The Avar were nomadic people from Central Asia who migrated into the Carpathian Basin in Central-Eastern Europe during the mid to late Migration Period (AD 568 - 895). Archaeological evaluation of grave goods and documentation of mortuary practices have been the primary means of understanding the Avar. However, this approach has largely neglected skeletal and biochemical analysis, in particular as these approaches relate to the biological variation, ancestry, and dietary patterns of the Avar. There remains debate as to whether disparities existed among the socially stratified Avar population of ancient Hungary. It is argued by some that these disparities existed and were the result of differential access to nutritional resources. This hypothesis was tested using the unique properties of isotopes and their chemical signatures. In so doing, the qualitative work on the grave goods was augmented by an additional, quantifiable line of evidence. To investigate social stratification among the Avar population, the techniques of chemical multi-isotope and osteological analysis were employed. Multi-isotopic analyses can be done on stable isotopes (carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) and on the heavy isotopes (strontium and lead). The particular stable isotopes examined were carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15 N), and oxygen (δ18O). The heavy isotopes analyzed were strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and lead (206Pb/204Pb). Stable isotope analysis as well as ratio analysis of the heavy isotopes strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and lead (206Pb/204Pb) are well-established analytical chemistry methods for examining diverse aspects of diet and mobility through specific geographic regions. The analysis was performed on samples derived from well-preserved tooth enamel and bones. Reconstructing migration and dietary patterns at the Sajópetri cemetery site has helped estimate variability among social groups and between sexes in this population at the time of the Migration Period. Results of the heavy isotope analysis revealed that the Avar population were non-locals to the region, and the stable isotope analysis demonstrated that there was little variation between social groups with slightly higher variation between sexes. This research provides an empirical and analytical framework for further research into migration patterns and social class dynamics of late prehistoric Hungry. This study also adds existing research possibilities to the on-going biogeochemical studies conducted throughout Europe.

Loss of Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia at the End of World War 2 David Hubený Czechoslovakia came by Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia completely unexpectedly after World War 1. The Republic tried with dedication to help the Slavonic population of the region, hardly aware of their nationality, get rid of poverty and ignorance. Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia, however, did not fit into the concept of Czechoslovak statehood. Some Czechoslovak politicians (e.g. Karel Kramář) only perceived the mission of the Republic at Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia as the role of a "faithful trustee" that should hand Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia over to Russia when the right time comes. On the other hand, Czechoslovak Communists called the region Trans-Carpathian Ukraine as early as 1920s and alleged that the local Slavonic population are Ukrainians. The Republic did not want to get involved in the ethnic development. At the time of the "Second Republic", power in Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia was seized by Ukrainian Nationalists, who colluded with Nazis. The former saw Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia as kind of Ukrainian Piemont, which would unite all Ukrainians in one state, while the latter found it a perfect tool to destabilize the USSR by opening up the hot Ukrainian issue. Relations of Czechoslovak security services to Ukrainian Nationalists were really bad. Ukrainian...

This thesis deals with topic of health care and social support in Carpathian Ruthenia in the 1920s. In addition to describing the development of the area, the work emphasizes the social aspects of the local population, which had a significant influence on their poor health. It also includes a part describing the activities of the non-governmental organizations active in the region, with the biggest attention dedicated to the largest organization, the Czechoslovak Red Cross. The thesis also brings personal impressions of Czechoslovaks working in Carpathian Ruthenia, whether in administration, in hospital facilities or on research trips. The final chapter provides a reflection of authors of another provenience - Ukrainian/Ruthenian, Soviet and Hungarian. Keywords: health care, social policy, Carpathian Ruthenia, poverty, hygiene, infection, underdevelopment, Carpatho-Rusyns, the First republic, journalism

The thesis deals with interpretations of the memories of Ruthenians and Jews who fled to the Soviet Union after the occupation of Carpathian Ruthenia by the Hungarian army in 1939 to find freedom and justice, but instead encountered imprisonment and repression and they ended up in the gulag for several years. On a daily basis, they were exposed to hard physical labor, hunger, thirst, Arctic frost, disease, cruel treatment and a permanent struggle for life. While Czechoslovak citizenship guaranteed Ruthenian citizens a pardon of the remainder of their sentences, early release from Stalinist concentration camps and participation in a training center in Buzuluk, Jews did not get such an opportunity due to alleged Hungarian nationality and had to live in the gulag on and on, even for more time than was determined by the court during the trumped-up political trials. Therefore, the Ruthenians had a significant presence in the formed Czechoslovak military unit and participated in the final defeat of the Hitlerˈs army. For the most part, they did not return to Carpathian Ruthenia because they did not agree with its post-war accession to the USSR, which hurt them so much. Despite this, they did not lose their left-wing orientation, many even joined the Communist Party, believing that Czechoslovak socialism...

The main aim of this thesis is to gain new knowledge about the lithospherical structure and tectonics of the Carpathian-Pannonian Basin region. We applied three different methods: 1Dautomatic modelling, 2D integrated geophysical modelling and 3D inversion to achieve this goal.These methods are similar concerning the used databases but differ by used processing andinterpretation. At first we apply 1D automatic modelling to get a very first overview of thestudied region. Secondly, we apply 2D integrated modelling of the lithosphere which combines the interpretation of surface heat flow, geoid, gravity, and topography data in the Carpathian-Pannonian Basin region and surrounding areas. This approach is able to constrain the complicated lithospheric structures of the studied region better than interpreting each data set onits own. We present four 2D integrated models of the lithosphere in the Carpathian-PannonianBasin region and surrounding areas. Finally, based on the 3D Inversion algorithm, we present the geophysical models of the lithosphere in the Carpathian-Pannonian region. The algorithm returns the density structure of the lithosphere from joint inversion of free air gravity, geoid andtopography data based on a Bayesian approach. The models are based on different input data sets and constrained by different a priori data. Based on our modelling we cannot confirm theextreme thinning (less than 70 km) of the Pannonian Basin lithosphere proposed by other authors.On the other hand, the results show the increasing trend of the lithospherical thickness of theCarpathian Arc from the Western Carpathians toward the Eastern Carpathians which confirms theprevious theories about the propagation of subduction process. We got some controversial resultsin the area of the Southern Carpathians. The results based on 3D inversion show extremely thinlithosphere in the area; on the other hand, the results based on 2D integrated modelling do notsupport such thinning. However both methods indicate that it is probable that the MoesianPlatform is bend and underthrusted underneath the Southern Carpathians. The south-eastern edge of the Pannonian Basin based on 3D inversion shows unexpected and surprisingly thinlithosphere. Since the area is quite large, we could exclude an effect of flexure, therefore this area might be potentially interesting for further investigation.

The diploma thesis, which is called Building of the State amd national culture in Carpathian Ruthenia, deals mainly with federal activities in the east of the Republic. It focuses mainly on the operation of Czech teachers and their contribution to creating the new state . The work is divided into five chapters.The first expands on the influence of teachers on the development of the national idea of single state of newly annexed Ruthenia. The second part describes the activities of the Czechoslovak organizations that were created since 1919. The third section describes the activities of such organizations that were not focused on the national idea, but were created solely for the joy of their members. The fourth chapter describes the Ruthenian societies as a counterweight to those of Czechoslovakia, also including examples of their way of thinking. The last section lists additional organizations, which were based on Ruthenia, but it did not prove to be important within the whole concept of this work. KEYWORDS association, culture, national idea, bulding of the state, teachers, adult education, Czechoslovak republic, Carpathian Ruthenia

The Carpathian foredeep is a lengthwise depressed area in the Carpathian foreland. In Moravia, it is mainly filled with Neogene soils. The thesis focuses on the South Moravian landslides which occurred in shallow relicts of Neogene deposits along a foredeep margin which lie on the rocks of the Bohemian Massif. Landslide activity within these shallow basins is a result of a number of factors. In the theoretical part, important general features of landslide areas, their geological conditions and hydrogeological regime are investigated. Next, available data on the geomechanical behaviour of soils, often connected with these landslides, are summarized and evaluated. The case studies deal with the landslide localities Budkovice-Svízla, Brno-Bystrc and Znojmo. The case study of Budkovice-Svízla is based on an extensive engineering geological survey of the locality and the measurement of groundwater levels in the years 1988 – 2017. In the thesis, the hydrogeological regime of the area is analysed and a reconstruction of the ground surface before slope movement is carried out. The probable trigger mechanisms, the development of sliding and the efficiency of the executed remedies of the landslide are evaluated by numerical studies. In conclusion, general recommendations for an engineering-geological survey and building activities in the area of interest are formulated.

This thesis deals with the phenomenon of Carpathian Ruthenia, or Zakarpattia, which is one of the most discussed issues in Czech literature. It expands the traditional view of the issue with a chronological survey of works by Czech authors who were inspired by Carpathian Ruthenia, and maps their writings created from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century. It focuses on their interpretation, with particular reference to the topology. The first chapter presents the terminological problems associated with the territory of the Transcarpathian region and briefly summarizes its history. The next chapter submits an account of the exceptional nature of this area (its contrasts, periphery, regionalism, myths, exoticism, idylls and adventures), and attempts to characterize its uniqueness (backwardness, belief in superstitions, Jews, alcoholism, poachers, enchanting countryside and outlaws). Carpathian Ruthenia appears to be a place of secrecy, where hypothetical characters grow. The topology of the mountain is also an important element. The following chapter, the longest, presents most of the works by the Czech authors who were inspired by this region. The first of these authors came to Carpathian Ruthenia during the 1920s as government workers or tourists. Their works are arranged...

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'acquérir de nouvelles connaissances sur la structure tectonique et la lithosphérique de la région des Carpates et du bassin pannonien. Nous avons appliqué trois méthodes différentes: modélisation 1D,modélisation 2D géophysique intégrée et inversion 3D pour atteindre cet objectif. Ces méthodes sont similaires concernant les bases de données utilisées, mais diffèrent par le traitement et l'interprétation de données. Au début, nous avons appliqué la modélisation automatique 1D pour obtenir un premier aperçu de la région étudiée. Deuxièmement, nous avons appliqué la modélisation 2D intégré de la lithosphère qui combine l'interprétation du flux de chaleur,du géoïde, de la gravité et des données topographiques de la région des Carpates et du bassin pannonien et des régions avoisinantes. Cette approche est capable de contraindre des structures lithosphériques compliquées de la région étudiée mieux que l'interprétation de chaque donnée indépendamment. Nous présentons quatre modèles intégrés 2Dde la lithosphère dans la région des Carpates et du bassin pannonien et des régions avoisinantes. Enfin, sur la base de l'algorithme d'inversion 3D, nous présentons les modèles géophysiques de la lithosphère dans la région des Carpates et du bassin pannonien. L'algorithme calcule la structure de la densité lithosphèrique par l'inversion conjointe de la gravité, géoïde et données topographiques basé sur une approche bayésienne. Les modèles sont basés sur différents ensembles de données d'entrée et ils sont contraints par différentes données a priori. Sur la base de notre modélisation, nous ne pouvons pas confirmer l'amincissement extrême (moins de 70 km)de la lithosphère du bassin pannonien proposé par d'autres auteurs. D'autre part, les résultats montrent la tendance à l'augmentation de l'épaisseur lithosphérique de Carpates d'occidentales vers de Carpates de l'est ce que confirme les théories antérieures sur la propagation du processus de subduction. Nous avons obtenu des résultats controversés dans la région des Carpates du sud.Les résultats basés sur l'inversion 3D montrent une lithosphère extrêmement mince dans ce domaine mais les résultats basés sur la modélisation 2D intégrée ne supportent pas cet amincissement. Cependant, les deux méthodes indiquent qu'il est plausible que la plateforme Moésienne soit courbée et chevauchée sous les Carpates du sud. Dans le modèle 3D, le bord sud-est du bassin Pannonien montre une lithosphère inattendue et étonnamment mince. Puisque la zone est assez grande, nous pouvons exclure un effet de flexion, par conséquent, cette région pourrait être potentiellement intéressante pour une recherche plus approfondie. / The main aim of this thesis is to gain new knowledge about the lithospherical structure and tectonics of the Carpathian–Pannonian Basin region. We applied three different methods: 1Dautomatic modelling, 2D integrated geophysical modelling and 3D inversion to achieve this goal.These methods are similar concerning the used databases but differ by used processing andinterpretation. At first we apply 1D automatic modelling to get a very first overview of thestudied region. Secondly, we apply 2D integrated modelling of the lithosphere which combines the interpretation of surface heat flow, geoid, gravity, and topography data in the Carpathian–Pannonian Basin region and surrounding areas. This approach is able to constrain the complicated lithospheric structures of the studied region better than interpreting each data set onits own. We present four 2D integrated models of the lithosphere in the Carpathian–PannonianBasin region and surrounding areas. Finally, based on the 3D Inversion algorithm, we present the geophysical models of the lithosphere in the Carpathian–Pannonian region. The algorithm returns the density structure of the lithosphere from joint inversion of free air gravity, geoid andtopography data based on a Bayesian approach. The models are based on different input data sets and constrained by different a priori data. Based on our modelling we cannot confirm theextreme thinning (less than 70 km) of the Pannonian Basin lithosphere proposed by other authors.On the other hand, the results show the increasing trend of the lithospherical thickness of theCarpathian Arc from the Western Carpathians toward the Eastern Carpathians which confirms theprevious theories about the propagation of subduction process. We got some controversial resultsin the area of the Southern Carpathians. The results based on 3D inversion show extremely thinlithosphere in the area; on the other hand, the results based on 2D integrated modelling do notsupport such thinning. However both methods indicate that it is probable that the MoesianPlatform is bend and underthrusted underneath the Southern Carpathians. The south-eastern edge of the Pannonian Basin based on 3D inversion shows unexpected and surprisingly thinlithosphere. Since the area is quite large, we could exclude an effect of flexure, therefore this area might be potentially interesting for further investigation. / Hlavnou myšlienkou tejto práce bolo rozšírenie poznatkov o štruktúre a tektonike karpatsko–panónskej oblasti. Na výskum študovanej oblasti sme použili tri rôzne metódy, 1D automatickémodelovanie, 2D integrované geofyzikálne modelovanie a 3D inverziu. Tieto metódy sú podobnév zmysle použitých vstupných databáz, ale líšia sa spôsobom spracovania a interpretácie. Akoprvé sme aplikovali 1D automatické modelovanie, ktoré slúžilo ako prvý náhľad na študovanéúzemie. Ako druhé sme použili 2D integrované geofyzikálne modelovanie litosféry, ktorékombinuje interpretáciu povrchového toku, geoidu, tiažových anomálií a topografie v karpatsko–panónskej oblasti a okolitých tektonických jednotkách. Tento prístup k interpretácii je schopnývymedziť komplikované štrúktúry v litosfére lepšie, ako interpretácia každého jednéhogeofyzikálneho poľa samostatne. V tejto práci predstavíme štyri 2D integrované modely litosféryv karpatsko–panónskej oblasti a okolitých jednotiek. Ako posledné, predstavíme geofyzikálnemodely litosféry študovanej oblasti na základe modelovania použitím 3D inverzie. Algoritmus jeschopný vypočítať hustotnú distribúciu v litosfére na základe Bayesianského prístupu zospoločnej inverzie tiažovej anomálie na voľný vzduch, geoidu a topografie. Tieto modely súvypočítavané na základe rôznych vstupných datových setov a a priori informácií. Na základenášho modelovania nemôžeme potvrdiť extrémne stenčenie (menej ako 70 km) litosférypanónskej panvy. Na druhej strane naše výsledky poukazujú na narastajúci trend litosférickéhohrubnutia Karpatského oblúka od Západných Karpát smerom do Východných, čo potvrdzujepredchádzajúce teórie o postupnom procese subdukcie. V oblasti Južných Karpát sme dosiahliprotichodné výsledky. Výsledky získané na základe 3D inverzie poukazujú na extrémne stenčenúlitosféru na druhej strane 2D integrované modelovania takéto extrémne stenčenie v danej oblastinepodporuje. Napriek tomu je pravdepodobnejšie, že moezíjska platforma je ohnutá a podsunutápod Južné Karpaty. Ďalšia zaujímavá vec sa ukazuje v juhovýchodnej oblasti panónskej panvy,kde výsledky 3D inverzie odhaľujú taktiež výrazné stenčenie litosféry. Táto oblasť môže byťpotenciálne zaujímavá a bolo by vhodné ďalej pokračovať vo výskume danej oblasti.

Radoslav P a s s i a Aesthetics of Periphery and Border (To Selected Aspects of Periphery and Border Phenomenon in Slovak Literature of the 20th Century in Central European Context) Abstract The dissertation deals with selected aspects of periphery and border phenomenon in Slovak literature of the 20th century in Central European context. In the preliminary chapter Border the author focuses particularly on selected texts by Central European writers which are thematically set in the Eastern Carpathians. This radically multiethnic region is considered to be one of the relatively independent cultural areas of Central Europe by the author. Narrative perspectives of a stranger, outcast, migrant in combination with the themes of border and conflict between vernacular and alien are characteristic for the literary image of the Eastern Carpathian border area in the 20th century. The author looks at the way the literary appearance of this area is ideologically deformed in the works of individual authors. The writers (mainly Czech and Polish) who do not come from the Eastern Carpathian border area use characters of strangers to reflect on the relationship between the modern and the traditional. Autochthonous authors often make use of the stranger characters to depict the area's self-colonial efforts in relation to the...