Le système nerveux autonome (SNA) contribue de façon importante aux régulations des fonctions cardiovasculaires. Pendant des décennies, les chercheurs ont essayé de comprendre comment la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (VFC) et le gain du baroréflexe cardiaque pouvaient être utilisés comme marqueurs significatifs du contrôle neurovégétatif cardiaque, et parfois de son altération. L'objectif général de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre le rôle du SNA dans la modulation et les adaptations des fonctions cardiaques et vasculaires. Le projet comprenait quatre études.Dans la première étude, nous avons analysé les effets de l'accélération gravitationnelle graduées sur la régulation neurovégétative de la fréquence cardiaque et de la vasomotricité artériolaire. Dans ces expositions expérimentales des variables cardiovasculaires et respiratoires ont été modifiées de façon spécifique. Nos résultats ne sont pas compatibles avec la mise en jeu d’une régulation sympathique au niveau cardiaque en situation d’hypergravité brève. Nous avons supposé que seule la branche sympathique du SNA était active durant une exposition à une accélération de gravité élevée. La réponse adaptative de la vasomotricité artérielle vasculaire est observée en condition de grande décharge des barorécepteurs. Notre deuxième travail eu pour objet l'effet de la dénervation pulmonaire sur la VFC, et a donc été conduit chez des patients ayant subi une greffe pulmonaire complète. Le greffon n'étant plus relié au SNA, il s'agit d'un excellent modèle expérimental pour l'étude de la régulation cardiovasculaire en l’absence de modulation de l'activité cardiaque par des afférences nerveuses pulmonaires parasympathiques et/ou sympathiques. Puisque la VFC dans les hautes fréquences est reconnue comme largement déterminée par le profil ventilatoire, on s’attend à ce que la composante à haute fréquence de la VFC soit absente chez les sujets transplantés bi-pulmonaires. Les résultats montrent que cette dénervation pulmonaire implique une forte réduction de la VFC totale et dans les deux bandes de fréquence étudiées, hautes et basses. Cela indique donc qu’une large contribution de la modulation nerveuse de la VFC répond aux afférences pulmonaires. La sensibilité du baroréflexe est réduite. Le rapport plus élevé entre les basses et les hautes fréquences traduit une réduction de puissance totale principalement due à la diminution de la composante haute fréquence. Ces résultats montrent que les afférences pulmonaires contribuent largement à la à la modulation neurovégétative de la composante à hautes fréquences de la VFC. La variabilité de la pression artérielle est beaucoup moins modifiée que celle de la VFC par la transplantation bipulmonaire, ce qui met en évidence que les afférences pulmonaires contribuent spécifiquement à la modulation de la VFC. Cette observation est un argument fort pour reconnaître des voies de régulation différentes pour les variabilités de fréquence cardiaque d’une part et de pression artérielle d’autre part. Le troisième article traite des effets sur la modulation cardiovasculaire de blocages pharmacologiques du SNA sur les régulations de fréquence cardiaque et de vasomotricité périphérique, au repos et pendant l'exercice. / Autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiovascular regulation are closely linked. For decades, researches have tried to understand how heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflexes can be used as significant markers of the autonomic nervous control, and sometimes of its impairments. The general aim of this thesis is to gain further insights into the role of ANS in modulating cardiac and vascular functions. The project consisted of four studies.In the first study, we analysed the effects of gravitational acceleration on cardiovascular autonomic control. This special condition showed interesting results for cardiorespiratory variables. Our results did not agree with the notion of sympathetic up-regulation in hypergravity. We speculated that only the sympathetic branch of the ANS might have been active during elevated gravitational acceleration exposure. Furthermore, the vascular response occurred in a condition of massive baroreceptor unloading.Our second work targeted the effect of lung denervation on HRV in bilateral lung transplant recipients. As the graft is no longer connected to the ANS, this is an excellent experimental model for the study of cardiovascular regulation without modulation of heart activity by parasympathetic and/or sympathetic lung afferents. The hypothesis was that the modulation of the high frequency component of HRV by the breathing frequency is mediated by the ANS. This hypothesis would be supported by the results if the high frequency component of HRV is suppressed in bilateral lung transplant recipients. Lung denervation implied strong HRV reduction, all indices being decreased, indicating that neural modulation from lung afferents contributes largely to HRV. Baroreflex sensitivity was reduced. The higher low-versus-high frequency ratio implied that the total power drop was mostly due to the high frequency component, indicating that neural modulation from lung afferents largely contributes to the high frequency component of HRV. The changes in blood pressure variability were smaller than those in HRV, suggesting that the effects of lung denervation were specific to HRV modulation. This finding confirms that blood pressure variability and HRV are under different control mechanisms.The third article concerns the effects of autonomic blockades on cardiovascular modulation, at rest and during exercise. We hypothesized that HRV should decrease with vagal or sympathetic blockades, and disappear during simultaneous blockade of both ANS branches. The results suggest that the parasympathetic outflow to the heart is the main determinant of HRV, while the role of the sympathetic branch is less important. Indeed, sympathetic blockades failed in changing HRV indices at rest, indicating that a selective blockade of cardiac ß-adrenergic receptors has no effects on spontaneous heart rate oscillations. These effects are specific to HRV, as the effects observed on blood pressure variability are indirectly related to the action of the administered drugs. The changes in baroreflex sensitivity were consistent with the changes in arterial blood pressure variability, suggesting that baroreflexes may modulate the LF power of arterial blood pressure.

Hostility is a multidimensional construct that has been extensively studied. It has been shown that hostility affects cognitive (Shimojima et al., 2003), behavioral (Prkachin & Silverman, 2002), visual (Herridge, Mollet, Harrison, & Shenal, in press), somatosensory (Herridge, Harrison, & Demaree, 1997a), auditory (Demaree & Harrison, 1997a), motor (Demaree et al., 2002) and pre-motor functioning (Williamson & Harrison, 2003). In order to extend and integrate the present literature on hostility and the effects of negative emotional state on cognition, the present investigation used a cold pressor to induce a negative emotional/pain state in high and low hostile participants and measured. The subsequent effects on the acquisition of the Auditory Affective Verbal Learning Test (AAVLT; Snyder & Harrison, 1997) were measured. Blood pressure (BP) readings were taken before and after the cold pressor to examine cardiovascular regulation in high and low hostiles. Further, before the first trial participants were asked to predict the number of words that they would be able to recall on the first trial. After completion of the experiment participants were asked to estimate their performance relative to other participants. The measures were used to assess self-awareness in high and low hostile participants, which may be impaired in high hostile individuals (Demaree & Harrison, 1997b). As expected, high hostiles learned negative emotional words significantly better than they learned positive words. Additionally, high hostiles were impaired in their acquisition of verbal material relative to low hostile participants. Low hostile participants learned more words faster and reached asymptote sooner. A significant primacy effect for negative emotional words and an overall better recall of negative information was found. Analysis on each of the four groups of the experiment indicated that participants in the cold pressor group performed similar to the high hostile participants. The cold pressor facilitated negative learning and also slowed verbal learning relative to the no cold pressor group. It was predicted that high and low hostiles would differ on baseline measures of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) and that they would demonstrate increased cardiovascular reactivity in response to the cold pressor. These hypotheses were not supported. Self-awareness measures also failed to produce significance. These results support the proposal that high hostiles differ from low hostiles in a number of modalities. They demonstrate the persistence of negative emotional material. Future work should address what kinds of implications these factors have on high hostiles in daily interactions / Master of Science