Professional furniture movers must carry objects of all shapes, sizes and weights. When carrying boxes between a house and the moving van, professional movers will carry boxes two different ways. The first way is holding the box in their hands in front of their body, and the second way is holding the box behind them and leaning forward so the box can rest on their backs while walking. The Mover’s Assistive Device (MAD) is an aid developed to decrease the effort of movers when carrying boxes and has been shown to reduce the amount of needed grip strength. The goals of this research were to compare the effects of technique (carrying in front or behind the body) as well as the effects of using the MAD on the way movers coordinate their 1) legs and 2) trunk and hips. Movement was tracked using a camera system and reflective markers attached to the participants. In study 1 ten male participants completed the four different carrying conditions on a treadmill. The different segments of the leg did not change coordination patterns between the front and back carries, however, the coordination was more stable (similar across all steps) in the front carry. When participants used the MAD, their legs moved in a more coordinated motion than when they did not use the MAD, and is considered to be useful in maintaining balance and control while carrying a box. In study 2 thirteen male participants completed the four different carrying conditions on a treadmill. The trunk and the hips did not change coordination between the front and back carries, but they became more coordinated when participants were wearing the MAD. A more coordinated motion between the trunk and hips is suggested to be beneficial to low back health. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2012-10-01 21:43:33.045

Participants were twelve 70+ kg male strength-trained athletes and one passenger child with a mass of 29 kg. The male participants walked three times over a force plate embedded in an eight metre walkway for each of three conditions: carrying no load, a 29 kg backpack, or a 29 kg passenger. Variables were compared using a repeated measures ANOVA test with a Bonferroni correction. Both load conditions produced compensatory trunk flexion; trunk flexion increased from no load to piggybacking to backpacking. Trunk range of motion was similar for no load and piggybacking, but increased to backpacking. The backpack load caused greater resultant and total magnitude of torque than the passenger load. The trunk extensors dominated with no load and piggybacking and the trunk flexors dominated with backpacking. Many of the significant differences between conditions suggest that piggybacking is biomechanically more similar to natural gait than is backpacking.

The aim of this study was to determine the combined effects of high-heeled shoes and load carriage on gait and posture adaptation. Furthermore, the adaptation of gait and posture to the combined two conditions was examined by a comparison of the measured parameters between experienced and novice groups. 30 participants underwent a quantitative measurement of temporospatial, kinematic, and kinetic parameters of hip, knee, and ankle on both loaded and unloaded limbs using 3D motion analysis. Double support time and stride length increased during high-heeled gait and the magnitude of alteration was greater with a load. Increased plantarflexion was main cause of raised heel. Ankle plantarflexor moment increased with high-heeled but decreased with load carriage. As a result, plantarflexor moment diminished, in addition knee extensor moment exaggerated further. Hip extensor moment increased with heel height but not with load weight, however, hip angle was affected only by the load.

The aim of this study was to determine the combined effects of high-heeled shoes and load carriage on gait and posture adaptation. Furthermore, the adaptation of gait and posture to the combined two conditions was examined by a comparison of the measured parameters between experienced and novice groups. 30 participants underwent a quantitative measurement of temporospatial, kinematic, and kinetic parameters of hip, knee, and ankle on both loaded and unloaded limbs using 3D motion analysis. Double support time and stride length increased during high-heeled gait and the magnitude of alteration was greater with a load. Increased plantarflexion was main cause of raised heel. Ankle plantarflexor moment increased with high-heeled but decreased with load carriage. As a result, plantarflexor moment diminished, in addition knee extensor moment exaggerated further. Hip extensor moment increased with heel height but not with load weight, however, hip angle was affected only by the load.

The aim of the study was to examine the muscle activities of fifteen male participants (23.44 ±2.63 years) during unilateral hockey bag load carrying of different weights (10%, 20%, and 30% bodyweight) and sizes (small and large). Walking without a hockey bag was the control condition. The results showed that increased peak and integrated EMG occurred with an increased load weight in the semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, rectus abdominis, and vastus medialis. The left rectus femoris and left semitendinosus were both significantly greater than the right corresponding muscle. Carrying the large hockey bag produced greater peak EMG in the right rectus abdominis and the right rectus femoris, whereas the right vastus medialis showed a larger peak EMG in the small hockey bag. It was concluded that the posterior-lateral carrying style of hockey bag load carriage explained the results being similar to both backpack and side pack load carriage studies.

The aim of the thesis was to describe and compare relations arising from carriage of persons or articles, namely liability of contracting parties according to individual contractual types. Another goal was to compare individual principles of liability. Kinds of liability of the contracting parties ensuring carriage services by the contract type are as follows: (1) carrier - carriage of the person (a) timeliness of carriage, (b) damage to health, (c) damage to baggage carried with the passenger, (d) damage to the article which the passenger had with him during carriage (e) damage to baggage carried separately from the passenger; (2) carrier - carriage of goods a) loss of consignment, b) destruction of consignment, c) damage to consignment, d) depreciation of consignment, e) exceeding delivery time; (3) operator; (a) incapacity of the means of transport; (b) damage caused by operation of the means of transport; (4) lessor - incapacity of the means of transport; (5) storage provider - storage and custody of articles; (6) freight forwarder - provision of carriage; (7) mandatory - informing the mandator about true fulfillment of his order. Reasons to be relieved of liability apply to all contracting parties providing carriage services. Reasons to be relieved of liability may be unprivileged (common...

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Resumé The thesis titled "Topical Issues of the Regulation of International Air Carriage" concerns itself with legal regulation germane to operating the international carriage by air. It is focused on carriage of cargo; carriage of passengers is only marginally mentioned. In the first chapter the author of the thesis defines the term of transport, transport law and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the means of transport in connection with the carriage of cargo. The second chapter of the thesis deals with the term of aviation law, historical development of the air transport and introduces the most important international organizations in the field of the civil air transport. The third chapter is dedicated to the historical development of the legal regulation in the field of the civil air transport, mainly the international legal regulation carried out by the Montreal Convention and the Warsaw Convention (with its amendments). This chapter also deals with the legal regulation of the European Union and analyses some selected EU regulations and describes national laws (mainly Civil Aviation Act). In this chapter there is also included the analysis of sources of the legal regulation and their mutual relations. It also explains the basics of the methods of regulation in the international private law -...

v anglickém jazyce Contract for carriage of goods This thesis deals with the contract for carriage of goods. Its main objective is a legal analysis of this contract and demonstration of the wide scope of its use. Dynamic development of transport and the still growing volume of goods being transported showed us the need of good quality legal regulations. The largest part of the thesis deals with the czech legal regulations on the contract for carriage of goods; however the thesis considers also international regulations. The thesis consists of seven chapters. The first one shows historic development of transport as such, but namely development of legal regulations governing contracts of carriage. It also elaborates on the regulations immediately preceding to regulations contained in the new civil code. The second chapter is the introduction to the current issues of contracts of carriage. Besides that, this chapter contains the comparison with a forwarding contract, for which, the contract for carriage of goods is sometimes mistakenly taken. The broadest third chapter deals with the details of the czech legislation on the contract for carriage of goods contained in the civil code. It is divided into eight sub-chapters. It contains significant requirements for the contents of the contract. It closely...

Topical issues of the regulation of international carriage Abstract The topic of this thesis is international air carriage and its legal regulation which is, due to the highly international nature of air carriage, mainly International and EU. The thesis is systematically divided into 5 main parts. The introductory part is focused on carriage and air carriage in general. It provides definitons of basic concepts, with which the following sections work, a brief historical outline and also current issues and challenges in international carriage, thus bringing this topic to the reader in a detailed perspective. Another discussed point are the international organizations authorized to issue legislation and how they have recently gone through some changes. The second part is dedicated to legislation; especially International and EU legislation. An Interpretation is also provided to the Czech legislation. However, this only plays a rather complementary role, resulting from the highly international character of air carriage. The following two parts are, according to the nature of air carriage, divided into cargo and passenger transport legislation and they are focused mainly on liability of an air carrier. The fourth part also aims to inform the readers about passengers rights arising from air carriage legislation,...