Research has shown conflicting results involving the efficacy of carbohydrateprotein beverages on athletic performance. Purpose: To examine whether or not power output during the latter stages in a series of repeated maximal or near maximal effort anaerobic exercise bouts simulating a football game task was altered when consuming a carbohydrate-protein (CP) beverage versus either a carbohydrate-only (C) beverage or a placebo (P). Methods: Eighteen collegiate male football players participated in this investigation. The subjects' mean age, height, weight, and percent body fat were 20yr, 180.4cm, 92.4kg, and 12%, respectively. The experimental exercise sessions were completed by each athlete on three separate occasions, spaced one week apart. Subjects were asked to perform a series of maximal-effort weighted sled-pushes, which simulated a game-type activity over two halves of a football game separated by a 20-minute simulated halftime recovery period. Maximal muscle power was assessed through the use of a series of maximal jump-and-reach tests. The experimental beverages were administered during the first 5 minutes of halftime. Water was permitted ad libitum throughout each exercise session. The experimental beverages used included; 1) a commercially available flavored aspartame-sweetened P beverage, Crystal Light, (300 ml,5 kcal), 2) a commercially available C beverage, Gatorade Energy Drink®, (300 ml, 67.5 g CHO, 270 kcal), and 3) a commercially available CP beverage, Gatorade Nutrition Shake®, (243 ml diluted with water to 300 ml, 45 g CHO, 15 g Protein, 270 kcal). All beverages were randomly assigned and each player received all three beverages. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine if differences existed in power output between the experimental beverages. Results: The Least Square Mean (LSM) for jump-power was significantly higher after C compared to CP (1587.36 watts vs. 1577.42 watts, respectively; p=0.0095). The LSM jump-power after the P beverage was also lower than after the C beverage (1582.52), but was not statistically significant. Conclusions: These data suggest that average power output over a series of high-intensity anaerobic exercise bouts, which simulate football game tasks, is greatest after consuming a C beverage during the halftime break compared with consuming a CP or P beverage.

With regards to obesity-related disease the impact of exercise training on health depends on the ability of exercise to promote a negative energy balance. Exercise’s effect on promoting a negative energy balance is more likely to occur if exercise can induce a favourable dietary intake such as a reduced relative fat content in the diet. As such, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of aerobic training, weight training and concurrent aerobic and weight training on self-reported dietary intake. The effects of 16 weeks of aerobic (n = 12), weight (n = 13) and concurrent aerobic and weight training (n = 13) on self-reported dietary intakes were compared in previously sedentary males using the computer-based Dietary Manager® software programme. Only the concurrent aerobic and weight training group showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in total kilocalories, carbohydrates, proteins and fats consumed while the aerobic training group showed significant reductions in fat intake at the completion of the experimental period (before: 91.0 ± 42.1g versus after: 77.1 ± 62.1g). However, no changes were observed in self-reported dietary intake in the weight training or non-exercising control groups. It is concluded that concurrent aerobic and weight training is the most effective mode of exercise at promoting a favourable improvement in self-reported dietary intake in the short term. This finding provides support for efforts to promote increases in overall physical activity in an attempt to modify the patterns of dietary intake.

This study was designed to investigate carbohydrate supplementation during high intensity exercise and its effect on performance. Eight subjects participated in four trials; two familiarization trials, a carbohydrate trial, and a placebo trial. Fight Gone Bad Five is a CrossFit “Workout of the Day” (WOD) involving 5 rounds of 5 exercises each completed for one minute followed by a one minute rest. The exercises of the Fight Gone Bad WOD include medicine ball wall throws, sumo deadlift high pull, box jumps, push press, and rowing. Performance was measured by the summation of repetitions for the first four exercises and the caloric expenditure from the rowing session. Performance scores for carbohydrate and placebo trials were analyzed using a paired sample t-test, which found no significant difference between the carbohydrate and placebo trials.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the regulation and role of invertases in plant carbohydrate metabolism. In the first part of this thesis a molecular approach was adopted and the expression of five invertase genes were examined in different organs and in leaves of different ages in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana (L. ). Of the five genes examined two encoded apoplastic invertases (ATßFRUCT 1 and ATßFRUCT 2), two encoded soluble invertases with a probable vacuolar localisation (ATßFRUCT 3 and 4) while the fifth encoded an invertase with an unknown subcellular localisation (ATßFRUCT 5). Generally, Northern hybridisation assays were sufficiently sensitive for the detection of invertase gene expression in A. thaliana, however, in order to examine the expression of rare ATßFRUCT 1 and ATßFRUCT 2 mRNA the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was the method of choice. The development of an RT-PCR internal standard enabled these data to be semi-quantitative in nature. Expression analysis revealed that each of the five invertase genes were differentially regulated in A. thaliana. However, high levels of invertase gene expression were associated with tissues typically considered sinks for carbohydrate. Examination of these tissues also revealed a relationship between invertase activity and the ratio of sucrose to hexoses. Previous work has shown that certain environmental stimuli can influence invertase activity and gene expression. In this thesis the infection of A. thaliana leaves with the biotrophic pathogen Albugo candida resulted in the localised stimulation of cell-wall associated invertase activity. Examination revealed that the majority of this increase was attributable to the stimulation of the host apoplastic invertase gene, ATßFRUCT 1. Furthermore, expression of this gene was also elevated in response to mechanical leaf wounding. The high expression of ATßFRUCT 1 in sink tissues and in response to pathogenesis and wounding suggested that this gene plays an important role in establishing a supply of hexoses to tissues under a wide range of conditions. In the second part of this thesis transgenic tomato plants (prepared by Zeneca Plant Science) with a range of leaf vacuolar invertase activities were examined. There was a linear relationship between vacuolar invertase activity and the amount of leaf hexose. In plants with no detectable leaf vacuolar invertase activity there was an accumulation of sucrose. This suggests that hexoses generated in the leaves of tomato plants are the product of sucrose cycling through the vacuole. The implications of such cycling are discussed in detail.

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