published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

本文以社會支持理論和工作的關係理論爲依據，通過兩個子研究分別探討了早年父母支持和當下父母支持與大學生生涯適應力及生涯决策困難的關係。通過這兩個子研究，本文希望實現以下三個目標：1) 對Blustein (2011)提出的“工作的關係理論給予初步的檢驗與細化(refinement)； 2)對父母支持與個體生涯發展之間的關係及其內在機制，做出更詳細、清晰的探討；3)對過往父母支持與個體生涯適應力、生涯决策困難研究結果的不一致做出部份回應。 / 本文研究一聚焦于早年父母支持與大學生生涯適應力及長期生涯决策困難的關係。研究涉及參與者455人，其中，男生203人(45%)，女生252人(55%)。研究二聚焦于當下父母支持與大學生生涯適應力及生涯决策確定性、生涯决策困難的關係。研究涉及參與者467人，其中，男生237人(51%)，女生230人(49%)。研究一主要依據社會支持理論的發展性視角建立理論模型；研究二主要依據社會支持理論的情境性視角建立理論模型。兩個研究均通過結構方程模型對理論模型進行檢驗。在驗證理論模型的過程中，本研究通過分別對男生、女生建立結構方程模型，單獨納入父親和母親各支持變量以及一系列中介效應的檢驗，詳細、清晰地剖析了父母支持與個體生涯發展的關係。 / 研究結果支持了“工作的關係理論。同時，揭示了父母早年支持與父母當下支持與個體生涯適應力及生涯决策困難的內在關係機制：1)早年父母支持能够通過個體對自我能力與價值的肯定，正向作用于個體的生涯適應力、負向作用于個體的長期生涯决策困難；2)當下父、母支持支持能够通過個體的生涯適應力，正向作用于生涯確定性，生涯確定性又進一步負向預測了個體的生涯决策困難。3)父母支持與個體生涯發展的內在關係機制存在性別差异。男、女生間比較一致的結論是，早年异性父母的支持以及進入大學後父親的生涯肯定支持、母親的一般肯定支持對男、女生的生涯發展具有重要的意義和價值。 / Based on Social Support Theory and Relational Theory of Working, two parallel sub-studies were conducted to explore the relationship among early parental support, contemporary parental support, university students’ career adaptability, and their career decision-making difficulties. The current study therefore pursues following three research objectives: 1) to verify and refine the Relational Theory of Working; 2) to explore and examine the mechanism of the relationship between parental support and university students’ career development; and 3) to respond to previous inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between parental support and individuals’ career adaptability, and the relationship between parental support and career decision-making difficulties. / Study 1 focused on the relationship among early parental support, university students’ career adaptability, and their chronical career decision-making difficulties. 455 college students participated in study 1, among whom 203 are male (45%) and 252 are female (55%). Study 2 investigated the relationship among contemporary parental support, university students’ career adaptability, career certainty, and their general career decision-making difficulties. 467 students were involved. Among them, 237 are male (51%), 230 are female (49%). The theoretical model of Study 1 was built mainly upon the developmental perspective of social support theory. The underlying theory of Study 2 was the contextual perspective of social support theory. The theoretical models of the two studies were examined through Structural Equational Model. The models were run separately for male and female students, with both fathers’ and mothers’ support data in the model, instead of treating parents’ data as a whole. A series of mediation models were also performed to get much detailed knowledge of the mechanism of the relationship between parental support and university students’ career development. / The results well supported the Relational Theory of Working. At the same time, the mechanism of the relationship between early parental support, contemporary parental support, students’ career development was revealed. Findings show that 1) early parental support could predict students’ career adaptability positively, while predict career decision-making difficulty negatively through students’ self affirmation of their own worth and competence; 2) contemporary parental support could predict career certainty through students’ career adaptation resources. Career certainty could further predict students’ career decision-making difficulty; 3) differences existed between male and female students’ mechanism of the relationship between parental support and career development. However, consistent findings were opposite-sex parents’ early support, fathers’ contemporary career related support, mothers’ contemporary general support played important roles for both male and female students. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 周司麗. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-164). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhou Sili. / 摘要 --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / 致謝 --- p.v / Chapter 第1章 --- 問題提出 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 研究貢獻 --- p.5 / Chapter 第2章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- 社會支持理論 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 社會支持的概念 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 社會支持的作用原理/機制 --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- 工作的關係理論 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- 父母支持與個體生涯發展關係的研究 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 早年父母支持與個體生涯發展的研究 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 當下父母支持與個體生涯發展的研究 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4 --- 生涯適應力及其與“支持的關係 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 生涯適應力的概念 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 生涯適應力的測量工具 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 生涯適應力與支持的關係研究 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5 --- 生涯决策困難及其與“支持的關係 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- 生涯决策困難的概念與類型 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- 生涯决策困難的測量工具 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- 生涯决策困難與支持的關係研究 --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6 --- 父親和母親在個體生涯發展中的不同角色 --- p.38 / Chapter 第3章 --- 本研究重點 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1 --- 文獻回顧小結及本研究的研究問題與假設 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- 研究1的研究問題與假設 --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- 研究2的研究問題與假設 --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- 本研究各變量的操作化定義 --- p.49 / Chapter 第4章 --- 研究一 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1 --- 研究參與者 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2 --- 研究過程 --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- 研究工具 --- p.58 / Chapter 4.4 --- 研究結果 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- 各變量的性別差异及其相關 --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- 結構方程模型檢驗 --- p.66 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- 中介效應檢驗 --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5 --- 研究一的討論 --- p.75 / Chapter 第5章 --- 研究二 --- p.82 / Chapter 5.1 --- 研究參與者 --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2 --- 研究過程 --- p.82 / Chapter 5.3 --- 研究工具 --- p.84 / Chapter 5.4 --- 研究結果 --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 各變量的性別差异及其相關 --- p.93 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 結構方程模型檢驗 --- p.95 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- 中介效應檢驗 --- p.101 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- 不同類型父母支持對大學生生涯發展的作用 --- p.105 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- 沒有感受到决策壓力的學生的分析 --- p.109 / Chapter 5.5 --- 研究二的討論 --- p.110 / Chapter 第6章 --- 總體討論與結論 --- p.115 / Chapter 6.1 --- 對理論和研究的啓示 --- p.116 / Chapter 6.2 --- 對本土實踐的啓示 --- p.121 / Chapter 6.3 --- 研究局限性 --- p.124 / Chapter 6.4 --- 結論 --- p.125 / Chapter 附錄： --- 研究問卷 --- p.126 / 參考文獻 --- p.142

Aoki Yumiko. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-53). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.vi / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.5 / Career Commitment --- p.5 / Female Stereotype --- p.11 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- HYPOTHESES --- p.17 / Sex difference of usage of career strategy --- p.17 / Situation in Hons Kong --- p.18 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.20 / Sample --- p.20 / Method --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESULTS --- p.23 / Sex difference of usage of career strategy --- p.23 / Situation in Hong Kong --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- DISCUSSION --- p.30 / Implication --- p.30 / Limitation --- p.35 / APPENDIX --- p.48 / QUESTIONNAIRE* Indented sentence were not written in actual questionnaire --- p.48 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.51

by Yuen Siu Man Amy. / Thesis submitted in: August 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-150). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iv / Contents --- p.vii / List of Tables and Figures --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- "Women, Work and Gender Discrimination in Hong Kong" --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- A Hidden Problem --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Argumentation Outline --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Methodology --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- "Women, Gender Segregation and Career" --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Theoretical Overview of Gender Segregation of Work --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- "Women, Work Attitudes and Career Patterns" --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- Framework and Conceptualization --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- The Overview of Gender Segregation of Work in Hong Kong --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Labor Force Participation of Women --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Gender Segregation of Occupation --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- "Men's Income, Women's Income" --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- A Concluding Remark --- p.48 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Entering into the Clerical Work Force --- p.50 / Chapter 4.1 --- Educational Credentials --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2 --- Double Burden --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- Convenient Choice --- p.61 / Chapter 4.4 --- A Concluding Remark --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Three Types of Working Strategies --- p.65 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Process of Reproduction of Gender Segregation of Work --- p.66 / Chapter 5.2 --- Stable Working Strategy --- p.70 / Chapter 5.3 --- Horizontal Mobility Working Strategy: a Privilege of the Young Women --- p.81 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Strategy of Leaving Clerical Work: a Common Practice of the Young Men --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Reconceptualization of Career --- p.104 / Chapter 6.1 --- Different Life Concerns --- p.104 / Chapter 6.2 --- Women's Attitudes Towards Paid Work --- p.108 / Chapter 6.3 --- "Different Meanings of ""Career""" --- p.112 / Chapter 6.4 --- Producing and Reproducing Gender Segregation of Work --- p.116 / Chapter 6.5 --- "Reconceptualizing ""Career""" --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter Seven: --- Conclusion --- p.122 / Chapter 7.1 --- Between Gender and Within Gender Difference in Working Strategy --- p.122 / Chapter 7.2 --- The Different Concepts of Career and the Reproduction of Gender Segregation --- p.126 / Chapter 7.3 --- Theoretical Implications: Revision on Gender Segregation of Work --- p.128 / Chapter 7.4 --- Practical Implications: Policy Implementation --- p.131 / Appendix A: Profile of the Informants --- p.134 / Appendix B: Questionnaire of the Interviews --- p.137 / Bibliography --- p.143