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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Aplicação de índice mineralógico como apoio na avaliação de reservas da mina de fosfato de Cajati-SP / Applied of a mineralogical gnide as supportto reserve evaluation of the fosfate rock of Cajati-SP

Thiago Bastos Bonas 20 March 2007 (has links)
A mina de fosfato de Cajati localiza-se a 230 km a sudeste da cidade de São Paulo. Nela aflora, de forma alongada segundo a direção N27ºW, um corpo de carbonatito mineralizado a apatita. O corpo mineralizado é subdividido em unidades litológicas a partir de variações nas características físicas (estruturas) e mineralógicas da matriz carbonática, dos principais acessórios e menores constituintes (textura e proporções). Dentro das unidades litilógicas existentes destacam-se a Zona de Xenólitos e Zonas de Diques, regiões caracterizadas por misturas entre magnetita-clinopiroxenitos, rocha encaixante e estéril com relação à mineralização de fosfato, e carbonatito em proporções que podem chegar a quase 100% de clinopiroxenito. Observam-se ainda zonas de reação, no contato entre as rochas descritas, caracterizando um bandamento centimétrico de composição silicática / carbonática com mineralogia peculiar e que na maioria das vezes são mineralizados economicamente a apatita. Considerando as Zonas de Xenólitos e de Diques como de aproveitamento parcial em função da presença do clinopiroxenito estéril e que as relações de distribuição espacial desta fase contaminante é errática sem qualquer controle geológico conhecido de distribuição, buscou-se estabelecer indicadores que permitem a caracterização percentual entre minério e estéril contidos nesta região. Para tanto foram realizados estudos de relação entre a composição química e a mineralogia do minério que permitiram estabelecer tais índices, os quais aplicados aos dados de análises químicas obtidos a partir de testemunhos de sondagem rotativa e de percussão (pó de perfuratriz) associados a parâmetros de lavra permitiram estabelecer níveis de aproveitamento mineral para as rochas existentes nestas unidades litológicas. Os indicadores matemáticos se apoiaram nos teores de sílica que refletem as proporções de silicatos (flogopita, olivina e piroxênio) e estabelecem nítidas fronteiras composicionais entre as três litologias presentes nas zonas de xenólitos, e definiram a Função Xenólitos. As variáveis mineralógicas apóiam as determinações de potencialidades volumétricas dos recursos discretizados no modelo de blocos de longo prazo e o aproveitamento das frentes nos planos de pré-lavra. / The Cajati phosphate mine is located 230 km southeast of São Paulo city. The ore body is composed by carbonatites mineralized with apatite, which are disposed in plant as an ellipse N27ºW oriented. The carbonatite is subdivided in lithologics units defined by variations in the physical aspects (structures) and the mineralogical characteristics of the carbonatic matrix, mainly related with the principal accessories and smaller constituents (texture and proportions). Xenoliths zones and Dikes zones are remarkable among the lithological units, they comprise portions characterized by mixtures of carbonatite and magnetite-clinopiroxenites, the hosting waste rock, in proportions that can reach almost 100% of clinopiroxenite. Some reaction zones are observed in the described rocks contact, characterizing centimetric bands (silicatic / carbonatic composition) with peculiar mineralogy that are frequently mineralized. Considering the Xenoliths zones and Dikes zones only partially profitable in function of the presence of the clinopiroxenite waste and that the spatial distribution of this contaminant rock is erratic without any geological known settings, efforts were applied in the establishment of mineralogical indicators to define the relative proportions of the constituent rocks. Stechiometric relationships between chemical and mineralogical characteristics associated with mining parameters allowed to set up levels of mineral profitability for these lithological units, which were applied in the data obtained by rotative and percussion drilling. Mathematical indicators based on silica grades, which reflect the silicates (phogopite, olivine and pyroxene) proportions, established a clear compositional division between the three litologies present in the xenoliths zones and defined the Xenoliths Function. The mineralogical variables support the profit potentiality definition for the ore resources associated with these assimilation zones, which were applied in the block model and are also used in the mining fronts.
12

Stableisotope and radioisotope geochemistry of the Panda Hill carbonatite, Tanzania.

Morisset, Natalie, Carleton University. Dissertation. Geology. January 1992 (has links)
Thesis (M. Sc.)--Carleton University, 1993. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.
13

Modélisation de saumures carbonatées et caractérisation hydrogéologique de la mine Niobec, Saint-Honore, Québec : /

Martin, Alexis. January 1993 (has links)
Mémoire (M.Sc.T.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU
14

Distribution of incompatible trace elements in rock-forming and accessory minerals from carbonatites as a tracer of magma evolution

Reguir, Ekaterina 22 August 2011 (has links)
Carbonatites are igneous rocks comprising more than 50 modal percent of carbonate minerals and characterized by highly variable modal compositions. The majority of carbonatites are confined to intra-continental rifts, whereas occurrences associated with plate margins and orogenic settings are less common. Petrogenesis of carbonatites has been a matter of intense debate for several decades. The possible genetic models include crystallisation from a primary carbonatite magma, liquid immiscibility and crystal fractionation from carbonate-rich silicate magma. In contrast to the voluminous bulk-rock trace-element data and major-element analyses of minerals from carbonatites available in the literature, there has been no systematic study concerned with the trace-element signatures of the most common constituents of these rocks. This work is the first comprehensive study of the interrelations between the trace-element chemistry of the most common constituents of carbonatites, the geochemistry of these rocks, and their tectonic setting. The rock samples examined represent 21 different localities worldwide. The extent of major- and trace-element substitutions in amphibole, clinopyroxene, trioctahedral micas, dolomite, magnetite and perovskite is investigated in detail. The silicate minerals from carbonatites exhibit much larger compositional diversity than previously recognized. They can incorporate significant amounts of such petrogenetically important elements as Sr, REE, Zr, Nb and Ta. The majority of studied clino-amphibole- and clinopyroxene-group minerals exhibit previously unrecognized a bimodal distribution patterns of REE, which can be explained in terms of crystal chemistry of these phases. The trace-element signature of phlogopite from carbonatites, particularly Nb, Mn, Ni and Cr, is distinctly different from that of phlogopite from kimberlites, and can be used as a reliable petrogenetic indicator. Compositional variations in dolomite reflect magmatic and subsolidus processes in carbonatites. Magnetite from carbonatites follows a well-defined magmatic and previously unrecognized reaction trend. Contrary to prior studies, this mineral is only a minor host of HFSE in carbonatitic rocks. The U-Pb age data, trace-element and Sr-isotopic composition of perovskite from the Afrikanda carbonatite and clinopyroxenite suggest that the two rocks are not related by crystal fractionation. This study underlines the importance of a systematic approach in petrogenetic studies based on trace-element distribution.
15

Distribution of incompatible trace elements in rock-forming and accessory minerals from carbonatites as a tracer of magma evolution

Reguir, Ekaterina 22 August 2011 (has links)
Carbonatites are igneous rocks comprising more than 50 modal percent of carbonate minerals and characterized by highly variable modal compositions. The majority of carbonatites are confined to intra-continental rifts, whereas occurrences associated with plate margins and orogenic settings are less common. Petrogenesis of carbonatites has been a matter of intense debate for several decades. The possible genetic models include crystallisation from a primary carbonatite magma, liquid immiscibility and crystal fractionation from carbonate-rich silicate magma. In contrast to the voluminous bulk-rock trace-element data and major-element analyses of minerals from carbonatites available in the literature, there has been no systematic study concerned with the trace-element signatures of the most common constituents of these rocks. This work is the first comprehensive study of the interrelations between the trace-element chemistry of the most common constituents of carbonatites, the geochemistry of these rocks, and their tectonic setting. The rock samples examined represent 21 different localities worldwide. The extent of major- and trace-element substitutions in amphibole, clinopyroxene, trioctahedral micas, dolomite, magnetite and perovskite is investigated in detail. The silicate minerals from carbonatites exhibit much larger compositional diversity than previously recognized. They can incorporate significant amounts of such petrogenetically important elements as Sr, REE, Zr, Nb and Ta. The majority of studied clino-amphibole- and clinopyroxene-group minerals exhibit previously unrecognized a bimodal distribution patterns of REE, which can be explained in terms of crystal chemistry of these phases. The trace-element signature of phlogopite from carbonatites, particularly Nb, Mn, Ni and Cr, is distinctly different from that of phlogopite from kimberlites, and can be used as a reliable petrogenetic indicator. Compositional variations in dolomite reflect magmatic and subsolidus processes in carbonatites. Magnetite from carbonatites follows a well-defined magmatic and previously unrecognized reaction trend. Contrary to prior studies, this mineral is only a minor host of HFSE in carbonatitic rocks. The U-Pb age data, trace-element and Sr-isotopic composition of perovskite from the Afrikanda carbonatite and clinopyroxenite suggest that the two rocks are not related by crystal fractionation. This study underlines the importance of a systematic approach in petrogenetic studies based on trace-element distribution.
16

An Innovative In-Tunnel Seismic Study for Sustainably Extracting Apatite Ore at the Siilinjärvi Mine, Eastern Finland / En innovativ seismisk studie for utvinning av apatit- malm ur Siilinjärvigruvan, östra Finland

Donczew, Anna January 2019 (has links)
Siilinjärvi located in eastern Finland is presently the only phosphate mine with significant phosphorus production in western Europe. Phosphate rock and phosphorus are known as a critical raw material for the European Union due to their economic importance and being prone to the supply risks. Securing their sustainable exploration as well as extraction is hence important. At Siilinjärvi, the phosphate rocks appear within a major Archean alkaline and carbonatite system deformed by several shear zones and intruded by dike systems. By understanding their spatial and temporal relationships an improved exploration and extraction of the ore is possible, which in turn will contribute to the sustainable extraction of this critical material. In October 2018 a novel in-tunnel seismic survey was conducted in the Siilinjärvi open-pit mine. The objective of the study was to employ an in-tunnel seismic survey intersecting several major shear zones running on the eastern side of the main pit, with the idea of characterising its geometry and relationship with the mineralization. The use of the existing mine infrastructure (a water-drainage tunnel) makes the acquisition of the data quite novel in open-pit mines. The water-drainage tunnel nearly in the bottom of the pit crosscutting several major shear zones and dikes was used to enable bench-tunnel seismic data acquisition. High-quality data were acquired using 144 receivers inside the tunnel, with the sources located both inside the tunnel (Bobcat-mounted vertical drophammer) and on the surface (combined explosives and Bobcat-drophammer). Results obtained show at least two reflections interpreted to originate from subvertical shear zones intersecting the tunnel illustrating the importance of such surveys for shear-zone imaging and site characterization. Based on a careful study of a number of shot records, delay in arrival times and partial amplitude lose, these reflections are interpreted to be backscattered surface-waves generated from the shear zones. / Siilinjärvi i östra Finland är just nu den enda fosfatgruvan med en betydande fosforproduktion inom den Europeiska Unionen. Fosfater och fosfor är viktigt för EU på grund av deras ekonomiska betydelse och begränsade tillgång. Den fosforbärande bergarten i Siilinjärvi befinner sig i ett stort Arkeiskt alkalisk och karbonatit-komplex som är deformerad av flera skjuvzoner och intruderat gångsystem. En förbättring av sökandet och utvinnandet av denna viktiga malm skulle vara möjligt genom en ökad förståelse för de spatiala och temporala relationerna i komplexet. Syftet med denna studie var att tillämpa en ny seismisk undersökning, baserad på existerande infrastruktur i gruvan, för en bättre geologisk förståelse och därmed en förbättrad exploatering. En innovativ seismisk undersökning av tunnlar gjordes i Siilinjärvis dagbrott oktober 2018. En vattendräneringstunnel nästan i botten av brottet som korsar fem skjuvzoner användes för att mäta seismiskt tunnel-data. Hög kvalitativ data samlades in genom att använda 144 mottagare inuti tunneln med källor lokaliserade både inuti tunneln, i form av en vertikal dropphammare monterad på en Bobcat, och på ytan i form av en kombination av sprängning och Bobcatmoterad dropphammare. Två reflektioner tolkades att ha sitt ursprung från subvertikala skjuvzoner som korsar tunneln vilket visar på vikten av dessa typer av undersökningar för skjuvzons detektion och områdes karaktärisering.
17

Estudo cristaloquímico de minerais do grupo do pirocloro no Brasil / Crystallochemistry study of pyrochlore group minerals from Brazil

Andrade, Marcelo Barbosa de 18 June 2007 (has links)
Os minerais do grupo do pirocloro (A2B2X6Y1) apresentam grande interesse econômico, principalmente como fonte de nióbio e tântalo, metais que possuem importantes aplicações tecnológicas como a fabricação de aço e a confecção de componentes eletrônicos. Apesar de seu interesse científico e econômico, a maioria das ocorrências brasileiras de minerais do grupo do pirocloro está apenas parcialmente caracterizada ou não dispõe de nenhum estudo mineralógico. Adicionalmente, o atual sistema de classificação dos minerais do grupo do pirocloro, apesar de aprovado pela IMA, não segue as regras gerais de nomenclatura de minerais da própria IMA. Na posição A, não há diferenciação na ocupação por Ca e por Na, e se um ou mais cátions diferentes de Na ou Ca compuserem mais de 20 % total de átomos na posição A, então a espécie é nomeada pelo átomo mais abundante em A (exceto Na e Ca). Por outro lado, a espécie fluornatromicrolita foi aprovada com base na predominância de Na na posição A. Com relação à ocupação da posição B, a divisão entre os grupos não é feita com uma classificação tripartite: as espécies com Nb + Ta >2Ti e Nb > Ta são consideradas como do subgrupo do pirocloro; se Nb + Ta > 2Ti e Ta ≥ Nb, o mineral irá pertencer ao subgrupo da microlita; e se 2Ti ≥ Nb + Ta, o mineral irá pertencer ao subgrupo da betafita. Espécies isoestruturais com outros cátions predominantes na posição B não são incluídas no grupo do pirocloro (por exemplo, romeíta com Sb dominante). Os ânions não são levados em consideração na classificação, mas o flúor foi usado na aprovação da espécie fluornatromicrolita. Neste trabalho, são apresentados novos esquemas de nomenclatura para os minerais do grupo do pirocloro, que levam em consideração os íons ocupantes das posições A, B e Y. Os prefixos são sempre escritos por extenso (\'hidroxi\', \'fluor\', \'calcio\', \'natro\' etc), enquanto os sufixos são representados por símbolos químicos (Na, F, H2O etc) ou por [] (vazio). Os nomes raízes relacionam-se aos cátions predominantes na posição B, levando a termos como pirocloro, microlita, betafita e romeíta. São apresentados novos dados químicos por MEV-EDS e WDS (incluindo análises de Si, normalmente negligenciado na maioria dos dados da literatura). Foram analisados minerais de seis ocorrências em pegmatitos e uma em carbonatito. Os resultados obtidos permitem separar as espécies em três \'famílias\'. A primeira delas poderia ser denominada \'microlita\', envolvendo fluornatromicrolita, fluorcalciomicrolita, oxinatromicrolita e oxicalciomicrolita. Esta família foi identificada nas ocorrências da lavra do Morro Redondo, Coronel Murta, MG; lavra do Jonas, Conselheiro Pena, MG; mina Quixabá, Frei Martinho, PB; Pegmatito Volta Grande, Nazareno, MG; lavra do Ipê, Marilac, MG; e Pegmatito Ponte da Raiz, Santa Maria de Itabira, MG. A primeira das espécies, fluornatromicrolita, parece ser bem mais comum do que se imaginava, tendo sido descrita previamente no Brasil apenas em Quixabá, e agora verificada em diversas das ocorrências estudadas nesta tese. Apesar de usados os prefixos natro e cálcio, todas as amostras parecem tender para um termo de fórmula final (NaCa)Ta2O6F, ou seja, com Na=Ca em apfu, que poderia ser denominado, por exemplo, fluormicrolita-NaCa ou CaNa. O oxigênio é, algumas vezes, superior ao flúor (em apfu) na cavidade Y, dando origem a espécie oxi-. A segunda família poderia ser denominada \'hidromicrolita\', tendendo a [ [](H2O)]Ta2O6(H2O). Esta fórmula, entretanto, não é eletricamente neutra, necessitando que na cavidade A, (H2O) seja parcialmente substituído por cátions (Ba, U etc), ao mesmo tempo que parte do O da posição X seja substituído por (OH). Minerais desta família foram verificados no Pegmatito Volta Grande, Nazareno, MG. A terceira família, do \'pirocloro\', verificada apenas no carbonatito da mina Jacupiranga, Cajati, SP, inclui as espécies fluorcalciopirocloro e oxicalciopirocloro. Os novos nomes sugeridos parecem discriminar melhor as espécies, com base em cátions, vazios ou H2O predominantes nas posições A, B eY, permitindo inclusive uni-las em \'famílias\'. Esta nova nomenclatura apresenta também como vantagem não dar ênfase a componentes menores da cavidade A, bem como verificar nela a predominância de Ca ou Na. Adicionalmente, os cátions Ta, Nb e Ti passam a ter a mesma importância na cavidade B. Por outro lado são criados nomes \'exóticos\', como hidrohidromicrolita, ou \'impronunciáveis\', como hidro-[]-microlita. / Pyrochlore group minerals are important sources of niobium and tantalum and these metals are used in important technological applications such as steel manufacturing and eletronic components development. However, the majority of Brazilian occurrences are only partially characterized or there is no mineralogic study available. In addition, the official pyrochlore-group minerals classification system does not follow the IMA mineralogical nomenclature rules although this system is approved by IMA. In the A site, it does not differentiate between occupation by Ca and Na, and if there is one or more cation other than Na or Ca composing more than 20% of total A-atoms, then the species must be named according to the most abundant A-atom, other than Na or Ca. In spite of this, the species fluornatromicrolite was approved based on the predominance of Na in the A-site. Regarding the B-site occupation, the division among the subgroups is not made with a tripartite symmetrical classification: the species with Nb + Ta >2Ti and Nb > Ta are considered as pyrochlore subgroup minerals; if Nb + Ta > 2Ti and Ta ≥ Nb, the mineral will belong to the microlite subgroup; and if 2Ti ≥ Nb + Ta, the mineral will belong to the betafite subgroup. Isostructural species with other predominant cations in the B-site are not included in the pyrochlore-group (for example, romeite, with dominant Sb). The anions are not taken into account in the classification but the predominance of fluorine was used for the approval of the species fluornatromicrolite. In this present work new nomenclature schemes, based on the ions in A, B and Y sites, are presented. Prefixes are, for example, \'hidroxi\', \'fluor\', \'calcio\', \'natro\' etc., while sufixes are represented by chemical symbols (Na, F, H2O etc) or [] (vacancies). The root names (pyrochlore, microlite, betafite, romeite) are related to the dominant-constituent cations in the B position. New chemical data by MEV-EDS and WDS (including Si analysis, hardly ever mentioned in litetarature) were obtained. Six occurrences from pegmatites and one from carbonatite were analysed. The results allow the species to be grouped in three \'families\'. The first could be named as \'microlite\', and includies fluornatromicrolite, fluorcalciomicrolite, oxinatromicrolite and oxicalciomicrolite. This family was identified in Morro Redondo quarry, Coronel Murta, MG; Jonas quarry, Conselheiro Pena, MG; Quixabá mine, Frei Martinho, PB; Volta Grande pegmatite, Nazareno, MG; Ipê quarry, Marilac, MG and Ponte da Raiz pegmatite, Santa Maria de Itabira, MG. Fluornatromicrolite seems to be more common than was previously thought. It was previously described only in Quixabá but now many other occurrences are known. Although \'natro\' and \'calcio\' prefixes were used, all the formulae seem to approach the term (NaCa)Ta2O6F. As Na approximately equals Ca (apfu) it could be used the name fluornatromicrolite-Na-Ca or CaNa could be used. The oxigen content is sometimes greater than F content in the Y position. This generates the oxi- species. The second family could be named \'hidromicrolite\', becoming [ [] (H2O)]Ta2O6(H2O). This formulae is not eletrically neutral so the H2O is replaced by cations (Ba, U etc) in the A cavity while the O is replaced by (OH) in the X position. Minerals from this family were identified in the Volta Grande pegmatite, Nazareno, MG. The third family, \'pyrochlore\', was only verified in the Jacupiranga mine, Cajati, SP, including fluorcalciopyrochlore and oxicalciopyrochlore species. The suggested new names, based on cations, vacancies or H2O dominant constituents of A, B and Y sites, seem to better describe the species, allowing their grouping in families. This new nomenclature has the advantage of not emphasize minor constituents in the A cavity, and verify the dominance of Ca or Na. Furthermore, Ta, Nb and Ti cations have the same balance in B cavity. On the other hand, exotic names were created such as hydrohydromicrolite or unpronounceable as hydro-[]-microlite.
18

Estudo cristaloquímico de minerais do grupo do pirocloro no Brasil / Crystallochemistry study of pyrochlore group minerals from Brazil

Marcelo Barbosa de Andrade 18 June 2007 (has links)
Os minerais do grupo do pirocloro (A2B2X6Y1) apresentam grande interesse econômico, principalmente como fonte de nióbio e tântalo, metais que possuem importantes aplicações tecnológicas como a fabricação de aço e a confecção de componentes eletrônicos. Apesar de seu interesse científico e econômico, a maioria das ocorrências brasileiras de minerais do grupo do pirocloro está apenas parcialmente caracterizada ou não dispõe de nenhum estudo mineralógico. Adicionalmente, o atual sistema de classificação dos minerais do grupo do pirocloro, apesar de aprovado pela IMA, não segue as regras gerais de nomenclatura de minerais da própria IMA. Na posição A, não há diferenciação na ocupação por Ca e por Na, e se um ou mais cátions diferentes de Na ou Ca compuserem mais de 20 % total de átomos na posição A, então a espécie é nomeada pelo átomo mais abundante em A (exceto Na e Ca). Por outro lado, a espécie fluornatromicrolita foi aprovada com base na predominância de Na na posição A. Com relação à ocupação da posição B, a divisão entre os grupos não é feita com uma classificação tripartite: as espécies com Nb + Ta >2Ti e Nb > Ta são consideradas como do subgrupo do pirocloro; se Nb + Ta > 2Ti e Ta ≥ Nb, o mineral irá pertencer ao subgrupo da microlita; e se 2Ti ≥ Nb + Ta, o mineral irá pertencer ao subgrupo da betafita. Espécies isoestruturais com outros cátions predominantes na posição B não são incluídas no grupo do pirocloro (por exemplo, romeíta com Sb dominante). Os ânions não são levados em consideração na classificação, mas o flúor foi usado na aprovação da espécie fluornatromicrolita. Neste trabalho, são apresentados novos esquemas de nomenclatura para os minerais do grupo do pirocloro, que levam em consideração os íons ocupantes das posições A, B e Y. Os prefixos são sempre escritos por extenso (\'hidroxi\', \'fluor\', \'calcio\', \'natro\' etc), enquanto os sufixos são representados por símbolos químicos (Na, F, H2O etc) ou por [] (vazio). Os nomes raízes relacionam-se aos cátions predominantes na posição B, levando a termos como pirocloro, microlita, betafita e romeíta. São apresentados novos dados químicos por MEV-EDS e WDS (incluindo análises de Si, normalmente negligenciado na maioria dos dados da literatura). Foram analisados minerais de seis ocorrências em pegmatitos e uma em carbonatito. Os resultados obtidos permitem separar as espécies em três \'famílias\'. A primeira delas poderia ser denominada \'microlita\', envolvendo fluornatromicrolita, fluorcalciomicrolita, oxinatromicrolita e oxicalciomicrolita. Esta família foi identificada nas ocorrências da lavra do Morro Redondo, Coronel Murta, MG; lavra do Jonas, Conselheiro Pena, MG; mina Quixabá, Frei Martinho, PB; Pegmatito Volta Grande, Nazareno, MG; lavra do Ipê, Marilac, MG; e Pegmatito Ponte da Raiz, Santa Maria de Itabira, MG. A primeira das espécies, fluornatromicrolita, parece ser bem mais comum do que se imaginava, tendo sido descrita previamente no Brasil apenas em Quixabá, e agora verificada em diversas das ocorrências estudadas nesta tese. Apesar de usados os prefixos natro e cálcio, todas as amostras parecem tender para um termo de fórmula final (NaCa)Ta2O6F, ou seja, com Na=Ca em apfu, que poderia ser denominado, por exemplo, fluormicrolita-NaCa ou CaNa. O oxigênio é, algumas vezes, superior ao flúor (em apfu) na cavidade Y, dando origem a espécie oxi-. A segunda família poderia ser denominada \'hidromicrolita\', tendendo a [ [](H2O)]Ta2O6(H2O). Esta fórmula, entretanto, não é eletricamente neutra, necessitando que na cavidade A, (H2O) seja parcialmente substituído por cátions (Ba, U etc), ao mesmo tempo que parte do O da posição X seja substituído por (OH). Minerais desta família foram verificados no Pegmatito Volta Grande, Nazareno, MG. A terceira família, do \'pirocloro\', verificada apenas no carbonatito da mina Jacupiranga, Cajati, SP, inclui as espécies fluorcalciopirocloro e oxicalciopirocloro. Os novos nomes sugeridos parecem discriminar melhor as espécies, com base em cátions, vazios ou H2O predominantes nas posições A, B eY, permitindo inclusive uni-las em \'famílias\'. Esta nova nomenclatura apresenta também como vantagem não dar ênfase a componentes menores da cavidade A, bem como verificar nela a predominância de Ca ou Na. Adicionalmente, os cátions Ta, Nb e Ti passam a ter a mesma importância na cavidade B. Por outro lado são criados nomes \'exóticos\', como hidrohidromicrolita, ou \'impronunciáveis\', como hidro-[]-microlita. / Pyrochlore group minerals are important sources of niobium and tantalum and these metals are used in important technological applications such as steel manufacturing and eletronic components development. However, the majority of Brazilian occurrences are only partially characterized or there is no mineralogic study available. In addition, the official pyrochlore-group minerals classification system does not follow the IMA mineralogical nomenclature rules although this system is approved by IMA. In the A site, it does not differentiate between occupation by Ca and Na, and if there is one or more cation other than Na or Ca composing more than 20% of total A-atoms, then the species must be named according to the most abundant A-atom, other than Na or Ca. In spite of this, the species fluornatromicrolite was approved based on the predominance of Na in the A-site. Regarding the B-site occupation, the division among the subgroups is not made with a tripartite symmetrical classification: the species with Nb + Ta >2Ti and Nb > Ta are considered as pyrochlore subgroup minerals; if Nb + Ta > 2Ti and Ta ≥ Nb, the mineral will belong to the microlite subgroup; and if 2Ti ≥ Nb + Ta, the mineral will belong to the betafite subgroup. Isostructural species with other predominant cations in the B-site are not included in the pyrochlore-group (for example, romeite, with dominant Sb). The anions are not taken into account in the classification but the predominance of fluorine was used for the approval of the species fluornatromicrolite. In this present work new nomenclature schemes, based on the ions in A, B and Y sites, are presented. Prefixes are, for example, \'hidroxi\', \'fluor\', \'calcio\', \'natro\' etc., while sufixes are represented by chemical symbols (Na, F, H2O etc) or [] (vacancies). The root names (pyrochlore, microlite, betafite, romeite) are related to the dominant-constituent cations in the B position. New chemical data by MEV-EDS and WDS (including Si analysis, hardly ever mentioned in litetarature) were obtained. Six occurrences from pegmatites and one from carbonatite were analysed. The results allow the species to be grouped in three \'families\'. The first could be named as \'microlite\', and includies fluornatromicrolite, fluorcalciomicrolite, oxinatromicrolite and oxicalciomicrolite. This family was identified in Morro Redondo quarry, Coronel Murta, MG; Jonas quarry, Conselheiro Pena, MG; Quixabá mine, Frei Martinho, PB; Volta Grande pegmatite, Nazareno, MG; Ipê quarry, Marilac, MG and Ponte da Raiz pegmatite, Santa Maria de Itabira, MG. Fluornatromicrolite seems to be more common than was previously thought. It was previously described only in Quixabá but now many other occurrences are known. Although \'natro\' and \'calcio\' prefixes were used, all the formulae seem to approach the term (NaCa)Ta2O6F. As Na approximately equals Ca (apfu) it could be used the name fluornatromicrolite-Na-Ca or CaNa could be used. The oxigen content is sometimes greater than F content in the Y position. This generates the oxi- species. The second family could be named \'hidromicrolite\', becoming [ [] (H2O)]Ta2O6(H2O). This formulae is not eletrically neutral so the H2O is replaced by cations (Ba, U etc) in the A cavity while the O is replaced by (OH) in the X position. Minerals from this family were identified in the Volta Grande pegmatite, Nazareno, MG. The third family, \'pyrochlore\', was only verified in the Jacupiranga mine, Cajati, SP, including fluorcalciopyrochlore and oxicalciopyrochlore species. The suggested new names, based on cations, vacancies or H2O dominant constituents of A, B and Y sites, seem to better describe the species, allowing their grouping in families. This new nomenclature has the advantage of not emphasize minor constituents in the A cavity, and verify the dominance of Ca or Na. Furthermore, Ta, Nb and Ti cations have the same balance in B cavity. On the other hand, exotic names were created such as hydrohydromicrolite or unpronounceable as hydro-[]-microlite.
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Magnetic Mineralogy of Nb-bearing Carbonatites from Oldoinyo Dili (Tanzania) / Magnetisk mineralogi av Nb-innehållande karbonatiter från Oldoinyo Dili (Tanzania)

Frejd, Julia January 2021 (has links)
Niobium (Nb) and Rare Earth Elements (REE’s) have in recent years received considerable attention because of their importance to the modern technical industry, and more specifically the enhanced sustainability that comes with them. The main source for Nb and REE’s on Earth are carbonatites and associated alkaline silicate rocks. This report examines the magnetic properties of rocks from the Oldoinyo Dili carbonatite complex in northern Tanzania. Previous workers have suggested a link between the Fe-bearing mineralogy and the formation of Nb-mineralizations at Oldoinyo Dili. This hypothesis is further examined in this report by combining detailed petrographic observations and withnew measurements of magnetic susceptibility. The aim is to see if any correlation exists between occurrence of Nb-mineralizations and the types of Fe-minerals present at Oldoinyo Dili. Based on the magnetic susceptibility measurements, at least two different species of Fe-minerals arefound in the examined samples. These are characterized by different magnetic trends during heating/cooling and also by their separate Curie temperatures (Tc). In combination with the petrographic observations these minerals are interpreted to be magnetite (Fe2O4) with Tc ~580°C, and a mineral that most likely represents a solid solution between ilmenite (FeTiO3) and hematite (Fe2O3) with Tc ~300°C. Here, no clear link between the type of opaque mineral(s) present and the total Nb content of the carbonatites can be conclusively determined based on the petrography and the magnetic measurements alone. Although the results of this report provide an important first step towards understanding the relationship between Nb-mineralizations and the magnetic mineralogy at Oldoinyo Dili, more detailed analyses of the mineral chemistry is a necessity to fully understand their complex relations and the specific conditions under which they formed. / Niob (Nb) och sällsynta jordartsmetaller (REE’s) har på senare år fått stor uppmärksamhet för sin betydelse för den moderna tekniska industrin, och specifikt för den förhöjda hållbarhet som de bidrar med. Den huvudsakliga källan till Nb och REE’s på jorden är karbonatiter och associerade alkalisilikater. Denna rapport undersöker de magnetiska egenskaperna för karbonatit-komplexet Oldoinyo Dili i norra Tanzania. Forskare har tidigare anat att det finns en koppling mellan Fe-bärande mineralogi och bildandet av Nb-mineraliseringar vid Oldoinyo Dili. Denna hypotes undersöks vidare i denna rapport genom att kombinera detaljerade petrografiska observationer med nya mätningar av magnetisk susceptibilitet. Syftet är att undersöka om det finns någon korrelation mellan förekomst av Nb-mineraliseringar och de typer av järnmineral som finns vid Oldoinyo Dili. Baserat på de genomförda magnetiska susceptibilitets-mätningarna så finns det åtminstone två olika sorters järnmineral i de undersökta proverna. De karaktäriseras av olika magnetiska trender vid upphettning/nedkylning och även av sina olika Curietemperaturer (Tc). Kombinerat med petrografiska observationer uttolkas att dessa mineral är magnetit (Fe2O4) med Tc ~580°C, samt en mineral som troligen är en solid solution av ilmenit (FeTiO3) och hematit (Fe2O3) med Tc ~300°C. Det går inte att senågon tydlig koppling mellan förekommande opaka mineral och det totala Nb-innehållet i karbonatiterna med säkerhet enbart utifrån petrografin och de genomförda magnetiska mätningarna. Resultaten av denna rapport utgör ett bra första steg mot att förstå relationen mellan Nb-mineraliseringar och den magnetiska mineralogin för Oldoinyo Dili, men mer detaljerade analyser av mineralkemin är nödvändigt för att till fullo förstå de komplexa förhållanden som råder vid bildning av dessa.
20

Relations cumulat-liquide dans les massifs alcalins et carbonatitiques: les cas des massifs de Vuoriyarvi (Péninsule de Kola, Russie) et de Tajno (N.E. Pologne)

Brassinnes, Stéphane 06 June 2006 (has links)
Les carbonatites sont des roches magmatiques essentiellement composées de carbonates (calcite et/ou dolomite) d'origine magmatique. Leur statut pétrographique en tant que liquide magmatique ou cumulat reste à l'heure actuelle fort contreversé. Cette thèse de doctorat à pour objectif une étude pétrographique fine de ces roches couplée à des microanalyses in-situ des éléments en trace des principaux minéraux (carbonate, apatite). / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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