The goal of this study was to investigate feedlot performance and meat quality of calves born to cows that underwent a nutrient restriction during the second trimester of gestation which may be occurring in the Intermountain West. Thirty-four angus influenced calves from the same sire were used for this study. The calves were born from cows that were separated into either a maintenance group, and kept on an irrigated pasture, or a restricted group, that was placed on an unirrigated pasture and allowed to lose one body condition score during the second trimester of pregnancy. This study begins with the calves on day 85 of the finishing portion of the feedlot phase. During the finishing feedlot phase, calves were individually housed, fed ad libitum, and feedlot performance measurements were taken every 28 days. Carcasses from the calves were evaluated for yield and quality. A loin from each carcass was collected, aged, frozen, and cut into individually packaged steaks that were used to assess meat quality. There was no difference in feedlot performance and carcass measurements for either maintenance and restricted calves. Meat quality measurements revealed no difference in color, instrumental tenderness values, or composition of steaks from either group. A trained sensory panel found that ten characteristics of flavor were similar for both treatments. There was however, a trend for steaks from nutrient restricted cattle to have more of a bloody/serumy flavor. The trained sensory panel also found that there was a difference in tenderness of steaks from nutrient restricted animals being perceived as more tender than animals from maintenance cows. The results of this study demonstrate that nutrient restriction during mid-gestation does not have negative effects on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, or meat quality measurements. These results also indicate that steaks from calves born to nutrient restricted cows may be perceived as more tender.

ALBUQUERQUE, Ítalo Araújo. Características in vivo e de carcaça de ovinos e caprinos comercializados para abate no estado do Ceará. 2013. 82 f. Tese (doutorado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-04-08T18:01:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_iaalbuquerque.pdf: 2180292 bytes, checksum: c4f5cc85c6c8928cda9fe3b927335d8d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-25T21:06:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_iaalbuquerque.pdf: 2180292 bytes, checksum: c4f5cc85c6c8928cda9fe3b927335d8d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T21:06:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_iaalbuquerque.pdf: 2180292 bytes, checksum: c4f5cc85c6c8928cda9fe3b927335d8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / It was evaluated the in vivo and carcass traits of sheep and goats sold for slaughter in the state of Ceará. A total of 48 animals, 24 sheep and 24 goats, male, non-castrated, were used. Initially, in a randomized experimental design, with 2x3 factorial with six replications, where two species and three origins, carcass and commercial cuts zoometrics characteristics were evaluated and compared. The animals, undefined breed (SRD), average age of 12 months, were purchased at open markets in the capital of the state, they were raised under extensive production system, coming from regions of higher effective and use of these species: Sertão Central, Região Norte and the Sertão dos Inhamuns, represented by the municipalities of Quixadá, Sobral and Tauá, respectively. Subsequently, in a randomized experimental design, with a 2x2 factorial with six replications, with two species and two production systems, the in vivo, carcass and commercial cuts characteristics of animals SRD, arising from a conventional extensive production system and animals raised in intensive production systems semi-intensive were evaluated and compared. These animals, Santa Inês crossbred sheep and Boer crossbred goats, weaned at 60 days of age with creep-feeding, raised on native pasture thinned with concentrate supplementation and an average age of six months, were purchased from a commercial breeding facility of sheep and goats in the city of Caridade - Ceará. After fasting of 24 h for solid diet and 16 h of liquid diet, all animals were weighed to obtain the live weight at slaughter (PVA), which was measured, also, the body condition of the animal and biometric measurements: body length (CC), height of the anterior (AA), height of the posterior (AP), chest width (LP1), rump width (LG1), chest perimeter (PT1) and compactness index body (ICC1 kg/cm). After the procedures for slaughter, the carcasses were weighed to obtain the hot carcass weight (PCQ) and, once cooled, re-weighed to obtain the cold carcass weight (CCW), and calculated the percentage loss by cooling (PPR). Then, it was determined the hot carcass yield (RCQ) and cold carcass yield (RCF). The carcasses were hung next to each other, and subjective evaluations for conformation and finishing were performed. Subsequently, the following measurements were performed on the carcasses: carcass external length (CEC), hindquarters width (LG2), hindquarters perimeter (PG), thorax width (LT), chest width (LP2), chest perimeter (PP), carcass internal length (CIC), leg length (CP), chest depth (PT2), and the determination of carcass compactness index (ICC2 - kg/cm) and leg (ICP1 - cm). After the neck removal, half carcass was divided into five anatomical parts denominated commercial cuts - leg, shoulder, ribeye, rib and sawcut. The pieces were weighed, and their respective yields were obtained based on the weight of the cold carcass recovered (PRC), and the compactness index of the leg (ICP2-kg/cm). It was obtained the maximum width (A) and maximum depth (B) of Longissimus lumborum, determining the ribeye area - AOL. The subcutaneous fat thickness (EGS) was also measured. Pearson correlations were performed between the in vivo measurements and the carcass and commercial cuts measurements of the animals. Comparing the origins and species reared in extensive system and commercialized for slaughter in open fairs in the capital, in relation to in vivo measurements, body weight (PVA) averaged was 23.83 ± 3.76 kg for goats and 25.22 ± 5.25 kg for sheep, with body condition score (EC) proximate to 2 and a mean age of 12 months, with no differences between species (P>0.05). For the housing of these animals, the hot (PCQ) and cold (PCF) carcass weight ranged between 9 and 10 kg, with no difference between species and origins (P>0.05) for carcass weights, yields and cooling loss. The conformations of the carcasses were evaluated as little fat cover to those very thin, and by the heterogeneity of values of goat carcasses, there was such superiority in relation to these aspects in relation to the sheep carcasses (P<0.05), and the sheep presented higher values (P<0.05) in ribeye area (AOL), subcutaneous fat thickness (EGS) and greater leg weight and proportion compared to the goats. Concluding, undefined breed goats and sheep, bred under extensive system in the state of Ceará and sold in open markets in the capital, regardless of origin region, reach slaughter weight with advanced age and lean body condition, resulting in inferior quality carcasses, poor muscle proportion and little fat covering. Regarding comparisons between species and production systems, it was observed superiority in almost all variables, for animals kept in semi-intensive production system compared to animals raised under extensive conventional system, more practiced in the state, and, still, presenting oldest animals. Thus, to obtain early goats and sheep, with better carcass and retail cuts weight and quality in the state of Ceará, providing, this way, a quality product to strengthen the sector production of goats and sheep, it is recommended to intensify the extensive system of production, using kids and lambs for slaughter, with improved genetics, health and nutrition of livestock. / Avaliou-se as características in vivo e de carcaça de ovinos e caprinos comercializados para abate no estado do Ceará. Foram utilizados 48 animais machos não castrados, sendo 24 ovinos e 24 caprinos. Inicialmente foram avaliadas e comparadas, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualidado, com fatorial 2x3 com 6 repetições, sendo duas espécies e três procedências, as características zoométricas, de carcaça e dos cortes comerciais de animais adquiridos em feiras livres na capital do estado criados em sistema extensivo de produção, advindos das regiões de maiores efetivos e consumo destas espécies: Sertão Central, Região Norte e Sertões dos Inhamuns, representados pelos municípios de Quixadá, Sobral e Tauá, respectivamente, sem raça definida (SRD), com idade média de 12 meses. Posteriormente foram avaliadas e comparadas, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualidado, com fatorial 2x2 com 6 repetições, sendo duas espécies e dois sistemas de produção, as características in vivo, de carcaça e dos cortes comerciais de animais SRD, advindos de um sistema de produção convencional extensivo, com animais criados em um sistema de produção tecnificado semi-intensivo. Estes animais foram adquiridos de um criatório comercial de ovinos e caprinos localizado na cidade de Caridade, sendo os ovinos mestiços Santa Inês e os caprinos mestiços Boer, desmamados aos 60 dias de idade com creep-feeding, criados em pastagem nativa raleada, com suplementação concentrada e idade média de seis meses. Após o jejum prévio de 24 h de dieta sólida e 16 h de dieta líquida, todos os animais foram pesados para obtenção do peso vivo de abate (PVA), sendo aferida, também, a condição corporal do animal e as medidas biométricas: comprimento corporal (CC), altura do anterior (AA), altura do posterior (AP), largura do peito (LP1), largura da garupa (LG1), perímetro torácico (PT1) e o índice de compacidade corporal (ICC1- kg/cm). Após os procedimentos de abate as carcaças foram pesadas para a obtenção do peso da carcaça quente (PCQ) e, depois de resfriadas, novamente pesadas para obtenção do peso da carcaça fria (PCF), sendo calculada a porcentagem de perda por resfriamento (PPR). Em seguida foram determinados os rendimentos de carcaça quente (RCQ) e de carcaça fria (RCF). As carcaças foram penduradas uma ao lado da outra sendo realizadas as avaliações subjetivas de conformação e acabamento. Posteriormente, foram realizadas as seguintes mensurações nas carcaças: comprimento externo da carcaça (CEC), largura da garupa (LG2), perímetro da garupa (PG), largura do tórax (LT), largura do peito (LP2), perímetro do peito (PP), comprimento interno da carcaça (CIC), comprimento da perna (CP), profundidade do tórax (PT2), além da determinação dos índices de compacidade da carcaça (ICC2 - kg/cm) e da perna (ICP1 - cm). Após a retirada do pescoço, a meia carcaça foi dividida em cinco regiões anatômicas denominadas cortes comerciais, sendo eles perna, paleta, lombo, costilhar e serrote. Os cortes foram pesados, sendo obtidos seus respectivos rendimentos baseando-se no peso da carcaça fria recuperada (PRC), além do índice de compacidade da perna (ICP2 - kg/cm). Foram obtidas a largura máxima (A) e a profundidade máxima (B) do músculo Longissimus lumborum, determinando-se a área de olho de lombo AOL. A espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) também foi mensurada. Foram realizadas correlações de Pearson entre as mensurações in vivo e as mensurações da carcaça e dos cortes comerciais dos animais estudados. Na comparação entre as procedências e as espécies criadas em sistema extensivo e comercializadas para abate em feiras livres da capital, em relação às mensurações in vivo, o peso corporal (PVA) médio foi de 23,83 ± 3,76 kg para os caprinos e 25,22 ± 5,25 kg para os ovinos, com escore corporal (EC) próximo a 2 e idade média de 12 meses, sem diferenças entre as espécies (P>0,05). Na carcaça destes animais, os pesos de carcaça quente (PCQ) e fria (PCF) variaram entre 9 e 10 kg, sem diferença entre as espécies e procedências (P>0,05) para pesos, rendimentos de carcaça e perda por resfriamento. As conformações das carcaças foram avaliadas como ruins com cobertura de gordura avaliada como muito magra, havendo, pela heterogeneidade dos valores das carcaças caprinas, superioridade destas em relação às ovinas nestes aspectos (P<0,05), sendo que os ovinos apresentaram maiores valores (P<0,05) de área de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) e maior peso e proporção de perna que os caprinos. Concluindo-se que caprinos e ovinos sem raça definida, criados em sistema extensivo no estado do Ceará e comercializados nas feiras livres na capital, independente da região de origem, alcançam o peso de abate com idade avançada e condição corporal magra, resultando em carcaças de qualidade inferior, pouco musculosas e mal acabadas. Em relação às comparações entre as espécies e os sistemas de produção observou-se a superioridade, em praticamente todas as variáveis avaliadas, dos animais criados em sistema tecnificado semi-intensivo em relação aos animais criados no sistema convencional extensivo mais praticado no estado, sendo, ainda, que estes tinham ao abate o dobro da idade que àqueles. Deste modo, para a obtenção de caprinos e ovinos precoces, com melhor peso e qualidade da carcaça e dos cortes comerciais no estado de Ceará, e desta forma fornecer um produto de qualidade fortalecendo o setor da caprinovinocultura, recomenda-se intensificar o sistema extensivo de criação, utilizando-se de terminação de cabritos e cordeiros para abate, com melhoria genética, sanitária e nutricional dos rebanhos.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Avaliou-se as caracterÃsticas in vivo e de carcaÃa de ovinos e caprinos comercializados para abate no estado do CearÃ. Foram utilizados 48 animais machos nÃo castrados, sendo 24 ovinos e 24 caprinos. Inicialmente foram avaliadas e comparadas, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualidado, com fatorial 2x3 com 6 repetiÃÃes, sendo duas espÃcies e trÃs procedÃncias, as caracterÃsticas zoomÃtricas, de carcaÃa e dos cortes comerciais de animais adquiridos em feiras livres na capital do estado criados em sistema extensivo de produÃÃo, advindos das regiÃes de maiores efetivos e consumo destas espÃcies: SertÃo Central, RegiÃo Norte e SertÃes dos Inhamuns, representados pelos municÃpios de QuixadÃ, Sobral e TauÃ, respectivamente, sem raÃa definida (SRD), com idade mÃdia de 12 meses. Posteriormente foram avaliadas e comparadas, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualidado, com fatorial 2x2 com 6 repetiÃÃes, sendo duas espÃcies e dois sistemas de produÃÃo, as caracterÃsticas in vivo, de carcaÃa e dos cortes comerciais de animais SRD, advindos de um sistema de produÃÃo convencional extensivo, com animais criados em um sistema de produÃÃo tecnificado semi-intensivo. Estes animais foram adquiridos de um criatÃrio comercial de ovinos e caprinos localizado na cidade de Caridade, sendo os ovinos mestiÃos Santa InÃs e os caprinos mestiÃos Boer, desmamados aos 60 dias de idade com creep-feeding, criados em pastagem nativa raleada, com suplementaÃÃo concentrada e idade mÃdia de seis meses. ApÃs o jejum prÃvio de 24 h de dieta sÃlida e 16 h de dieta lÃquida, todos os animais foram pesados para obtenÃÃo do peso vivo de abate (PVA), sendo aferida, tambÃm, a condiÃÃo corporal do animal e as medidas biomÃtricas: comprimento corporal (CC), altura do anterior (AA), altura do posterior (AP), largura do peito (LP1), largura da garupa (LG1), perÃmetro torÃcico (PT1) e o Ãndice de compacidade corporal (ICC1- kg/cm). ApÃs os procedimentos de abate as carcaÃas foram pesadas para a obtenÃÃo do peso da carcaÃa quente (PCQ) e, depois de resfriadas, novamente pesadas para obtenÃÃo do peso da carcaÃa fria (PCF), sendo calculada a porcentagem de perda por resfriamento (PPR). Em seguida foram determinados os rendimentos de carcaÃa quente (RCQ) e de carcaÃa fria (RCF). As carcaÃas foram penduradas uma ao lado da outra sendo realizadas as avaliaÃÃes subjetivas de conformaÃÃo e acabamento. Posteriormente, foram realizadas as seguintes mensuraÃÃes nas carcaÃas: comprimento externo da carcaÃa (CEC), largura da garupa (LG2), perÃmetro da garupa (PG), largura do tÃrax (LT), largura do peito (LP2), perÃmetro do peito (PP), comprimento interno da carcaÃa (CIC), comprimento da perna (CP), profundidade do tÃrax (PT2), alÃm da determinaÃÃo dos Ãndices de compacidade da carcaÃa (ICC2 - kg/cm) e da perna (ICP1 - cm). ApÃs a retirada do pescoÃo, a meia carcaÃa foi dividida em cinco regiÃes anatÃmicas denominadas cortes comerciais, sendo eles perna, paleta, lombo, costilhar e serrote. Os cortes foram pesados, sendo obtidos seus respectivos rendimentos baseando-se no peso da carcaÃa fria recuperada (PRC), alÃm do Ãndice de compacidade da perna (ICP2 - kg/cm). Foram obtidas a largura mÃxima (A) e a profundidade mÃxima (B) do mÃsculo Longissimus lumborum, determinando-se a Ãrea de olho de lombo AOL. A espessura de gordura subcutÃnea (EGS) tambÃm foi mensurada. Foram realizadas correlaÃÃes de Pearson entre as mensuraÃÃes in vivo e as mensuraÃÃes da carcaÃa e dos cortes comerciais dos animais estudados. Na comparaÃÃo entre as procedÃncias e as espÃcies criadas em sistema extensivo e comercializadas para abate em feiras livres da capital, em relaÃÃo Ãs mensuraÃÃes in vivo, o peso corporal (PVA) mÃdio foi de 23,83  3,76 kg para os caprinos e 25,22  5,25 kg para os ovinos, com escore corporal (EC) prÃximo a 2 e idade mÃdia de 12 meses, sem diferenÃas entre as espÃcies (P>0,05). Na carcaÃa destes animais, os pesos de carcaÃa quente (PCQ) e fria (PCF) variaram entre 9 e 10 kg, sem diferenÃa entre as espÃcies e procedÃncias (P>0,05) para pesos, rendimentos de carcaÃa e perda por resfriamento. As conformaÃÃes das carcaÃas foram avaliadas como ruins com cobertura de gordura avaliada como muito magra, havendo, pela heterogeneidade dos valores das carcaÃas caprinas, superioridade destas em relaÃÃo Ãs ovinas nestes aspectos (P<0,05), sendo que os ovinos apresentaram maiores valores (P<0,05) de Ãrea de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutÃnea (EGS) e maior peso e proporÃÃo de perna que os caprinos. Concluindo-se que caprinos e ovinos sem raÃa definida, criados em sistema extensivo no estado do Cearà e comercializados nas feiras livres na capital, independente da regiÃo de origem, alcanÃam o peso de abate com idade avanÃada e condiÃÃo corporal magra, resultando em carcaÃas de qualidade inferior, pouco musculosas e mal acabadas. Em relaÃÃo Ãs comparaÃÃes entre as espÃcies e os sistemas de produÃÃo observou-se a superioridade, em praticamente todas as variÃveis avaliadas, dos animais criados em sistema tecnificado semi-intensivo em relaÃÃo aos animais criados no sistema convencional extensivo mais praticado no estado, sendo, ainda, que estes tinham ao abate o dobro da idade que Ãqueles. Deste modo, para a obtenÃÃo de caprinos e ovinos precoces, com melhor peso e qualidade da carcaÃa e dos cortes comerciais no estado de CearÃ, e desta forma fornecer um produto de qualidade fortalecendo o setor da caprinovinocultura, recomenda-se intensificar o sistema extensivo de criaÃÃo, utilizando-se de terminaÃÃo de cabritos e cordeiros para abate, com melhoria genÃtica, sanitÃria e nutricional dos rebanhos. / It was evaluated the in vivo and carcass traits of sheep and goats sold for slaughter in the state of CearÃ. A total of 48 animals, 24 sheep and 24 goats, male, non-castrated, were used. Initially, in a randomized experimental design, with 2x3 factorial with six replications, where two species and three origins, carcass and commercial cuts zoometrics characteristics were evaluated and compared. The animals, undefined breed (SRD), average age of 12 months, were purchased at open markets in the capital of the state, they were raised under extensive production system, coming from regions of higher effective and use of these species: SertÃo Central, RegiÃo Norte and the SertÃo dos Inhamuns, represented by the municipalities of QuixadÃ, Sobral and TauÃ, respectively. Subsequently, in a randomized experimental design, with a 2x2 factorial with six replications, with two species and two production systems, the in vivo, carcass and commercial cuts characteristics of animals SRD, arising from a conventional extensive production system and animals raised in intensive production systems semi-intensive were evaluated and compared. These animals, Santa InÃs crossbred sheep and Boer crossbred goats, weaned at 60 days of age with creep-feeding, raised on native pasture thinned with concentrate supplementation and an average age of six months, were purchased from a commercial breeding facility of sheep and goats in the city of Caridade - CearÃ. After fasting of 24 h for solid diet and 16 h of liquid diet, all animals were weighed to obtain the live weight at slaughter (PVA), which was measured, also, the body condition of the animal and biometric measurements: body length (CC), height of the anterior (AA), height of the posterior (AP), chest width (LP1), rump width (LG1), chest perimeter (PT1) and compactness index body (ICC1 kg/cm). After the procedures for slaughter, the carcasses were weighed to obtain the hot carcass weight (PCQ) and, once cooled, re-weighed to obtain the cold carcass weight (CCW), and calculated the percentage loss by cooling (PPR). Then, it was determined the hot carcass yield (RCQ) and cold carcass yield (RCF). The carcasses were hung next to each other, and subjective evaluations for conformation and finishing were performed. Subsequently, the following measurements were performed on the carcasses: carcass external length (CEC), hindquarters width (LG2), hindquarters perimeter (PG), thorax width (LT), chest width (LP2), chest perimeter (PP), carcass internal length (CIC), leg length (CP), chest depth (PT2), and the determination of carcass compactness index (ICC2 - kg/cm) and leg (ICP1 - cm). After the neck removal, half carcass was divided into five anatomical parts denominated commercial cuts - leg, shoulder, ribeye, rib and sawcut. The pieces were weighed, and their respective yields were obtained based on the weight of the cold carcass recovered (PRC), and the compactness index of the leg (ICP2-kg/cm). It was obtained the maximum width (A) and maximum depth (B) of Longissimus lumborum, determining the ribeye area - AOL. The subcutaneous fat thickness (EGS) was also measured. Pearson correlations were performed between the in vivo measurements and the carcass and commercial cuts measurements of the animals. Comparing the origins and species reared in extensive system and commercialized for slaughter in open fairs in the capital, in relation to in vivo measurements, body weight (PVA) averaged was 23.83  3.76 kg for goats and 25.22  5.25 kg for sheep, with body condition score (EC) proximate to 2 and a mean age of 12 months, with no differences between species (P>0.05). For the housing of these animals, the hot (PCQ) and cold (PCF) carcass weight ranged between 9 and 10 kg, with no difference between species and origins (P>0.05) for carcass weights, yields and cooling loss. The conformations of the carcasses were evaluated as little fat cover to those very thin, and by the heterogeneity of values of goat carcasses, there was such superiority in relation to these aspects in relation to the sheep carcasses (P<0.05), and the sheep presented higher values (P<0.05) in ribeye area (AOL), subcutaneous fat thickness (EGS) and greater leg weight and proportion compared to the goats. Concluding, undefined breed goats and sheep, bred under extensive system in the state of Cearà and sold in open markets in the capital, regardless of origin region, reach slaughter weight with advanced age and lean body condition, resulting in inferior quality carcasses, poor muscle proportion and little fat covering. Regarding comparisons between species and production systems, it was observed superiority in almost all variables, for animals kept in semi-intensive production system compared to animals raised under extensive conventional system, more practiced in the state, and, still, presenting oldest animals. Thus, to obtain early goats and sheep, with better carcass and retail cuts weight and quality in the state of CearÃ, providing, this way, a quality product to strengthen the sector production of goats and sheep, it is recommended to intensify the extensive system of production, using kids and lambs for slaughter, with improved genetics, health and nutrition of livestock.