Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Reprinted from Botanical gazette, vol. XXXVII, no. 1, January, 1904. "Literature cited": p. 19. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1916. / "Private edition, distributed by the University of Chicago libraries, Chicago, Illinois." "Contributions from the Hull botanical laboratory 234." "Reprinted from the Botanical gazette, vol. LXIV, no. 2, August 1917." "Literature cited": p. 132-133.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Leipzig. / Vita. "Sonderabdruck aus Flora oder Allg. Bot. Zeitung' 1903, 92. Band." Includes bibliographical references.

As the acreage of glyphosate-resistant (GR) cropping systems increases, so does the occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds in the landscape. Biotypes of GR Conyza canadensis were first observed in Delaware, USA, in 2000. Since the first documentation of GR C. canadensis, there have been many instances of independent evolution of GR C. canadensis biotypes. The ecology of GR C. canadensis and any potential fitness consequences of GR trait are still unknown. If there is no fitness cost or a fitness increase associated with the GR trait, GR C. canadensis may increase in prevalence in the landscape even in the absence of glyphosate application. With the consideration that fitness is a difficult parameter to measure, other variables may be used as surrogate measures of fitness, such as reproduction, growth rate, phenology, survivorship, etc. This research seeks to determine if differences exist in surrogate measures of fitness - patterns of growth, reproductive allocation, and competitive ability - and if so, how differences may apply to future population changes, for glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible C. canadensis. The first two experiments presented test two populations of GR plants and two populations of GS plants, first in a greenhouse study of shading effects and intraspecific competition (Chapter 2), and second in a field survivorship study within two habitat types (Chapter 3). The third study tests for the prevalence of GR C. canadensis in field margins of GR cropping systems and seeks correlations in the occurrence of resistance and factors related to geography and field management (Chapter 4). The greenhouse study (Experiment 1, Chapter 2) of surrogate measures of fitness (growth, reproduction) in response to intraspecific competitive ability and shading showed that, while all populations had the same response to shading, there were differences between populations in growth and reproduction. While all measures were greater for individual plants with no competition, plants competing with individuals from one of the GR populations (R2) often had measures that were not different from the no competition treatment or were greater than the other competition treatments (R1, S1, and S2). The field survivorship study compared growth, survival, and reproduction of the previously studied four populations of C. canadensis is two habitats, a old-field in the second year of succession (ruderal) and a soybean field planted with a GR cultivar (agrestal) (Experiment 2, Chapter 3). One of the GR populations (R1) had the highest survivorship of the four populations in the ruderal habitat, while there was no difference in survivorship of the four populations in the agrestal habitat. While there was little difference in growth between ruderal populations, in the agrestal habitat, one GS population (S1) consistently had the smallest diameter, height, and leaf number. One of the agrestal GR populations (R2) was larger than the others, though not always different from R1. R1 was the first population to senesce regardless of habitat. Both agrestal GR populations produced more capitulae (seed heads) than the GS populations, and R1 also showed high reproductive success in the ruderal habitat. A test for the occurrence of GR C. canadensis in field margins of GR cropping systems (Experiment 3, Chapter 4) utilized a discriminating spray test on seed collected from the margins of 17 agricultural fields in 2008 from Illinois, Indiana, and Nebraska. The relationships between the occurrence of GR C. canadensis in 2008 field margins and 1) geography, 2) field management practices, 3) herbicide diversity, 4) weed community diversity, 5) field-interior changes in C. canadensis populations (λ), and 6) knowledge or suspicion of difficult-to-control C. canadensis populations, were tested. Geography was the clearest relationship in these data and was related to geography, with greater, more variable occurrence of GR C. canadensis in 2008 field margins in the southern and eastern sites than the northern and western sites. Management practices in field-interiors from year 2006 to 2008 had little relationship to occurrence of GR C. canadensis in 2008 field margins, except for the increased use of tillage and the increased use of non-glyphosate herbicide modes of action in 2007 field-interiors of fields with the highest occurrence of GR C. canadensis in the field margins in 2008. Additionally, the greatest occurrence of GR C. canadensis was associated with high diversity in the weed community in 2007 field-interiors. These results suggest that GR C. canadensis persisted in 2008 field margins even though there was a perceivable increase in management intensity the previous year. In conclusion, although there were no differences in fitness clearly associated with the GR trait in C. canadensis, GR populations may possess equal or greater vigor in growth, reproduction, and competition as GS populations. Based on these results, GR C. canadensis may persist in agricultural field-margins or other ruderal, unmanaged habitats and act as a seed source for future field-interior infestations. Depending on the characteristics of the GR biotype, GR C. canadensis may increase in frequency in the landscape.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da tintura de Sanguinaria canadensis veiculada a uma goma de mascar em relação ao índice de placa dentária (O'Leary), número de UFCs de estreptococos sp.. Participaram do estudo duplo-cego, placebocontrolado, quarenta e quatro voluntários estudantes do 7o período de Odontologia da UNIFENAS, com faixa etária entre 18 e 25 anos, distribuídos após padronização da amostra em três grupos: grupo sanguinaria 4,2 mg/dia, grupo sanguinaria 2,1 mg/dia e grupo placebo. As gomas eram mascadas três vezes ao dia por dez dias. Na primeira fase, foi avaliada ação das gomas sobre o biofilme já formado, sendo que na segunda fase foi analisada sua ação sobre o biofilme em formação. Os resultados referentes aos valores do índice de O'Leary apresentaram diferenças significantes entres os grupos na primeira fase do estudo: I (33,21), II (21,74) E III (12,20) e na segunda fase: I (38,12), II (51,16) e III (60,01), todos com p.< 0,01; estatística Anova One Way- Teste de Tukey. Os resultados referentes aos valores do número de estreptococos sp. apresentaram diferença significante entre os grupos I, II e III, nos tempos 0, 5, 15 e 30 minutos após o uso das gomas (p.< 0,01; estatística de Tukey Kramer). Estes valores sugerem que a Sanguinaria canadensis veiculada a goma de mascar, reduziu significativamente o índice de placa dental e o número de estreptococos sp. quando comparada ao uso de gomas-placebo. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the sanguinaria canadensis tincture associated to a chewing gum regarding to dental plaque score (O’Leary) and streptococcus CUFs. Forty eight students of the UNIFENAS took part in this double blind, placebo control study, with ages ranging from 18 to 25 years old, patterned into three groups: placebo group; sanguinaria canadensis 2.1 mg/day, and sanguinaria canadensis 4.2 mg/day. Chewing gums were used three times a day for ten days. During the first phase of the study, the chewing gum action was evaluated on dental plaque already installed and in the second phase its action was analyzed on the forming plaque. The results showed statistically significant differences among group I in the first and second phases of the study (p < 0.05 Anova One Way – Tukey Test). The results related to the number of streptococcus sp. showed statistically significant differences among groups I, II and III, with 0, 5, 15 and 30 minutes after using the chewing gums (p < 0.01 t Student test), These values suggest that sanguinaria canadensis associated to a chewing gum decreased significantly dental plaque scores and number of streptococcus sp. when compared to placebo chewing gums.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Jena. / Vita. "Sonderabdruck aus 'Flora oder allg. bot. Zeitung', 1899, Heft 3." Includes bibliographical references.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da tintura de Sanguinaria canadensis veiculada a uma goma de mascar em relação ao índice de placa dentária (O'Leary), número de UFCs de estreptococos sp.. Participaram do estudo duplo-cego, placebocontrolado, quarenta e quatro voluntários estudantes do 7o período de Odontologia da UNIFENAS, com faixa etária entre 18 e 25 anos, distribuídos após padronização da amostra em três grupos: grupo sanguinaria 4,2 mg/dia, grupo sanguinaria 2,1 mg/dia e grupo placebo. As gomas eram mascadas três vezes ao dia por dez dias. Na primeira fase, foi avaliada ação das gomas sobre o biofilme já formado, sendo que na segunda fase foi analisada sua ação sobre o biofilme em formação. Os resultados referentes aos valores do índice de O'Leary apresentaram diferenças significantes entres os grupos na primeira fase do estudo: I (33,21), II (21,74) E III (12,20) e na segunda fase: I (38,12), II (51,16) e III (60,01), todos com p.< 0,01; estatística Anova One Way- Teste de Tukey. Os resultados referentes aos valores do número de estreptococos sp. apresentaram diferença significante entre os grupos I, II e III, nos tempos 0, 5, 15 e 30 minutos após o uso das gomas (p.< 0,01; estatística de Tukey Kramer). Estes valores sugerem que a Sanguinaria canadensis veiculada a goma de mascar, reduziu significativamente o índice de placa dental e o número de estreptococos sp. quando comparada ao uso de gomas-placebo. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the sanguinaria canadensis tincture associated to a chewing gum regarding to dental plaque score (O’Leary) and streptococcus CUFs. Forty eight students of the UNIFENAS took part in this double blind, placebo control study, with ages ranging from 18 to 25 years old, patterned into three groups: placebo group; sanguinaria canadensis 2.1 mg/day, and sanguinaria canadensis 4.2 mg/day. Chewing gums were used three times a day for ten days. During the first phase of the study, the chewing gum action was evaluated on dental plaque already installed and in the second phase its action was analyzed on the forming plaque. The results showed statistically significant differences among group I in the first and second phases of the study (p < 0.05 Anova One Way – Tukey Test). The results related to the number of streptococcus sp. showed statistically significant differences among groups I, II and III, with 0, 5, 15 and 30 minutes after using the chewing gums (p < 0.01 t Student test), These values suggest that sanguinaria canadensis associated to a chewing gum decreased significantly dental plaque scores and number of streptococcus sp. when compared to placebo chewing gums.

Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) is causing defoliation and mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) in the eastern United States. The objectives of this study were to quantify changes in tree-ring width and wood anatomy for trees that survived adelgid infestation, and to contrast dendroclimatic relationships across a latitudinal gradient. Six sites spanning the current range of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) infestation were selected. At each site, 23 infested eastern hemlocks were cored and two trees were felled at the Virginia site and thin-sectioned using a sliding microtome for analysis of wood anatomy. Tree cores were cross-dated and ring widths were measured. For each site, t-tests were used to determine if there was a difference in radial growth pre- and post-HWA arrival. To compare differences in pre- and post-HWA cell properties, t-tests were used. For dendroclimatic analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between radial growth and monthly climate variables. Three sites showed significant suppression in radial growth after HWA arrival and latewood produced post- HWA arrival had significantly smaller cells with reduced cell-wall thickness than latewood produced before HWA arrival. This indicates that HWA can reduce a tree's photosynthate production. The relationship between hemlock growth and climate also varied with latitude and site, with trees growing further south or on shallower soils being more sensitive to moisture levels. This sensitivity to drought can also partially explain the variation in hemlock response to adelgid feeding, as trees affected by moisture stress tend to be more sensitive to insect attack. / Master of Science

The genetic status of the critically endangered Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla) was analyzed using 2009 studbook data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service managed captive breeding and release program. Microsatellite DNA data provided information on shared founder genotypes, allowing for refined analysis of genetic variation in the population, and informed breeding recommendations. The genetic variation observed in the Mississippi sandhill crane was contrasted with variation observed in the Florida sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pratensis). Results show far less variation in the Mississippi population. Results also suggest that while gene flow no longer occurs between the two populations, the introduction of cranes from the Florida population would help to increase the observed genetic diversity of the Mississippi sandhill crane population.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 676087 bytes, checksum: 2828ecd76022420abc6a2f5a4b55e27b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / To evaluate the effect of population densities and the number of stems on the production and quality of inflorescences of tango, an experiment in the CBD was deployed, with split plots, allocating the plots to the planting densities (20, 25, 30 and 35 plants / square meter), and in the subplots, the number of stems per plant (2, 3 or 4), with 4 repetitions, 2 plants per repetition. The harvest occurred when the inflorescences achieved the commercial point (opening of the flowers of the apex). At this moment, fresh and dry mass per unit of stem, per plant and per sqm, diameter of the base and the total length of the stems, length and diameter of inflorescences, number of leaves and flowers branches and production cycle were evaluated. We evaluated two successive cycles of production. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance by F test and regression analysis. There was no effect of interaction between the number of stems per plant and density of planting for the characteristics evaluated in two cycles. In the first cycle, it was found that the plants conducted with 2 stems had greater fresh mass per unit of stem and the base of the stem diameter, length and diameter of inflorescence and number of flowers branches. The plants conducted with 4 stems had greater fresh and dry mass per plant and per unit area. There was no effect on the number of stems on the entire length of flowering stem, the number of leaves and the cycle. The densities of planting promoted linear increase in total length and inflorescence stems of plants conducted with 3 stems, linear reduction in fresh and dry mass per plant in plants conducted with 4 stems, and linear increase for fresh and dry mass per sqm in all systems of conducting (2, 3 and 4 stems). In the second cycle, it was observed that the plants conducted with 3 and 4 stems showed higher dry mass per plant and per unit area. Regarding fresh mass per plant and fresh mass per unit area, plants conducted with 3 and 4 stems were similar to each other and superior to those conducted with 2 stems. The number of stems per plant did not affect the other characteristics evaluated in this cycle. The densities of planting promoted linear reduction in the length of the inflorescence, in the diameter of the base of the stem and the number of flowers branches in the conducting system with 2 stems, linear reduction in the number of flowers branches, in fresh and dry mass per unit of stem and in fresh and dry mass per plant in the conducting system with 4 stems. There was no effect of density on the total length, the diameter of the inflorescence, the number of leaves and the fresh and dry masses per area. Plants conducted with 2 stems produced stems of better quality for most of the characteristics evaluated in both cycles. Considering the two cycles, the conducting system with 2 stems in density of 25 plants / sqm surpassed in relation to the production of packets and the percentage of stems in commercial length. / Visando avaliar o efeito de densidades populacionais e do número de hastes sobre a produção e a qualidade de inflorescências de tango implantou-se um experimento no DBC, com parcelas subdivididas, alocando-se nas parcelas as densidades de plantio (20, 25, 30 e 35 plantas/m²), e nas subparcelas, o número de hastes por planta (2, 3 ou 4), com 4 repetições, 2 plantas por repetição. A colheita ocorreu quando as hastes florais atingiram o ponto comercial (abertura das inflorescências correspondentes aos 2 cm terminais do ápice), quando foram avaliados: massas fresca e seca por unidade de haste, por planta e por m², diâmetro da base e comprimento total das hastes, comprimento e diâmetro das inflorescências, número de folhas e de ramos florais e ciclo de produção. Foram avaliados dois ciclos de produção sucessivos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e análise de regressão. Não houve efeito da interação entre o número de hastes por planta e a densidade de plantio para as características avaliadas nos dois ciclos. No primeiro ciclo, verificou-se que as plantas conduzidas com 2 hastes apresentaram maior massa fresca por unidade de haste e diâmetro da base da haste, comprimento e diâmetro da inflorescência e número de ramos florais. As plantas conduzidas com 4 hastes apresentaram maiores massas fresca e seca por planta e por unidade de área. Não houve efeito do número de hastes sobre o comprimento total da haste floral, o número de folhas e o ciclo. As densidades de plantio promoveram aumento linear no comprimento total da haste e da inflorescência de plantas conduzidas com 3 hastes, redução linear nas massas fresca e seca por planta em plantas conduzidas com 4 hastes e aumento linear nas massas fresca e seca por m² em todos os sistemas de condução (2, 3 e 4 hastes). No segundo ciclo, observou-se que as plantas conduzidas com 3 e 4 hastes apresentaram maior massa seca por planta e por unidade de área. Quanto à massa fresca por planta e por unidade de área, as plantas conduzidas com 3 e 4 hastes foram semelhantes entre si e superiores às conduzidas com 2 hastes. O número de hastes por planta não afetou as demais características avaliadas neste ciclo. As densidades de plantio promoveram redução linear no comprimento da inflorescência, no diâmetro da base da haste e no número de ramos florais no sistema de condução com 2 hastes, redução linear no número de ramos florais, nas massas fresca e seca por unidade de haste e nas massas fresca e seca por planta no sistema de condução com 4 hastes. Não houve efeito de densidade sobre o comprimento total, o diâmetro da inflorescência, o número de folhas e as massas fresca e seca por área. Plantas conduzidas com 2 hastes produziram hastes de melhor qualidade para a maioria das características avaliadas nos dois ciclos. Considerando-se os 2 ciclos, a condução com 2 hastes na densidade de 25 plantas/m² se sobressaiu na produção de maços e percentagem de hastes no comprimento comercial.