Águas residuárias são continuamente contaminadas por fármacos. Dentre estes fármacos, os antimicrobianos causam grande preocupação pelos impactos sobre o desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana. As principais fontes de contaminação destes fármacos são efluentes urbanos, hospitalares, de fazendas e de algumas indústrias. A complexidade das matrizes ambientais tais como águas residuárias é uma das principais dificuldades para extrair e detectar fármacos, fazendo-se necessário o uso de técnicas de preparo de amostra para a extração destes compostos de interesse. Técnicas clássicas como a extração líquido-líquido (LLE) e a extração em fase sólida (SPE) são largamente usadas para extração de fármacos nesse tipo de matriz, porém estas técnicas não atendem amplamente aos princípios da química verde. Dessa forma, novas técnicas, mais alinhadas à responsabilidade ambiental, têm sido desenvolvidas. Neste âmbito apresenta-se o desenvolvimento e a validação de um método de microextração líquido-líquido para extração e detecção de sulfonamidas e o desenvolvimento e otimização de um método utilizando planejamento experimental para a extração de fluoroquinolonas em águas residuárias. Foi possível obter-se o limite de detecção de 0,2 ng mL-1 para as sulfonamidas analisadas, este LD é relativamente baixo considerando que o detector que foi utilizado não possuía a possibilidade de fazer análises no modo MS/MS, o que certamente reduziria ainda mais o LD. Com os desenvolvimentos desse trabalho tornou-se possível a utilização de apenas 1 mL de solvente orgânico para a pré-concentração off-line, Esta etapa, adicionada a uma outra pré-concentração online (column switching) permitiu a extração dos analitos com a obtenção de um LD relativamente baixo, a partir de apenas 7 mL de amostra. / Drugs are continuously contaminating wastewater. Among these drugs antimicrobials cause great concern for the impacts on the development of bacterial resistance. The main sources of contamination by these drugs are urban effluents, hospitals, farms and some industries. The complexity of the environmental matrices such as wastewater is one of the main difficulties in extracting and detecting drugs, bringing up the need to use sample preparation techniques for the extraction of the interest compounds. Classical techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) are widely used for drug extraction in this type of matrix, but these techniques do not largely meet the principles of green chemistry. In this way, new techniques, more aligned with environmental responsibility, have been developed. In this context, this thesis presents the development and validation of a liquid-liquid microextraction method for sulfonamide extraction and detection and the development and optimization of a method using experimental design for the extraction of fluoroquinolones presented in wastewater. It was possible to obtain a limit of detection (LD) of 0.2 ng mL-1 for the sulfonamides analyzed, this LD is relatively low considering that the detector that was used did not have the possibility to perform analyzes in the MS/MS mode, which certainly would further reduce the LD. With the development of this thesis, it became possible to use only 1 mL of organic solvent for the off-line preconcentration of the analytes. This step, added to another online preconcentration (column switching) allowed the extraction of the analytes obtaining relatively low LDs, from just 7 mL of the sample.

Surfactant-templated, sol-gel based methodologies for the synthesis of tailored, nanostructured, hybrid inorganic–organic materials are incredibly powerful and versatile. Although growth in this field has been explosive in recent decades, a lot of room remains to contribute to the design and synthesis of new materials, as well as the development of advanced applications. In the work described herein, we firstly explored the synthesis of thick, mesoporous organosilica films and their application as functional coatings for solution-based, fibre-optic heavy metal sensors. Notably, sub-ppm level detection was observed for the detection of Pb(II) in mixed aqueous–organic media in short timeframes, and progress has been made toward synthesizing organotitania films that would allow for heavy metal sensing in purely aqueous solution. Furthermore, the utility of these types of surfactant-templated, organically-functionalized, mesostructured coatings has been preliminarily extended to other types of optical devices for heavy metal sensing. We have also explored the use of designer amphiphilic, alkyl oligosiloxane precursors for the tightly-controlled formation of thin, self-templated, hybrid nanostructured films. Moreover, films bearing uniaxial 2D hexagonal alignment over macroscopic length scales were obtained using polymer-treated substrates to control the interfacial interactions between the film precursors and the substrate surface. In addition, a relatively mild UV / ozone treatment was employed to remove the alkyl moieties from the films to yield porous materials without catastrophic loss of the as-synthesized, mesostructural order. Lastly, novel chiral, binaphthylene-based, periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) materials have been prepared. With the aim of demonstrating chiral recognition with such materials, porous, co-continuous capillary monoliths have been synthesized and applied as chiral stationary phases in nano-HPLC and CEC. Notably, enantioselective interactions between our materials and a chiral acetal-based analyte have been observed. Quantification of these enantioselective interactions in chiral PMOs by isothermal titration microcalorimetry is also being pursued. It has thus been demonstrated that a wide array of different functional materials may be accessed through template-based synthetic strategies. By varying parameters such the starting monomers, the sol composition, and the interfacial interactions between reacting species and a given substrate (to name a few), the resulting materials may be tailored to meet the demands of new and emerging technologies. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2011-05-24 19:50:17.478

This work was aimed to the problem of change of the content of selected phenolic substances during treatment and storage of medical plants. Flavonoids represent small, but very important group of phenolic compounds. The biggest attention was paid to quercetin and rutine.Content of phenolic substances was determined by method of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) in case of 6 medicinal plants usually used in traditional and modern medicine.

Águas residuárias são continuamente contaminadas por fármacos. Dentre estes fármacos, os antimicrobianos causam grande preocupação pelos impactos sobre o desenvolvimento de resistência bacteriana. As principais fontes de contaminação destes fármacos são efluentes urbanos, hospitalares, de fazendas e de algumas indústrias. A complexidade das matrizes ambientais tais como águas residuárias é uma das principais dificuldades para extrair e detectar fármacos, fazendo-se necessário o uso de técnicas de preparo de amostra para a extração destes compostos de interesse. Técnicas clássicas como a extração líquido-líquido (LLE) e a extração em fase sólida (SPE) são largamente usadas para extração de fármacos nesse tipo de matriz, porém estas técnicas não atendem amplamente aos princípios da química verde. Dessa forma, novas técnicas, mais alinhadas à responsabilidade ambiental, têm sido desenvolvidas. Neste âmbito apresenta-se o desenvolvimento e a validação de um método de microextração líquido-líquido para extração e detecção de sulfonamidas e o desenvolvimento e otimização de um método utilizando planejamento experimental para a extração de fluoroquinolonas em águas residuárias. Foi possível obter-se o limite de detecção de 0,2 ng mL-1 para as sulfonamidas analisadas, este LD é relativamente baixo considerando que o detector que foi utilizado não possuía a possibilidade de fazer análises no modo MS/MS, o que certamente reduziria ainda mais o LD. Com os desenvolvimentos desse trabalho tornou-se possível a utilização de apenas 1 mL de solvente orgânico para a pré-concentração off-line, Esta etapa, adicionada a uma outra pré-concentração online (column switching) permitiu a extração dos analitos com a obtenção de um LD relativamente baixo, a partir de apenas 7 mL de amostra. / Drugs are continuously contaminating wastewater. Among these drugs antimicrobials cause great concern for the impacts on the development of bacterial resistance. The main sources of contamination by these drugs are urban effluents, hospitals, farms and some industries. The complexity of the environmental matrices such as wastewater is one of the main difficulties in extracting and detecting drugs, bringing up the need to use sample preparation techniques for the extraction of the interest compounds. Classical techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) are widely used for drug extraction in this type of matrix, but these techniques do not largely meet the principles of green chemistry. In this way, new techniques, more aligned with environmental responsibility, have been developed. In this context, this thesis presents the development and validation of a liquid-liquid microextraction method for sulfonamide extraction and detection and the development and optimization of a method using experimental design for the extraction of fluoroquinolones presented in wastewater. It was possible to obtain a limit of detection (LD) of 0.2 ng mL-1 for the sulfonamides analyzed, this LD is relatively low considering that the detector that was used did not have the possibility to perform analyzes in the MS/MS mode, which certainly would further reduce the LD. With the development of this thesis, it became possible to use only 1 mL of organic solvent for the off-line preconcentration of the analytes. This step, added to another online preconcentration (column switching) allowed the extraction of the analytes obtaining relatively low LDs, from just 7 mL of the sample.

In frame work of this diploma thesis, monolithic stationary phases based on hydroxymethylmethacrylate were prepared in fused silica capillaries of 320 μm innerdiameter. Monolithic columns were synthesized by a simple procedure using a polymerization mixture, consisting of a monomer N-(hydroxymethyl) methacrylamide (HMMAA), a croslinking agent ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA), porogenic solvents butane- 1,4-diol, propane-1-ol and an initiator α,α′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Prepared HMMA monolithic columns were utilized for separation of mixtures of biologically active compounds, namely peptides with small number of amino acids. Mechanical strength and specific permeability were determined for selected monolithic columns. Keywords: HPLC, HILIC mechanism, hydroxymethyl methacrylate (HMMA) monolithic columns, amino acid, enkephalins.

A combinação entre o delapril (DEL), um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina e o manidipino (MAN), um antagonista dos canais de cálcio, produz um efeito anti-hipertensivo sinérgico, podendo ser considerado um ótimo tratamento para pacientes com hipertensão essencial leve e moderada. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos cromatográfico e eletroforético para avaliação simultânea de DEL e MAN em produto farmacêutico. As análises por cromatografia líquida em fase reversa (CL-FR) foram executadas utilizando coluna C8 (250 mm x 4,6 mm), mantida a 35 oC. A fase móvel foi constituída por acetonitrila e solução de trietilamina 0,3%, pH 3,0 (55:45; v/v), eluída na vazão de 1,2 mL/min com detecção a 220 nm. Paralelamente, desenvolveu-se método por eletroforese capilar, utilizando modo de separação por cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (MEKC) e ácido salicílico como padrão interno. Foi utilizado capilar de sílica fundida (comprimento efetivo de 72 cm) mantido a 35 °C, com solução eletrolítica composta de tampão borato 50 mM e dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) 5 mM, pH 9,0. Voltagem de 25 kV foi aplicada e a injeção foi de 50 mbar durante 5 s, com detecção a 208 nm. A especificidade e a capacidade dos métodos serem indicativos de estabilidade foram demonstradas através de estudos de degradação forçada dos fármacos e pela não interferência dos excipientes nas análises. Além disso, o desenho experimental Plackett-Burman foi utilizado para a avaliação da robustez, observando-se resultados adequados para ambos métodos. Os procedimentos foram validados de acordo com guias aceitos internacionalmente, observando-se resultados em uma faixa aceitável. Os métodos propostos foram aplicados com sucesso na determinação quantitativa simultânea de DEL e MAN em comprimidos, não havendo diferença significativa dos resultados (P>0,05), contribuindo, portanto, para aprimorar o controle da qualidade, assegurando a eficácia terapêutica. / The combination of delapril (DEL), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and manidipine (MAN), an antagonist of calcium channels, produces a synergic antihypertensive effect and may be regarded as an optimal antihypertensive drug treatment in mild to moderate essential hypertensive patients. The chromatographic and eletrophoretic methods for the simultaneous evaluation of DEL and MAN in pharmaceutical product were developed and validated in the present work. The reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) method was carried out on a C8 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm), maintained at 35 ºC. The mobile-phase consisted of acetonitrile and a solution of triethylamine 0.3% pH 3.0 (55:45; v/v), running at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, with detection at 220 nm. The capillary electrophoresis method was developed using the micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) as the separation mode, and salicylic acid as internal standard. The analysis were performed on a fused-silica capillary (effective length of 72 cm) maintained at 35 °C, with 50 mM of borate buffer and 5 mM of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at pH 9.0 as background electrolyte. The separation was achieved at 25 kV applied voltage and the injection was performed at 50 mbar for 5 s, with detection at 208 nm. The specificity and stability-indicating capability of the methods were demonstrated through forced degradation studies, which also show that there is no interference of the excipients in the analysis. Moreover, the Plackett- Burman experimental design was used for robustness evaluation, giving acceptable results for both methods. The procedures were validated according to Internationals guidelines, giving results within the acceptable range. Therefore, the proposed methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of DEL and MAN in the tablet dosage form, showing non-significant difference (P>0.05), contributing to improve the quality control and to assure the therapeutic efficacy.

A combinação entre o delapril (DEL), um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina e o manidipino (MAN), um antagonista dos canais de cálcio, produz um efeito anti-hipertensivo sinérgico, podendo ser considerado um ótimo tratamento para pacientes com hipertensão essencial leve e moderada. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos cromatográfico e eletroforético para avaliação simultânea de DEL e MAN em produto farmacêutico. As análises por cromatografia líquida em fase reversa (CL-FR) foram executadas utilizando coluna C8 (250 mm x 4,6 mm), mantida a 35 oC. A fase móvel foi constituída por acetonitrila e solução de trietilamina 0,3%, pH 3,0 (55:45; v/v), eluída na vazão de 1,2 mL/min com detecção a 220 nm. Paralelamente, desenvolveu-se método por eletroforese capilar, utilizando modo de separação por cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (MEKC) e ácido salicílico como padrão interno. Foi utilizado capilar de sílica fundida (comprimento efetivo de 72 cm) mantido a 35 °C, com solução eletrolítica composta de tampão borato 50 mM e dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) 5 mM, pH 9,0. Voltagem de 25 kV foi aplicada e a injeção foi de 50 mbar durante 5 s, com detecção a 208 nm. A especificidade e a capacidade dos métodos serem indicativos de estabilidade foram demonstradas através de estudos de degradação forçada dos fármacos e pela não interferência dos excipientes nas análises. Além disso, o desenho experimental Plackett-Burman foi utilizado para a avaliação da robustez, observando-se resultados adequados para ambos métodos. Os procedimentos foram validados de acordo com guias aceitos internacionalmente, observando-se resultados em uma faixa aceitável. Os métodos propostos foram aplicados com sucesso na determinação quantitativa simultânea de DEL e MAN em comprimidos, não havendo diferença significativa dos resultados (P>0,05), contribuindo, portanto, para aprimorar o controle da qualidade, assegurando a eficácia terapêutica. / The combination of delapril (DEL), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and manidipine (MAN), an antagonist of calcium channels, produces a synergic antihypertensive effect and may be regarded as an optimal antihypertensive drug treatment in mild to moderate essential hypertensive patients. The chromatographic and eletrophoretic methods for the simultaneous evaluation of DEL and MAN in pharmaceutical product were developed and validated in the present work. The reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) method was carried out on a C8 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm), maintained at 35 ºC. The mobile-phase consisted of acetonitrile and a solution of triethylamine 0.3% pH 3.0 (55:45; v/v), running at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, with detection at 220 nm. The capillary electrophoresis method was developed using the micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) as the separation mode, and salicylic acid as internal standard. The analysis were performed on a fused-silica capillary (effective length of 72 cm) maintained at 35 °C, with 50 mM of borate buffer and 5 mM of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at pH 9.0 as background electrolyte. The separation was achieved at 25 kV applied voltage and the injection was performed at 50 mbar for 5 s, with detection at 208 nm. The specificity and stability-indicating capability of the methods were demonstrated through forced degradation studies, which also show that there is no interference of the excipients in the analysis. Moreover, the Plackett- Burman experimental design was used for robustness evaluation, giving acceptable results for both methods. The procedures were validated according to Internationals guidelines, giving results within the acceptable range. Therefore, the proposed methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of DEL and MAN in the tablet dosage form, showing non-significant difference (P>0.05), contributing to improve the quality control and to assure the therapeutic efficacy.

The thesis deals with measuring the content of chosen phenolic substances in some specimen of the genera Chenopodium L. and Atriplex L. Two independent analytical methods were used to determine the content of phenolic substances, namely the Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (MECC) method and the High - Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Two cultured species of the genera Spinacia and Atriplex, three freely growing specimen of the genus Chenopodium and three freely growing species of the genus Atriplex were analysed. The analysis concerned the leaves and the inflorescence of these species.The total content of quercetin and rutin was determined by the MECC method. The highest total content of quercetin was found in the leaves of the Garden Orache (4240 mg/kg of dry matter), the lowest total content of quercetin was found in the inflorescence of the Atriplex prostrata DC. (19.6 mg/kg of dry matter). Rutin was only found in four samples, the rest of the samples contained rutin in quantities below the limit of quantification. The highest content of rutin was found in the leaves of the Lamb´s Quarters (868 mg/kg of dry matter).

A combinação entre o delapril (DEL), um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina e o manidipino (MAN), um antagonista dos canais de cálcio, produz um efeito anti-hipertensivo sinérgico, podendo ser considerado um ótimo tratamento para pacientes com hipertensão essencial leve e moderada. No presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos cromatográfico e eletroforético para avaliação simultânea de DEL e MAN em produto farmacêutico. As análises por cromatografia líquida em fase reversa (CL-FR) foram executadas utilizando coluna C8 (250 mm x 4,6 mm), mantida a 35 oC. A fase móvel foi constituída por acetonitrila e solução de trietilamina 0,3%, pH 3,0 (55:45; v/v), eluída na vazão de 1,2 mL/min com detecção a 220 nm. Paralelamente, desenvolveu-se método por eletroforese capilar, utilizando modo de separação por cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (MEKC) e ácido salicílico como padrão interno. Foi utilizado capilar de sílica fundida (comprimento efetivo de 72 cm) mantido a 35 °C, com solução eletrolítica composta de tampão borato 50 mM e dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) 5 mM, pH 9,0. Voltagem de 25 kV foi aplicada e a injeção foi de 50 mbar durante 5 s, com detecção a 208 nm. A especificidade e a capacidade dos métodos serem indicativos de estabilidade foram demonstradas através de estudos de degradação forçada dos fármacos e pela não interferência dos excipientes nas análises. Além disso, o desenho experimental Plackett-Burman foi utilizado para a avaliação da robustez, observando-se resultados adequados para ambos métodos. Os procedimentos foram validados de acordo com guias aceitos internacionalmente, observando-se resultados em uma faixa aceitável. Os métodos propostos foram aplicados com sucesso na determinação quantitativa simultânea de DEL e MAN em comprimidos, não havendo diferença significativa dos resultados (P>0,05), contribuindo, portanto, para aprimorar o controle da qualidade, assegurando a eficácia terapêutica. / The combination of delapril (DEL), an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and manidipine (MAN), an antagonist of calcium channels, produces a synergic antihypertensive effect and may be regarded as an optimal antihypertensive drug treatment in mild to moderate essential hypertensive patients. The chromatographic and eletrophoretic methods for the simultaneous evaluation of DEL and MAN in pharmaceutical product were developed and validated in the present work. The reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) method was carried out on a C8 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm), maintained at 35 ºC. The mobile-phase consisted of acetonitrile and a solution of triethylamine 0.3% pH 3.0 (55:45; v/v), running at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, with detection at 220 nm. The capillary electrophoresis method was developed using the micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) as the separation mode, and salicylic acid as internal standard. The analysis were performed on a fused-silica capillary (effective length of 72 cm) maintained at 35 °C, with 50 mM of borate buffer and 5 mM of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at pH 9.0 as background electrolyte. The separation was achieved at 25 kV applied voltage and the injection was performed at 50 mbar for 5 s, with detection at 208 nm. The specificity and stability-indicating capability of the methods were demonstrated through forced degradation studies, which also show that there is no interference of the excipients in the analysis. Moreover, the Plackett- Burman experimental design was used for robustness evaluation, giving acceptable results for both methods. The procedures were validated according to Internationals guidelines, giving results within the acceptable range. Therefore, the proposed methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of DEL and MAN in the tablet dosage form, showing non-significant difference (P>0.05), contributing to improve the quality control and to assure the therapeutic efficacy.

管径方向分配現象(Tube Radial Distribution Phenomenon: TRDP)を応用したクロマトグラフィー(TRDC)に関する研究と、TRDPの現象解明に関する研究を行った。TRDCに関する研究として、TRDCによる分離性能の改善と最適条件の検討、分析対象物の拡大を行い、併せてTRDCシステムの構築に貢献した。TRDPに関する研究として、TRDPの発生に必要な条件の検討、新たなTRDPを発生する溶液系の導入、及びTRDPの相形成の規則性について調べた。その結果、TRDPの全体的な原理の解明に貢献した。 / The author studied the development of capillary chromatography (TRDC) based on TRDP and the elucidation of TRDP. For study of TRDC, I studied the improvement of separation performance, the optical condition of TRDC and the expansion of analyte. As a result, the author contributed to the construction of TRDC system. For study of TRDP, The author studied the condition to generate TRDP, the introduction of the new solution system to generate TRDP, and the regularity of the phase formation of TRDP. As a result, the author contributed to the elucidation of the principle of TRDP. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University