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Prior to the establishment of Aid to Dependent Children in 1935, states offered cash assistance to single mothers and their children through locally administered programs known as mothers' pensions. Since the first mothers' pension law was passed in 1911, the rank-ordering of states' generosity has been remarkably stable, shifting only after welfare reform in 1996. Prior research has neither documented nor explained this remarkable path dependence. In this dissertation, I argue that states' racial and ethnic composition and their state capacity, as measured in the 1930s before the federalization of cash assistance to single mothers, set states on particular trajectories. To see how this operated in practice, I conducted a case study of benefit levels in Massachusetts from 1913 to 1996. I found that a constellation of factors at the beginning of mothers' pensions--the lack of a legislated maximum benefit level, state involvement in funding, and a competent professional bureaucracy--set Massachusetts on a trajectory toward being a generous state. The early years of Aid of Dependent Children reinforced this trajectory, as benefit levels were consistently raised due to cost-of-living increases. Things began to change in the 1960s, however, as the caseload grew, the state experienced a fiscal crisis, and welfare rights activists campaigned for higher benefit levels. Welfare rights activism generated a backlash that resulted in a lack of public support for adequate benefit levels. Benefit levels declined until the early 1980s, when a strong economy, savvy advocates, and sympathetic elected officials combined to increase benefit levels. The early 1990s recession, which began in 1988 in Massachusetts, instigated another decrease in benefit levels. Ultimately, the case study showed that states may appear to have solid trajectories, but these trajectories are contested. Both raising and lowering benefit levels came up in the Massachusetts Legislature many times, and a fundamental change in Massachusetts' state capacity, such as permanently reduced fiscal resources, could have sent Massachusetts down a different path.

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This thesis deals with the system of state social support. It analyzes the development of these benefits since the beginning of the global economic crisis to the present. I analyzed birth grant, child allowance, parental allowance, housing allowance and funeral grant. I analyzed social supplement too, but it has been canceled. The thesis compares the benefits before the global economic crisis with the development of the crisis and the current legislative setting benefits. The aim is to confirm the impact of the global economic crisis to strengthen those benefits. Since 2008 welfare benefits are toughen in our country. Toughen up benefits impacts families with children whom are primarily set these benefits. Thus decreasing doses that are designed for families with children? State makes austerity. It reduces expenditures of the state budget. In my thesis I examine the impact of the tightening of state social support system of assistance in material need. Therefore reduce the expenditures of the state budget, or just spilling over into another social security? Accordingly, this thesis compares the development of state budget expenditures on social benefits and the benefits of the assistance in material need, from 2007 to 2013. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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