislation which embodies the transition of long term leasing to purchasing is proposed. While the proposed solution is relatively simple and concise, it is supported by theory, by practicality, and by operability. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

In the field of planning and policy-making, there is often insufficient concern for the nature and patterns of decision-making in the private sector. It is felt that improved knowledge of these patterns would provide an additional significant input to aid policy-makers in the difficult task of assembling the most appropriate program from a host of available alternatives. To develop this theme, this thesis has focused upon private sector response to housing code enforcement as a tool for eliminating substandard housing and increasing the supply of standard housing for low income tenants. Two models of rehabilitation decision-making by absentee owners of multiple rental housing (i.e., house operating firms) are presented and operationalized. The first model assumes that a community does not enforce a set of minimum housing standards. Consequently, house operating firms are free to adjust their operating, replacement and remodelling expenditures, thereby raising or lowering the position occupied by their buildings in a distribution of rental housing quality. Since each position in this quality distribution generates a different level of rent, the firm must choose that position which maximizes profit from its building. In the case where minimum housing regulations are not enforced, this pattern of decision-making often implies the existence of a significant quantity of profitable substandard rental housing. Since firms in this instance are free to decide to operate their buildings at substandard levels without fear of prosecution, we have termed this the "unrestricted decision-making model." The second model, which we have described as the "restricted decision-making model," assumes that a housing code has been enacted and is strictly enforced. In this case, house operating firms owning substandard buildings have certain restrictions placed on their decision-making. These restrictions require that the firm either increase its expenditures on its building to raise the level of quality to a certain minimum standard or withdraw the building from occupancy. The result is that such firms face a potential loss in profit which they will attempt to minimize in their decision-making. An examination of the housing code enforcement experience of selected communities points toward a number of serious issues which must be resolved if such programs are to succeed in restricting house operating firm decision-making. These issues include administration, inspection, staffing, legal, land use and vacancy problems. All but the latter problem appear to be soluble, given the appropriate steps. However, under conditions of low vacancy rates in non-luxury rental housing, the strict enforcement of a housing code threatens to dislocate significant numbers of low income tenants. This undesirable outcome is to be expected according to the restricted decision-making model; however, it is contrary to the stated aims of code enforcement. To alter this outcome, it is contended that communities should concentrate on manipulating the important variables in the house operating firm decision-making process by introducing a range of policies into their code enforcement programs. In the final chapter of this thesis, then, certain policy alternatives are considered with respect to their potential impact upon the decisions of house operating firms, with the emphasis placed on stimulating rehabilitation where it might otherwise not occur. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

General aviation, which includes all aircraft except those of the military and the scheduled air carriers, is an important sector of the air transportation system. The impact of general aviation cannot be regarded lightly whether for business, pleasure, industrial use or commercial air service, these aircraft account for 98 percent of the total civil aviation fleet and they flew over 80 percent of the total hours flown in 1967. General aviation is growing at a rate that, alone, could absorb all available capacity of air traffic control and ground-handling facilities at some major metropolitan airports. Paradoxically the growth of general aviation and its absorption of facility capacity causes congestion and delay and threatens to limit the system development. Despite the key role it plays in supporting the industrial and service bases that make our air transportation system possible, general aviation demands have not been adequately met because of an absence of data to formulate an effective policy. The objective of this study is to assess the development and future trends of general aviation for the purpose of policy considerations and facility planning. General aviation data presented in this study has been derived from responses to questionnaires mailed to private aircraft owners and commercial non-scheduled air carriers who had aircraft during 1967. The data was collected and compiled by the Department of Transport with assistance of the Aviation Statistics Centre in two segments: Part 1 - Responses received from owners of private aircraft; Part 2- Responses by Canadian carriers and statistical data reported directly to the Air Transport Committee. All the forecast demand factors indicate a monumental requirement for capital investment in airports and the airspace systems. It is apparent that the present general aviation policy will have to be adapted to meet the anticipated demand. Present policy does not treat the planning and allocation of our airways and airports as though they were scarce economic resources. All too often, the concept of efficient use of resources is not an integral part of the promotion of aviation or the fostering of its growth and development. It is therefore, recommended that a national general aviation policy is required in which the proper allocation of airways and airports for the most efficient use possible of general aviation facilities can be developed in relation to the total system demand. It is further recommended that the Federal Government review and modify its existing policy regarding federal contributions to or the responsibility for the direct contribution of general aviation airports. The Federal Government's heavy financial burden to meet the requirements for mainline airports suggests the desirability of encouraging the provinces and local municipalities to assume a greater share of the developing and financing of non-mainline airports for general aviation use. General aviation benefits mainly a region or local community since it primarily serves only the air transportation needs of the regional district or the municipality. It seems natural, since the main benefits accrue to the province and municipality, that the Federal Government should establish a liaison with the other levels of government to promote general aviation. The main theme of such a liaison should be to stress the idea of integration of planning and developing of general aviation within the framework of comprehensive regional and community plans as well as the national air transportation system. The expenditures for general aviation facilities could be shared by all three levels of government and these amounts should be matched by general aviation user charges. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Geomagnetic induction techniques have been used to study the structure of the crust and upper mantle in western Canada. Geomagnetic depth-sounding (GDS) has been used primarily for mapping, and magnetotellurics (MT) for quantitative interpretation. Self-consistent models of electrical conductivity structure have been derived from the combined MT/GDS data. The conductivity structure models have been considered in conjunction with other relevant geophysical information: heat-flow, seismology and aeromagnetic surveys. No definite petrological models can be derived because of the order-of-magnitude uncertainties in the relations between electrical conductivity, temperature and composition. However, if we exclude geochemically improbable solutions, the following two distinct results can be extracted: a) In southwestern Canada (boundaries not clearly defined, but at least as far east as Lethbridge), the uppermost mantle is moderately conducting (resistivity 30-50 ohm-meters). This indicates a temperature of at least 750°C at depth 35 km., and provides independent confirmation (without assumptions of crustal structure) of the heat-flow derived estimates of Roy et al (1968b). b) In a sharply delineated region starting from about 0-30 km west of the Rocky Mountain Trench, the lower crust (from a depth of about 10-15 km) is conductive. The most likely interpretation is a hydrated lower crust, as proposed by Hyndman and Hyndman, 1968. Hydration alone is sufficient to explain the observed conductivities, i.e. higher temperatures are not necessarily required for this model. However, given the information from (a) above, some partial melting of hydrated granitic materials should occur in this zone; this is in good agreement with the geological evidence of granitic intrusives in this region. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This study was initiated (a) to determine the types and quantities of energy consumed by the Canadian metal processing industry on a plant basis, (b) to examine the manner and extent to which the energy consumed varies spatially across Canada and (c) to determine the extent to which the industry contributes to the nation's total energy consumption as well as to its consumption of each energy source. The energy consumption mixes of individual plants were determined either empirically or by estimation from data obtained by a questionnaire and from the technical literature for the comminution, smelting, and refining stages of the lead, zinc, nickel, copper, aluminum, and primary iron and steel industries. The spatial variation of the consumption mixes for each metallurgical process was then delimited and illustrated cartographically. The specific and non-specific energy needs of each industry are identified in terms of the processes used at each production stage. It was found that the types and quantities of energy utilized by each plant depends upon the process’ specific energy needs and the availability of other energy forms. The metal processing industry was found to consume a significant proportion (8.2%) of Canada's energy consumption in 1965. In terms of individual sources of energy the industry consumed 23.4% of the national total consumption of electricity, 14.6% of coal and less than 3% of petroleum and natural gas. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

The Problem The subject of this paper is the Canadian chartered banks during the period from 1930 to 1935. In these years of economic disruption, strains were imposed on the banking system and criticisms levelled at the banks to an unprecedented extent. These strains and criticisms came from diverse sources, and the problem has been to identify the demands which they made on the banks, the sources of the demands, the nature of the banks' responses, and the effectiveness of the banks' reactions. The Investigation The problem was tackled first through a consideration of the main features of the Canadian banking system. This involved not only the determination of the machinery of the banks but also the main ideas which determined the conduct of the bankers. The former aspect of this question was determined not only from statements by the bankers and books published under the aegis of the banks, but also from governmental and academic accounts of the system. The question of the bankers' rationale was largely investigated through the statements of the leading bankers and from the nature of the proposals made by the bankers in response to specific situations. The investigation was then concentrated on the position taken by the banks with respect to certain economic problems of importance. The period saw considerable discussion of these problems by both bankers and non-bankers, and much of the commentary on the questions was garnered from that discussion. The final area investigated was that of problems raised by various groups in Canada and the response of the banks to these. In general, the method followed was to determine the precise nature of each problem, the sources from which these came and their reasons for raising the questions, and the position taken by the banks in response. Conclusions The study concludes that the Canadian chartered banks performed a commendable function for Canada during the first years of the Great Depression. In a period which saw financial disruptions and innumerable bank failures in other countries, the chartered banks provided Canada with stable institutions which commanded national as well as international respect. The security of Canada's banks was never seriously questioned. It is not possible to evaluate the importance of this confidence instilled by the banks; that it was essential to the economic welfare of the nation was evident. That the bankers pursued policies which showered on their heads the abuses of many people does not alter the fact that those policies in the long run were essential to the financial well-being of the nation. The bankers must be commended for pursuing unpopular courses. But this praise of the banks is tempered. They were private institutions of national importance. Consequently they had a responsibility for the public repercussions of their policies. They must be criticised not that they pursued policies antagonistic to the general welfare but rather that they were never willing to consider the broader consequences of their actions. Compounding this shortcoming was the fact that the 'laissez-faire' philosophy expounded by the bankers could no longer be sustained, since the gold standard, on which the operation of that philosophy had rested, had been abandoned. In the hiatus of leadership, the banks declined to contribute to the creation of a managing authority. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

As urban areas increase in population, pressures are exerted upon vacant or undeveloped lands for housing, industry, public buildings, highway rights-of-way, and a host of other uses including parks. At the same time, pressures are placed upon existing parks to accomodate some of the other needs of expanding urban areas. The loss of lands that have been developed for recreation results in either the loss of a necessary activity or the reduction of the quality of the experience enjoyed by park users. Studies in the U.S.A. indicate that alienation of park lands by non-recreative uses is a serious problem. While many urban areas in Canada have experienced significant population increases and the resultant pressures on urban land during the last ten years, there has been no examination, on a provincial or national basis, of the effects of such trends on major parks (over 20 acres). Are park lands in this size category being alienated to provide land for non-recreative purposes? This thesis attempts to provide an answer to this and related questions. The findings of this study are based on 141 questionnaire returns from a survey of 234 Canadian municipalities with populations over 10,000. Two of 183 municipalities between 10,000 and 50,000 persons experienced a total of 5 alienations from 1960-1970. Seventeen of 51 municipalities over 50,000 persons experienced a total of 34 alienations during the same period. The land alienated was 13 per cent of the total park area affected; on the average, 15.5 acres of land were alienated per encroachment. Highways and roads, schools, and housing were the main uses alienating park lands. In most cases objections to the alienation by the parks board were overruled by the municipal council on the grounds that the encroaching use was of greater importance or that the land was cheaper. It is concluded that alienation of park lands in Canadian municipalities is a significant problem that to date has been unrecognized and un-publicized. Moreover, the study suggests that pressure on park lands will continue to mount in the foreseeable future. With the exception of parks given to a municipality in trust there is little to indicate that municipal legislation is oriented to protecting the major parks. In fact, parks that have been dedicated by public referendum are not guaranteed perpetual protection in all provinces. Parks, as viewed by some municipal councils, seem to represent a valuable form«of land bank for future development needs. The increasing public awareness of the value of major parks in urban areas may change this outlook in the future. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate