The study was conducted in the Bilate River Watershed. Bilate River is one of the inland rivers of Ethiopia that drains in to the northern watershed of the Lake Abaya-Chamo Drainage Basin which forms part of the Main Ethiopian Rift and in turn is part of an active rift system of the Great Rift Valley in Africa. This study examined the extent and nature of rainfall variability from recorded data while estimation of evapotranspiration was derived from recorded weather data. Future climate scenarios of precipitation and temperature for the Bilate Watershed were also generated. Analysis of rainfall variability was made by the rainfall anomaly index, coefficient of variance and Precipitation Concentration Index. The FAO-56 reference ET (ETo) approach was used to determine the amount of evapotranspiration. Estimation of the onset and the end of the growing season, and the length of the growing period was done using Instat software. The results show that mean annual rainfall of the upper (2307 m.a.s.l), middle (1772 m.a.s.l) and lower (1361 m.a.s.l) altitude zones of the watershed are in the order of 1100 mm, 1070 mm and 785 mm with CV of 12%, 15% and 17% respectively. Based on the rainfall data record of the latest 30 years, there was a high temporal anomaly in rainfall between 1980 and 2013. The wettest years recorded a Rainfall Anomaly Index of +5, +6 and +8 for stations in the upper, middle and lower altitude zones respectively, where the driest year recorded value is -5 in all the stations. The average onset date of rainfall for the upper zone is April 3+ 8 days, for the middle zone April 10 + 10 days and for the lower zone April 11+ 11 days with CV of 23%, 26% and 29% respectively. The average end dates of the rainy season in the upper and middle zones are October 3+ 5 days and September 25+ 7 days with CV 5% and 7%. The main rainy season ends earlier in the lower zone; it is on July 12 + 10 days with CV of 14%. Climate change scenarios were generated for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 using 20 GCMs from CMIP5 bias-corrected under three future time slices, near-term (2010-2039), mid-century (2040-2069) and end-century (2071-2099). Rainfall is projected to increase in total amount under all-time slices and emissions pathways but with pronounced inter and intra-variability. Minimum temperature will significantly increase during mid-century by 1.810C (RCP 4.5) and xiii 2.550C (RCP 8.5) and by 2.10C (RCP 4.5) and 4.270C (RCP8.5) during end-century. The projected increase in maximum temperature during mid-century is 1.430C under RCP 4.5 and 1.99 0C under RCP 8.5 and during end-century by 1.650C under RCP 4.5 and 3.50C under RCP8.5 during end-century. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was selected to simulate stream flow of the watershed. The Alaba Kulito gauging station monthly stream flows from 1990 to 1996 and 1997 to 2002 were used for stream flow calibration and validation respectively. The respective statistical results of the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) and percent bias (PB) are 0.79, 0.78 and 0.56 for the calibration period and 0.64, 0.60 and -21.7 for the validation period which show that the model predicted the stream flow at the Alaba Kulito gauging station reasonably. The annual stream flow increased progressively throughout the century for all time periods under both RCP scenarios. The increases under RCP 8.5 scenario are the larger compared to RCP 4.5 scenarios, approximately 42.42% during the 2080s period. The six GCMs selected to see the uncertainties related to GCMs suggest that the river flow will change by small amounts of −6.18 to 7.83% change compared with the baseline. The simulated runoff in the Bilate River depends on the projected amount of rainfall embedded in the GCM structures selected to simulate the future climate and is less dependent on the local temperature increment. The study also assessed the farmers‘ perceptions of the changes on climatic variables and their adaptation options to the impacts of climate variability and change. The determinant factors that influence the choice of farmers to climate change adaptation were also investigated. Above 92% of the surveyed farm households perceived variability and change in climatic variables but 59% of the households participated in one or other of the six major adaptation strategies which most prevailed inside farmers of the watershed. Changing crop variety, using water harvesting scheme, intensifying irrigation, using cover crop or/and mulching, reducing the number of livestock owned and getting offfarm jobs are the main adaptation strategies used by the farming households. The results from the binary logistic model further showed that age and educational level of the household head, farm size and the income level of the household are household characteristics that significantly affect the choice of adaptation options, while access to climate information in the form of seasonal forecasts and local agro ecology are other factors that determined the selection of adaptation methods by the farming households in the study area. The main constraints to adaptation to climate change in the study area were seen to be the knowledge gap in the form of lack of information, shortage of labour and minimal land size. These were the three most explained constraints to climate change as explained by responding household heads. / Environmental Sciences / D. Litt. et Phil. (Environmental Sciences)

This research reports on two action research case studies of participatory materials development in two rural community contexts in Zambia, namely Chiawa and Nalusanga. It aims to explore and articulate the relationships between community-based environmental education and participatory materials development in the WWF Zambia Education Project context; clarify participatory materials development processes by identifying the roles of different ‘actors’ in these processes and identify and analyse the contextual and other factors that may influence development and use of environmental education materials in rural communities. These aims were explored by means of a number of action research cycles of inquiry in the two communities. The study also articulates the significance of considering ambivalent globalising influences such as international conferences, debates, overseas development aid, national policies and how these shape and influence materials development work in a local context. In order to gain more insight into the local contexts, I developed contextual profiles on the two communities. These capture the contextual factors that influenced the participatory materials development processes. They include issues such as language, ethnicity, literacy, power relations and the local social economy, amongst others. Although this study has been predominately guided by the socially critical orientation to research and education, I have drawn on aspects of other research orientations. I have also explored some of the emerging critiques of the socially critical orientation. The findings of this study reveal the different roles participants can play in participatory materials development; participatory materials development processes as a learning process; the dynamics of participation in an African context; the role of language and literacy in materials development; the need for open-ended process models of learning amongst adult learners and the importance of merging expert and local knowledge in participatory materials development. This study opens up possibilities for further exploration of participatory materials development processes within the WWF ZEP context and beyond.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hermeneutic value of the Daseinsanalytic approach to dream interpretation in the process of psychotherapy. After delineating the Daseinsanalytic view on dream interpretation, with emphasis on the conceptualization of Medard Boss, the study explores the usefulness and validity of the case study as a method of investigating the content and process of psychotherapy. A psychodynamic formulation of the presenting problem is based on the conceptualization of the nature and etiology of neurosis as delineated by Andras Angyal, with particular reference to the pattern of noncommitment. The dreams included in the case material are then examined to determine to what degree they facilitated insight into the subjective experience and phenomenological existence of the dreamer, and what effect the dream interpretation based on the Daseinsanalytic approach had on the process of therapy. It is established that a phenomenological understanding of the client's dreams corresponds with his subjective experience of his emotional and existential condition, and that positive changes in the content of the dreams during the course of therapy correspond with overt, observable changes in his behaviour, ideation and mood. Based on these findings, the case study leads to the conclusion that the Daseinsanalytic approach to dream interpretation has hermeneutic value in the process of psychotherapy.

M.Comm. / Telkom is currently busy with extensive re-engineering of its customer interface operational structures. The primary goal of this study is to measure the impact of these re-engineering processes on Telkom customers' perceptions of service quality by way of tracking the impact of the current Telkom re-engineering process on customer satisfaction. The study consists of both a literary review and an empirical survey. The literature review consist of a study of service quality, the re-engineering process required in order to improve service quality, and service quality improvement in the South African environment with specific reference to Telkom. The empirical survey consist of comparing two research reports on customer service quality in Telkom. The research reports are the result of the customer satisfaction satisfaction monitor program that Telkom initiated to track customer perceptions of service quality. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: Many organisations' transformation efforts fail because of ineffective planning and execution. Research have identified various reasons why transformation efforts fail and what steps are crucial to the success of any transformation process. The studies have shown that there are no single success recipe when it comes to organisational transformation methodology. The micro environment as well as the macro environment influencing the organisation determines the manner in which a transformation process is structured, implemented and managed. This includes the strategic intent guiding the organisation, the architecture (or design) of the organisation; and the relationships between all the organisational stakeholders. The implementation of a chosen transformation process is essentially a team effort with strong leadership crucial to its successful management. The process can succeed or fail depending on the success of this alone. Culture change within the organisation is also crucial to success. The hardest part of transformation is getting employees not only to act differently, but to think differently as well. Employee's styles (the ways they think and behave) and their attitudes (what they believe is important about their work) must be realigned to fit the new process. It appears that South African organisations are not sufficiently prepared for the opening of its markets to international competition. Especially in highly competitive environments, a lot of South African organisations have been adversely affected. These organisations have not planned sufficiently for this threat and as a result few or no transformation efforts have been initiated to improve service levels to the standards of their international competitors. Telkom will play a key role in the future competitiveness of South African businesses. Through the effective provisioning of telecommunications, businesses are provided with one of the most essential competitive tools. According to the Telecommunications Act no 103 of 1996, Telkom are excluded from competition for the largest part of its business until 2001. Telkom has until then to raise service levels to international levels so as to attain customer loyalty when the period of exclusivity expires. To be as successful as possible in this task, Telkom started on a road of transformation in order to attain maximum effectiveness. Part of this transformation includes the constant re-engineering of processes and procedures involving all levels of Telkom. Telkom's Total Quality Management initiatives together with the Customer Satisfaction Measurement programme is geared toward identifying the critical areas where customers perceive Telkom to provide ineffective service quality, implementing action plans to improve the service level standards in these areas and continuously tracking the effect of these improvement initiatives on customer satisfaction levels.

The research presented in this thesis is situated within an interpretivist paradigm. Within this paradigm, a qualitative case-study research approach was adopted. This seemed most appropriate in my research project since the main focus is on elicitation of prior knowledge and incorporation of such knowledge into 'hands-on' and 'minds-on' practical activities with a view to improving conceptual development. For the purposes of this research project, I designed an interactive teaching and learning unit in electrostatics as an attempt to put into practice a learner-centred approach. This approach, in my view, is in line with the new curriculum in South Africa. The emerging central theme of this thesis is the notion of active participation by learners during teaching and learning. This study was carried out over a period of two years and involved my grade 9 learners, who participated voluntarily. The research process documented in this thesis has been conceptualised into two phases. Phase one was concerned with the elicitation of learners' prior knowledge around lightning. In phase two, learners were engaged in 'hands-on' and 'minds-on' practical activities, and key concepts were identified to ensure conceptual development. The data was collected using a variety of data collection tools, namely: focus group interviews, follow-up whole-class semi-structured interviews, worksheets, videotaped lessons and photographs. The analysis of data revealed that learners come to class with prior knowledge concerning lightning. Within this prior knowledge it was found that there were both ‘scientific’ and ‘non-scientific’ concepts. The identification of key concepts during practical activities was found to be very useful in promoting learning. However, the incorporation of prior knowledge into practical activities posed a challenge and needs further research. iv This research study also highlights some insights into some of the complexities of elicitation and incorporation of learners' prior knowledge, and conceptual development in science classrooms. It also demonstrates the challenges and possibilities during teaching and learning as well as the realities of the demands of the new curriculum and OBE in South Africa, in particular, in historically disadvantaged schools

With the intent of learning more about the process of assessing music ability, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of music learning on music aptitude scores. The problem of this study is to determine if there is a difference between pretest-posttest tonal aptitude scores, as measured by AMMA, for students who possess high and low levels of tonal audiation ability and who either received specialized audiation training on computer or no specialized audiation training. Forty-eight Grade 11 and 12 music students were administered AMMA as a pretest. An intact music class of 24 students received 13 weeks of computer instruction. The experimental treatment consisted of a computer assisted software program, Tonal Syntax Tutorial, which provided audiation practice for high school and college students. A randomly selected group of 24 students received their normal classroom music instruction. Pretest AMMA scores were used as the criterion measure. At the end of 13 weeks, all students were re-administered AMMA as a posttest. AMMA pretest and posttest Tonal scores were organized into a multidimensional design. A covariate analysis of the AMMA scores was calculated and a MANOVA was employed to determine differences between the pretest and posttest AMMA Tonal scores. Main effects, interaction effects, and simple main effects were tested at the .05 level of significance. The researcher found no significant difference between the treatment and control group tonal aptitude scores, however, there was a significant difference between levels of aptitude. It was interpreted that the difference between the students who possessed high tonal aptitude and students who possess low tonal aptitude was not a real difference because the difference in student tonal aptitude levels actually existed before the study began. The researcher believes that AMMA can be a useful instrument in the assessment of music abilities of high school students. Also, based on our present knowledge of computer assisted music instruction, it seems that that type of instruction alone is not sufficient to affect a change in tonal audiation ability of high school students. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

A multiple case study approach was employed in this intensive thematic analysis of the process of nondirective play therapy. Using a naturalistic research paradigm, this study undertook to identify and describe the principal verbal and play themes and their transformations emergent over a course of play therapy, as well as to identify and describe similarities and differences between the themes emergent in those two domains. Play and verbalization, two types of symbolic expression, were considered routes of access to the child’s evolution of personal meaning. The research participants in this multiple case study were 4 preschoolers, aged 3 to 4. Each participant received 20 weekly play therapy sessions which were videotaped and transcribed. Running notations were made on the verbatim transcripts as to participants’ play activities. Separate coding schemes were devised for the emergent play and verbal themes. Supplemental data collection, organization, and analysis procedures included a field notebook with post hoc descriptions of the sessions, session summary sheets profiling play and verbal themes, charts, and memos. This study, discovery-oriented and exploratory in nature, yielded rich descriptions of the intricacies of therapeutic change on two symbolic levels. From these descriptions were extracted not only information on the transformations in play and verbal themes but also an understanding of the qualitative changes which denote the phases of therapy, and insight into the process of evolving meaning across these phases. A central finding of this study was that the arrays of play and verbal themes and their patterns of transformations were highly individualized. However, a number of themes emerged in common to all cases: Exploration, Aggression, Messing, Distress, and Caregiving or Nurturance. Participants were observed to work through contrasting themes, with preschoolers’ therapy characterized as an active struggle with such intense, oppositional forces as birth and death, injury and recovery, loss and retrieval. Typical thematic transformations included movement from infantile vulnerability to mastery, from grief toward resolution, from fear to safety and protection. The beginning phase of therapy was found to be typified by exploratory play. The middle phase was typified by intensified involvement in play and by experiences of disinhibition. The end phase was characterized by two contrasting yet not mutually exclusive tendencies, namely, the introduction of a sense of hopefulness, confidence, and integration; and an improved capacity to deal with difficult psychological material. Entry into the middle and end phases was signalled by qualitative shifts in the child’s attentional, tensional, or relational state. The theoretical implications of this study included insight into the critical role of the child’s initiative and of the therapist’s permissiveness in the unfolding of symbolic expression. Each individual case contained specific theoretical implications for such classic problem and treatment phenomena as developmental delay and play disruptions. The practical implications of this study include emphasizing the need for practitioners to counterbalance attention to the child’s verbal expression with attention to transformations in play activity and play material usage. It is suggested that further research extend the ramifications of this exploratory study by examining the themes occurring in treatment within homogeneous populations according to problem configuration. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Dream theorists propose that dreams can balance conscious reality, and provide clues to unconscious processes complicating psychosomatic conditions. Little research has been done in the area of dreams and eating disorders. Based on data from a pilot study, and reports of eating-disordered women's dreams in the literature, the researcher hypothesised that eating-disordered women's dreams would contain a significant number of themes symbolizing the psychological states underlying their condition. Of particular interest was a sense of ineffectiveness, which has been the subject of many recent studies of eating-disordered women. The exploratory study compared the dream content of 12 eating-disordered and 11 normal women, aged 20 to 35 years. The 275 dreams were rated by 8 "blind" raters according to a 91-item eating disorder specific dream rating scale, which registered dream content such as attitudes of helplessness, images of anger, self-hate, and affect. A high level of inter-rater reliability was obtained. A questionnaire assessing motivational states (General Causality Orientation Scale; GCOS) was also administered. The data were analyzed by the independent t-test. The results showed strong significance in the occurrence of themes of ineffectiveness in the eating-disordered women's dreams (p = .001), which corresponded with the findings on the GCOS (p< .001). Also significantly present in the target group's dreams were themes of self-hate, anger, inability to nourish themselves, an obsession with weight, and the presence of negative emotions. An additional finding was a strongly significant presence of a sense of impending doom at the end of eating-disordered women's dreams (p < .001). These results suggest that dreams may provide an additional resource in understanding eating disorders. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of the relationship between mothers and their incestuously abused daughters. The research sample consisted of five adult daughters who in their childhood and/or adolescence, were abused by their biological fathers. The volunteer participants were in therapy at the time of the research interviews. The study employed a phenomenological method in order to allow the daughters to describe their experiences and perceptions of their mothers. By engaging in a dialogue with the daughters, the researcher attempted to explore the dynamics and impact of the mother-daughter relationships on the daughters. Results confirmed that these mother-daughter relationships were damaged. However, the daughters also expressed strong desires to heal their relationships with their mothers. In addition, the daughters identified important connections between their relationships with their mothers and the continued influence of this relationship on their experience of themselves in their current lives. The findings of this study have important research and therapeutic implications. The research findings strongly suggest that the relationship between daughters and their mothers in families where father-daughter incest occurs needs to be examined beyond individual family member's roles which have been the exclusive focus of existing research. Furthermore, the strong connections made by the participants of the present study between their relationships with their mothers and their sense of self, may be an important consideration in therapeutic work with this client population. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study is, first, to describe the Canadian government's policy for the domestic footwear industry during the 1970-1985 period, and second, to account for the forces that shaped it. The analysis is conducted within an "organizational" framework, which is based on the approach developed by Peter Hall. The framework postulates that the relationships within and among state, societal, and international political-economic institutions are the key determinants of economic policy. The study argues that it is the conflicts within and among the state, manufacturing interests (business and labour in the footwear industry, and those in the supplying industries), and trading interests (importers and retailers dealing in footwear), conditioned by international political economy, that shaped the government's policy. It is concluded that the state and manufacturing interests formed internally united organizations and pursued well defined objectives. The state's objective was to assist the industry through high tariffs and financial aid for modernization. In contrast, the manufacturing interests' objective was to secure quotas on imports. While the two sides were internally united, neither were sufficiently strong to impose their objectives on the other. The international political economy favoured the use of tariffs and financial assistance. At the same time, circumstances arose -- resulting from economic recession, appreciation of the Canadian dollar, and the threat of Quebec separatism--that made it difficult for the state to resist the manufacturing interests' demands. In such circumstances, the industry succeeded, if only temporarily, in securing quotas in addition to tariffs and financial assistance. The trading interests were somewhat divided among themselves, which restricted their capacity to participate effectively in the policy process. Their positions were relevant only to the extent they could be selectively used by the state to resist the manufacturing interests' demands. A theme of major theoretical significance that emerges from this study is the importance of international political economy in the making of domestic policies. The second theoretical implication of the study is the need to view the state and societal actors in a policy process not just as players, but also as structures. They form an organized relationship, both within and in relation to each other, which facilitates the pursuit of some objectives and impedes the accomplishment of others. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate