Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 676087 bytes, checksum: 2828ecd76022420abc6a2f5a4b55e27b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / To evaluate the effect of population densities and the number of stems on the production and quality of inflorescences of tango, an experiment in the CBD was deployed, with split plots, allocating the plots to the planting densities (20, 25, 30 and 35 plants / square meter), and in the subplots, the number of stems per plant (2, 3 or 4), with 4 repetitions, 2 plants per repetition. The harvest occurred when the inflorescences achieved the commercial point (opening of the flowers of the apex). At this moment, fresh and dry mass per unit of stem, per plant and per sqm, diameter of the base and the total length of the stems, length and diameter of inflorescences, number of leaves and flowers branches and production cycle were evaluated. We evaluated two successive cycles of production. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance by F test and regression analysis. There was no effect of interaction between the number of stems per plant and density of planting for the characteristics evaluated in two cycles. In the first cycle, it was found that the plants conducted with 2 stems had greater fresh mass per unit of stem and the base of the stem diameter, length and diameter of inflorescence and number of flowers branches. The plants conducted with 4 stems had greater fresh and dry mass per plant and per unit area. There was no effect on the number of stems on the entire length of flowering stem, the number of leaves and the cycle. The densities of planting promoted linear increase in total length and inflorescence stems of plants conducted with 3 stems, linear reduction in fresh and dry mass per plant in plants conducted with 4 stems, and linear increase for fresh and dry mass per sqm in all systems of conducting (2, 3 and 4 stems). In the second cycle, it was observed that the plants conducted with 3 and 4 stems showed higher dry mass per plant and per unit area. Regarding fresh mass per plant and fresh mass per unit area, plants conducted with 3 and 4 stems were similar to each other and superior to those conducted with 2 stems. The number of stems per plant did not affect the other characteristics evaluated in this cycle. The densities of planting promoted linear reduction in the length of the inflorescence, in the diameter of the base of the stem and the number of flowers branches in the conducting system with 2 stems, linear reduction in the number of flowers branches, in fresh and dry mass per unit of stem and in fresh and dry mass per plant in the conducting system with 4 stems. There was no effect of density on the total length, the diameter of the inflorescence, the number of leaves and the fresh and dry masses per area. Plants conducted with 2 stems produced stems of better quality for most of the characteristics evaluated in both cycles. Considering the two cycles, the conducting system with 2 stems in density of 25 plants / sqm surpassed in relation to the production of packets and the percentage of stems in commercial length. / Visando avaliar o efeito de densidades populacionais e do número de hastes sobre a produção e a qualidade de inflorescências de tango implantou-se um experimento no DBC, com parcelas subdivididas, alocando-se nas parcelas as densidades de plantio (20, 25, 30 e 35 plantas/m²), e nas subparcelas, o número de hastes por planta (2, 3 ou 4), com 4 repetições, 2 plantas por repetição. A colheita ocorreu quando as hastes florais atingiram o ponto comercial (abertura das inflorescências correspondentes aos 2 cm terminais do ápice), quando foram avaliados: massas fresca e seca por unidade de haste, por planta e por m², diâmetro da base e comprimento total das hastes, comprimento e diâmetro das inflorescências, número de folhas e de ramos florais e ciclo de produção. Foram avaliados dois ciclos de produção sucessivos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e análise de regressão. Não houve efeito da interação entre o número de hastes por planta e a densidade de plantio para as características avaliadas nos dois ciclos. No primeiro ciclo, verificou-se que as plantas conduzidas com 2 hastes apresentaram maior massa fresca por unidade de haste e diâmetro da base da haste, comprimento e diâmetro da inflorescência e número de ramos florais. As plantas conduzidas com 4 hastes apresentaram maiores massas fresca e seca por planta e por unidade de área. Não houve efeito do número de hastes sobre o comprimento total da haste floral, o número de folhas e o ciclo. As densidades de plantio promoveram aumento linear no comprimento total da haste e da inflorescência de plantas conduzidas com 3 hastes, redução linear nas massas fresca e seca por planta em plantas conduzidas com 4 hastes e aumento linear nas massas fresca e seca por m² em todos os sistemas de condução (2, 3 e 4 hastes). No segundo ciclo, observou-se que as plantas conduzidas com 3 e 4 hastes apresentaram maior massa seca por planta e por unidade de área. Quanto à massa fresca por planta e por unidade de área, as plantas conduzidas com 3 e 4 hastes foram semelhantes entre si e superiores às conduzidas com 2 hastes. O número de hastes por planta não afetou as demais características avaliadas neste ciclo. As densidades de plantio promoveram redução linear no comprimento da inflorescência, no diâmetro da base da haste e no número de ramos florais no sistema de condução com 2 hastes, redução linear no número de ramos florais, nas massas fresca e seca por unidade de haste e nas massas fresca e seca por planta no sistema de condução com 4 hastes. Não houve efeito de densidade sobre o comprimento total, o diâmetro da inflorescência, o número de folhas e as massas fresca e seca por área. Plantas conduzidas com 2 hastes produziram hastes de melhor qualidade para a maioria das características avaliadas nos dois ciclos. Considerando-se os 2 ciclos, a condução com 2 hastes na densidade de 25 plantas/m² se sobressaiu na produção de maços e percentagem de hastes no comprimento comercial.

Tyrimo objektas – kanadinės rykštenės lapų bei žiedų ekstraktai. Tyrimo metu kokybiniam ir kiekybiniam flavonoidų nustatymui naudojamas efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos metodas. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti flavonoidų kokybinę ir kiekybinę sudėtį kanadinės rykštenės (Solidago canadensis L.) augalinėje žaliavoje naudojant ESC metodą. Atlikta mokslinių literatūros šaltinių analizė, pagrindžianti kanadinės rykštenės (Solidago canadensis L.) gydomąsias savybes, flavonoidų išskyrimo bei nustatymo metodikas , taip pat taikomo metodo optimizavimo ir validacijos kriterijus. Optimizuotas ECS metodas flavonoidų vertinimui, naudojant turimą laboratorinę įrangą. Pasirinkta 150×4,6 mm, 3 µm YMC kolonėlė, kurios temperatūra 25°C. Injekcijos tūris – 10µl. Kiekybiniam nustatymui pasirinktas gradavimo grafiko metodas, taikant tiesines kalibracines kreives. Validacijos eksperimentų metu buvo pagrįstas metodikos pakartojamumas, tiesiškumas, aptikimo ir nustatymo ribos. Validuota metodika pritaikyta kanadinės rykštenės (Solidago canadensis L.) ekstrakto tyrimui, nustatyta, kad kanadinės rykštenės lapų ekstrakte flavonoidų vidutiniškai yra 23,0 mg/g, iš jų vidutiniškai rutino nustatyta 18,99 mg/g, izokvercitrino – 0,44 mg/g, hiperozido 0,19 mg/g, kvercitrino 3,38 mg/g. Kanadinės rykštenės žiedų ekstraktuose flavonoidų nustatyta vidutiniškai 23,27 mg/g, iš jų rutino nustatyta 19,70 mg/g, izokvercitrino – 0,68 mg/g, hiperozido – 0,47 mg/g, o kvercitrino – 2,42 mg/g. / The object of the research – extracts of Canadian goldenrod leaves and flowers. The high performance liquid chromatography method was used for the quantitative determination of flavonoids in the research. The aim of work was to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoids in the plant raw material of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) using HPLC method. Analysis of scientific literature was performed to support the medicinal properties of the Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), methods for extraction and detection of flavonoids, as well as the validation criteria of the applied optimization method. The HPLC method for determining the quantity of flavonoids was optimized using the available laboratory equipment. YMC column of 150×4.6 mm, 3 µl, was chosen with a temperature of 25°C. The injection volume – 10 µl. The graph calibration method was selected for using linear calibration curves. Validation experiments justified the method repeatability, linearity and the limits. The validated methodology was applied for the research of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) extract, and it was determined that the leaf extract of Canadian goldenrod contains an average of 23.0 mg/g flavonoids, of which, the average amount of rutin found was 18.99 mg/g, isoquercitrin – 0.44 mg/g, hyperoside 0.19 mg/g, quercitrin 3.38 mg/g. The average flavonoid content in the flower extract of Canada goldenrod was 23.27 mg/g, of them rutin 19.70 mg/g... [to full text]

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-04-13T16:07:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1077166 bytes, checksum: 25fd76740634a7f9c6ac4a518a021ada (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T16:07:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1077166 bytes, checksum: 25fd76740634a7f9c6ac4a518a021ada (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Diversos fatores podem afetar o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. O fotoperíodo é um deles, sendo determinante para o controle do florescimento em plantas sensíveis. No campo, o controle é feito de forma artificial, para que as plantas floresçam durante todo o ano, independente do comprimento do dia. As lâmpadas incandescentes possuem seu uso difundido, porém, essas são pouco eficientes em converter energia elétrica em energia luminosa. O LED é uma tecnologia que surgiu na década de oitenta e possui grande potencial para ser utilizado na agricultura. Apresenta diversas vantagens como alta durabilidade, tamanho reduzido, baixa emissão de calor e eficiência em conversão de energia elétrica em luminosa. Devido ao pouco conhecimento sobre o impacto que a tecnologia do LED pode ter na agricultura, esta pesquisa visou elucidar o comportamento de duas espécies sensíveis ao fotoperíodo quando iluminadas por lâmpadas de LED. O primeiro estudo foi desenvolvido com o tango (Solidago canadensis L.), uma planta classificada como planta de dia curto, utilizada como flor de corte. Esse estudo objetivou avaliar o comportamento da produção de plantas de tango utilizando lâmpadas de LED para o controle do florescimento. Além disso, vislumbrou-se determinar o menor período de luz/escuro para o controle eficiente do florescimento. Para isso instalou-se um experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas lâmpadas de LED na potência de 18 W, e foram avaliados quatro ciclos, que consistiram na alteração de períodos de luz e escuro expresso em minutos: 7/23; 15/15; 23/7 e 30/0. Os ciclos foram fornecidos das 22h às 2h, por um período de setenta dias. As testemunhas foram compostas por plantas sem iluminação suplementar e iluminadas com lâmpadas incandescentes de 100 W. A colheita ocorreu quando as hastes apresentaram cerca de 40% das inflorescências abertas. O segundo experimento foi conduzido com o hipérico (Hypericum inodorum), classificada como planta de dia longo facultativo, cuja principal utilização ornamental ocorre na fase de frutificação. Este trabalho foi realizado com o propósito de avaliar o efeito da iluminação artificial com lâmpada de LED de 18 W e incandescente de 100 W no controle do florescimento em plantas de hipérico em diferentes distâncias da projeção da lâmpada. As mudas foram cultivadas em cinco distâncias em relação à projeção horizontal da lâmpada: 0 m; 0,5 m; 1,0 m; 1,5 m e 2,0 m. Após o estabelecimento das plantas, realizou- se poda a vinte centímetros de altura. A iluminação artificial foi fornecida das 22h às 2h. Foram utilizados dois tipos de lâmpada: LED 18 W e incandescente de 100 W. Para que não houvesse interferência entre os tratamentos, efetuou- se o isolamento entre eles através do uso de lonas pretas. O uso da iluminação suplementar com lâmpadas de LED foi eficiente no controle fotoperiódico para as duas espécies estudas. Plantas de tango cultivadas sobre o ciclo de 7/23 minutos apresentaram menor tempo de cultivo e maior formação de ramos florais e conjunto de inflorescências. Porém os ciclos de 23/7 e 30/0 minutos foram aqueles que apresentaram os resultados mais expressivos nas características utilizadas para a classificação comercial, como tamanho e peso da haste. As plantas cultivadas sem suplementação completar não apresentaram formação de haste floral. Já nas iluminadas com lâmpadas de LED observou-se a diminuição do controle fotoperiódico com o aumento da distância. É necessário que as plantas de hipérico sejam expostas a dias curtos no início do cultivo para que as hastes atinjam o comprimento ótimo para a comercialização. / Several factors can affect the growth and development of plants. Photoperiod is a determining factor for flowering control in sensitive plants. In the field, control is done artificially, so that, plants flower throughout the year, regardless of day length. Incandescent lamps have widespread use, but they are less efficient in converting electrical energy into luminous energy. LED is a technology that emerged in the eighties and has great potential for use in agriculture. It has several advantages, such as high durability, small size, low heat emission and efficiency of electric energy conversion into light. Due to the little knowledge about the impact LED technology can have in agriculture, this research was carried out to elucidat the behavior of two species sensitive to photoperiod when lit by LED. The first study was developed with goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), classified as a short-day plant and used as a cut flower. This study aimed at evaluating the behavior of goldenrod production plants using LED lamps to control flowering. In addition, it seeked to determine the shortest period of light/dark for efficient control of flowering. For that purpose an experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications. In this test 18 W LED lamp were used, and four cycles of light/darkness were tested: 7/23'; 15/15'; 23/7'and 30/0'. The cycles were provided from 10pm to 2am, for a period of seventy days. The witnesses consisted of plants without supplemental lighting and illuminated with incandescent 100 W bulbs. Harvest occurred when the stems had about 40% of the inflorescence open. The second experiment was conducted with hypericum (Hypericum inodorum), classified as a facultative long-day plant and whose ornamental use occurs in the fruiting stage. This work was performed in order to evaluate the effect of artificial lighting with LED and incandescent bulbs targeting the flowering control in hypericum plants at different distances. The seedlings were placed in five distances in the horizontal projection oh the lamps: 0 m; 0.5 m; 1.0 m; 1.5 m and 2.0 m. After the establishment of plants, they were prunned down to twenty centimeters high. Artificial lighting was provided from 10pm to 2am. Two types of lamp were used: LED 18 W and incandescent 100 W. To avoid interference across treatments isolation with the use of black plastic was performed. The use of supplemental lighting with LED lamps was efficient in photoperiodic control for the two studied species. Goldenrod plants grown under the 7/23' cycle showed shorter cultivation period and increased formation of floral branches and number of inflorescences. However, the cycles of 23/7 "and 30/0" showed the most significant results in the characteristics used for commercial classification. Plants grown without light supplementation don’t formed the floral stems. Hypericum plants lit by incandescent lamps yielded similar production to those illuminated with LED lamps. In plants illuminated with LED lamps there was a decrease in the photoperiodic control as distance increase. Hypericum plants should be exposed to short days at the start of crop, so that the stems reach optimum length for sale.

La berce du Caucase (Heracleum mantegazzianum) est une espèce envahissante provoquant des photodermatites lors d’un contact avec la sève. Son éradication laisse le sol à nu, facilitant ainsi sa réinfestation. L’objectif de mon projet est d’évaluer l’effet de l’ensemencement d’un couvert végétal pour empêcher l’établissement de la berce par phénomène de compétition. J’ai d’abord effectué une expérience en mésocosme utilisant cinq mélanges d’espèces herbacées afin de tester l’effet de la composition sur la germination, la croissance et la survie de la berce du Caucase. Trois mélanges, incluant ceux contenant Solidago canadensis, ont réduit le nombre de semences ayant germé. Tous les mélanges ont réduit la croissance et la survie des semis. Afin de déterminer si l’allélopathie pouvait être le mécanisme responsable de ce phénomène, j’ai testé l’effet de substances allélopathiques, extraites des feuilles et des racines du S. canadensis, sur la germination des semences de la berce. Bien qu’elle montre un effet allélopathique sur une espèce modèle (le radis), mon expérience n’a pas permis de détecter d’effet négatif sur la germination de la berce. Étant donné que celle-ci peut se faire dans l’obscurité, un mécanisme autre que la lumière ou l’allélopathie serait la cause de la réduction du taux de germination chez certains mélanges. Par contre, la réduction de la lumière par le couvert végétal serait la cause probable de la diminution de croissance et de la survie des semis. En définitive, un mélange composé majoritairement de graminées et produisant rapidement un couvert végétal dense aurait un meilleur potentiel pour la restauration suite à des travaux de lutte. / Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) is an invasive species that causes human skin photodermatitis after contact with the sap. Control techniques of the plant often produced a soil devoid of vegetation cover, which facilitates reinvasion. The objective of my project was to evaluate the effect (competition) of plant seeding on the establishment of Giant Hogweed. First, I conducted a mesocosm experiment using five herbaceous plant mixtures in order to test the effect of composition and associated cover on germination, growth and survival of Giant Hogweed. Three mixtures, especially those with Solidago canadensis, reduced germination rate. Every mixture reduced growth and survival of Giant Hogweed seedlings. In order to identify the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon, I tested the effect of allelopathic substances, extracted from leaves and roots of S. canadensis, on germination of Giant Hogweed seeds. Although an allelopathic effect on a model species (radish) was detected, the substances did not impede Giant Hogweed germination. Considering germination occurs in darkness, a mechanism other than light or allelopathy would be responsible for the reduction of germination rate in certain plant mixtures. However, the reduction of light through plant cover would likely be the cause for the decrease of growth and survival of Giant Hogweed seedlings. A seed mixture mostly composed of grasses and rapidly producing a dense plant cover has a good potential for restoration following weeding.

Invasive alien species (IAS) pose a serious threat to global ecosystems, economy and human and animal health. The spread of IAS leads to a global depletion of biological diversity, through homogenization of landscapes and reduced genetic variation within species. Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is an IAS that occurs widely throughout most of Sweden and it is considered to be one of the country’s most problematic terrestrial IAS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of the Canadian goldenrod in Värmland county, Sweden, in relation to land use type and soil moisture category. Species observation data was retrieved from the Analysis Portal for Biodiversity Data. National Land Cover Database (NMD) and SLU Soil Moisture Map were used to investigate which land cover and soil moisture classes Canadian goldenrod had been associated with. Results of this study shows that there is an association between Canadian goldenrod occurrence and land cover class, which implies that land cover seems to have an effect on the spread of the species. The area of land cover classes within reported observations of Canadian goldenrod was not proportional to the area of respective land cover classes within Värmland county. Land cover classes such as other open land, artificial surfaces and forests were most commonly found within Canadian goldenrod observations. This indicates that this species occurs with higher frequency on other open land and artificial surfaces, which corresponds with the literature findings. Moreover, the area of certain soil moisture class within reported observations of Canadian goldenrod was not proportional to the area of respective soil moisture class within Värmland. Among soil moisture classes, mesic-dry soil was most commonly found within goldenrod observations. This did not confirm the hypothesis that Canadian goldenrod occurs more commonly on wet-moist soils. The literature shows that this species has a great ability to adapt to different environments. The outcome of this study suggests that Canadian goldenrod might prefer certain land use categories more or less affected by human activity. This is consistent with previous studies about abundance and spread of invasive species and indicates that human activity is an important factor contributing to the spreading of IAS. / Invasiva främmande arter (IAS) utgör ett allvarligt problem för globala ekosystem, ekonomi och människors och djurs hälsa. Spridningen av IAS leder till en global utarmning av biologisk mångfald, genom homogenisering av landskap och minskad genetisk variation inom arter. Kanadensiskt gullris (Solidago canadensis L.)  är en IAS som förekommer vitt spridd över så gott som hela Sverige och bedöms vara en av landets mest problematiska invasiva terrestra arter. I denna studie kartläggs utbredningen av kanadensiskt gullris i Värmlands län, i syfte att undersöka om utbredningen kan kopplas till viss typ av markanvändning eller markfuktighet. Artobservationsdata hämtades från Analysportalen för biodiversitetsdata. Nationella Marktäckedata (NMD) och SLU Markfuktighetskarta (klassad) användes för att undersöka vilka marktäcke- och markfuktighetsklasser kanadensiskt gullris associerats med. Studiens resultat talar för att det finns ett samband mellan förekomst av kanadensiskt gullris och marktäckeklasser, dvs. marktäckning verkar påverka utbredning. Arean av marktäckeklasser inom rapporterade observationer av kanadensiskt gullris var inte proportionell till arean för respektive marktäckeklasser inom Värmlands län. Marktäckeklasserna övrig öppen mark, exploaterad mark och skog var vanligast förekommande inom kanadensiskt gullrisobservationer. I studien indikeras att kanadensiskt gullris oftare förekommer inom klasserna övrig öppen mark och exploaterad mark, vilket överensstämmer med litteraturen. Dessutom var arean av viss markfuktighetsklass inom rapporterade observationer av kanadensiskt gullris inte proportionell till arean av respektive markfuktighetsklass inom Värmland. Bland markfuktighetsklasser var torr-frisk vanligast inom kanadensiskt gullrisobservationer. Detta bekräftade inte hypotesen att kanadensiskt gullris har en högre förekomst inom klassen fuktig-blöt, men stöds av litteraturen som talar om artens anpassningsförmåga till olika fuktighetsnivåer. Resultatet av denna studie tyder på att kanadensiskt gullris verkar föredra platser som mer eller mindre påverkas av mänsklig aktivitet, något som går i linje med tidigare studier gällande spridning och förekomst av invasiva arter och lyfter vikten av den mänskliga faktorns betydelse i spridningen av IAS.